Touchdownpolymerasechainreaction or touchdown style polymerasechainreaction is a method of polymerasechainreaction by which primer molecular biology primers will avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. The Annealing biology annealing temperature during a polymerasechainreaction determines the specificity of primer annealing. The Denaturation biochemistry melting point of the primer sets the upper limit on annealing temperature. At temperatures just below this point, only very specific base pairing between the primer and the template will occur. At lower temperatures, the primers bind less specifically. Nonspecific primer binding obscures polymerasechainreaction results, as the nonspecific sequences to which primers anneal in early steps of amplification will swamp out any specific sequences because of the exponential growth exponential nature of polymerase amplification. The earliest steps of a touchdownpolymerasechainreaction cycle have high annealing temperatures. The annealing temperature is decreased in increments for every subsequent set of cycles the number of individual cycles and increments of temperature decrease is chosen by the experimenter . The primer will anneal at the highest temperature which is least permissive of nonspecific binding that it is able to tolerate. Thus, the first sequence amplified is the one between the regions of greatest primer specificity it is most likely that this is the sequence of interest. These fragments will be further amplified ... Amplifiers Category Polymerasechainreaction it Touchdown PCR vi Touchdown PCR zh ... temperature phases binds to the sequence of interest, subsequent rounds of polymerasechainreaction ... author Don R, Cox P, Wainwright B, Baker K, Mattick J title Touchdown PCR to circumvent spurious priming ... template pairs in touchdown PCR journal Biotechniques volume 16 issue 5 pages 812 4 year 1994 pmid ... both specificity and yield in touchdown and stepdown PCR journal Biotechniques volume 20 issue 3 pages ... more details
Image Nested PCR.png thumb 250px A diagram illustrating the method of nested PCR. Nested polymerasechainreaction is a modification of polymerasechainreaction intended to reduce the contamination in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding sites. Polymerasechainreaction itself is the process used to amplify DNA samples, via a temperature mediated DNA polymerase . The products can be used for sequencing or analysis, and this process is a key part of many genetics research laboratories, along with uses in DNA fingerprinting for forensics and other human genetic cases. Conventional PCR requires primer molecular biology primers complementary to the termini of the target DNA. A commonly occurring problem is primers binding to incorrect regions of the DNA, giving unexpected products. Nested polymerasechainreaction involves two sets of primers, used in two successive runs of polymerasechainreaction, the second set intended to amplify a secondary target within the first run product. Processes The target DNA undergoes the first run of polymerasechainreaction with the first set of primers, shown in green. The selection of alternative and similar primer binding sites gives a selection of products, only one containing the intended sequence. The product from the first reaction undergoes a second run with the second set of primers, shown in red. It is very unlikely that any of the unwanted PCR products contain binding sites for both the new primers, ensuring the product from the second PCR has little contamination from unwanted products of primer dimers, hairpins ... TheWikiLibrarian TheWikiLibrarian&q nested polymerasechainreaction Books your local library about nested polymerasechain reacitons br http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&lr &q 22Nested polymerasechainreaction 22 Scholarly articles on nested polymerasechain reactions PCR Category Molecular biology Category Laboratory techniques Category Amplifiers Category Polymerasechainreaction id ... more details
accessdate 13 March 2012 ref Touchdownpolymerasechainreaction or touchdown style polymerasechainreaction is a method of polymerasechainreaction by which primers will avoid amplifying nonspecific sequences. The annealing temperature during a polymerasechainreaction determines the specificity ... nature of polymerase amplification. The earliest steps of a touchdownpolymerasechainreaction ...The polymerasechainreaction PCR is a commonly used molecular biology tool for amplifying DNA, and various ... Markoulatos P, Siafakas N, Moncany M title Multiplex polymerasechainreaction a practical approach ... thermostability, specificity and resistance to contaminants and polymerasechainreaction inhibitors ... binding obscures polymerasechainreaction results, as the nonspecific sequences to which primers ..., subsequent rounds of polymerasechainreaction can be performed upon the product to further .... ref cite journal author Eckert KA, Kunkel TA title DNA polymerase fidelity and the polymerasechainreaction journal PCR Methods Appl. volume 1 issue 1 pages 17 24 year 1991 month August pmid 1842916 ... of dNTPs can increase the error rate of DNA polymerase and even inhibit the reaction. ref name Markoulatos2002 ... only a few DNA molecules in a single reaction for amplification across several orders of magnitude ... nucleic acid samples to be analyzed and reaction mixtures such measures included preparation of nucleic ... of the PCR reaction, and another area to post PCR processing, such as gel electrophoresis or PCR ... assessed with a negative control PCR reaction. This control reaction is set up in the same ... template or primers, leading to decreased product yield or failure of the reaction. Hairpins, which ... due to suspected DNA hairpins. http www.promega.com pnotes 65 6921 27 6921 27 core.pdf Polymerase errors Taq polymerase lacks a 3 to 5 exonuclease exonuclease activity . Thus, Taq has no error Proofreading ... with 3 to 5 exonuclease activity include KOD DNA polymerase, a recombinant form of Thermococcus kodakaraensis ... more details
scientist wiki References Reflist DEFAULTSORT PolymeraseChainReaction Inhibitors Category DNA ...PCR inhibitors usually affect PCR through interaction with DNA or interference with the DNA polymerase . Inhibitors can escape removal during the DNA purification procedure by binding directly to single or double stranded DNA. ref name promega cite web url http www.promega.com profiles 1001 ProfilesinDNA 1001 09.pdf title An Introduction to PCR Inhibitors Promega Corporation accessdate 2007 12 15 format PDF work ref Alternatively, by reducing the availability of Cofactor biochemistry cofactors such as Mg sup 2 sup or otherwise interfering with their interaction with the DNA polymerase, PCR is inhibited. ref name promega In a multiplex PCR reaction, it is possible for the different sequences to suffer from different inhibition effects to different extents, leading to disparity in their relative amplifications. ref name promega Types of inhibitors Inhibitors may be present in the original sample, such as blood, fabrics, tissues and soil but may also be added as a result of the sample processing and DNA extraction techniques used. ref name promega Excess salts including KCl and NaCl, ionic detergents such as sodium deocycholate , sarkosyl and sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS , ethanol, isopropanol and phenol among others, all contribute via various inhibitory mechanisms, to the reduction of PCR ... of inhibition that occurs in a reaction, a control can be performed by adding a known amount of a template to the investigated reaction mixture based on the sample under analysis . By comparing the amplification ... reaction mixture can be inferred. ref name gieffers cite journal author Gieffers J, Reusche ... derived reaction mixture is sequence specific, then this method will yield an underestimate ... of some inhibitors. ref name promega PCR reaction components As well as methods for the removal of inhibitors ... and increasing the concentration of the chosen DNA polymerase also confers some resistance to polymerase ... more details
Main Polymerasechainreaction This article assumes familiarity with the terms and components used in the PCR ... The history of the PolymeraseChainReaction or PCR has variously been described as a Archimedes ... in Mullis chapters in The PolymeraseChainReaction 1994 . ref Mullis KB, Ferr F, Gibbs RA The PolymeraseChainReaction Birkh user Press 1994 ISBN 0 817 63750 8 ref Also in 1971 , Cetus Corporation ... the company. ref name Mullis 1 Mullis KB The Unusual Origins of the PolymeraseChainReaction Scientific ... applications of polymerase could lead to a chainreaction of replication for a specific segment ... of DNA in vitro the polymerasechainreaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. vol ... M et al. Fine structure genetic mapping of human chromosomes using the polymerasechainreaction on single ... ref References Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT History Of PolymeraseChainReaction Category History of biology Polymerasechainreaction Category Polymerasechainreaction Category History of technology Polymerasechainreaction .... ref Mullis KB and Faloona FA Specific Synthesis of DNA in vitro via a Polymerase Catalyzed Chain ... him for publishing a report on Nuclear chainreactionchain reactions without the required prior ... right 200px center DNA Polymerase I PDB . center Image PCR.svg thumb right 200px center Molecular ... of DNA Polymerase I J. Biol. Chem. vol. 280, p. 46. http www.jbc.org cgi content full 280 49 e46 ref By 1957 he has identified the first DNA polymerase . ref Lehman, IR, Bessman MJ, Simms ES ... binding protein keep it open, to create Primase primers , to DNA polymerase III holoenzyme synthesize new DNA, to DNA polymerase I remove the primers, and to DNA ligase tie the pieces all together. Kornberg ... blocks for the gene, and as primers and templates for DNA polymerase. In 1968 Khorana was awarded ... a modified version of DNA Polymerase I from E. coli . ref Klenow H and Henningsen I Selective Elimination ... more details
Multiplex polymerasechainreaction Multiplex PCR is a modification of polymerasechainreaction in order to rapidly detect Deletion genetics deletions or Gene duplication duplications in a large gene . This process DNA replication amplifies genomic DNA samples using multiple primer molecular biology primers and a temperature mediated DNA polymerase in a thermal cycler . Multiplex PCR was first described in 1988 as a method to detect deletions in the dystrophin gene. ref cite journal journal Nucleic Acids Research title Deletion screening of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus via multiplex DNA amplification authors Chamberlain JS, Gibbs RA, Ranier JE, Nguyen PN, Caskey CT year 1988 volume 16 issue 23 pages 11141 11156 PMID 3205741 pmc 339001 pmid 3205741 doi 10.1093 nar 16.23.11141 ref It has also been used with the steroid sulfatase gene. ref cite journal title Screening for steroid sulfatase STS gene deletions by multiplex DNA amplification journal Human Genetics authors Ballabio A, Ranier JE, Chamberlain JS, Zollo M, Caskey CT volume 84 issue 6 pages 571 573 year 1990 PMID 2338343 doi 10.1007 BF00210812 ref In 2008, multiplex PCR was used for analysis of Microsatellite genetics microsatellite s and single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs . ref cite journal author Hayden MJ, Nguyen TM, Waterman A, Chalmers KJ title Multiplex ready PCR a new method for multiplexed SSR and SNP genotyping journal BMC Genomics volume 9 pages 80 year 2008 pmid 18282271 pmc 2275739 doi 10.1186 1471 2164 9 80 ref Multiplex PCR consists of multiple primer sets within a single PCR mixture to produce amplicon s of varying sizes that are specific to different DNA sequences. By targeting multiple genes at once, additional information may be gained from a single test run that otherwise would require ... Category Polymerasechainreaction de Multiplex PCR ... sets must be optimized to work correctly within a single reaction, and amplicon sizes, i.e., their base ... more details
Digital PolymeraseChainReaction digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR is a refinement of conventional polymerasechainreaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids including DNA , cDNA or RNA . The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences such as copy number variants and point mutations and it is routinely used for clonal amplification of samples for next generation sequencing . PCR Basics The polymerasechainreaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme DNA polymerase . Conventional PCR is based on the theory that amplification is exponential. Therefore, nucleic acids may be quantified by comparing the number of amplification cycles and amount of PCR end product to those of a reference sample. However, many factors complicate this calculation, creating uncertainties and inaccuracies. These factors include the following initial amplification cycles may not be exponential PCR amplification eventually plateaus after an uncertain number of cycles and low initial concentrations of target nucleic acid molecules may not amplify to detectable levels. However, the most significant limitation of PCR is that PCR amplification efficiency in a sample ... Polymerasechainreaction Category Laboratory techniques ..., each part will contain 0 or 1 molecules, or a negative or positive reaction, respectively. After ... more details
This page assumes familiarity with the terms and components used in polymerasechainreaction PCR process. The overlap extension polymerasechainreaction or OE PCR is a variant of polymerasechainreaction PCR . It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension Splicing by overhang extension SOE PCR . It is used to insert specific mutation s at specific points in a sequence or to splice smaller DNA fragments into a larger polynucleotide . ref cite journal author Higuchi R, Krummel B, Saiki R title A general method of in vitro preparation and specific mutagenesis of DNA fragments study of protein and DNA interactions journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 16 issue 15 pages 7351 67 year 1988 pmid 3045756 doi 10.1093 nar 16.15.7351 pmc 338413 ref Splicing of DNA Molecules Image Splicing by Overlap Extension PCR.svg thumb 300px right This image shows how OE PCR might be utilized to splice two DNA sequences red and blue . The arrows represent the 3 ends As in most PCR reaction, two primers one for each end are used per sequence. To splice two DNA molecules, special primers are used at the ends that are to be joined. For each molecule, the primer at the end to be joined is constructed such that it has a 5 overhang complementary to the end of the other molecule. Following annealing when replication occurs, the DNA is extended by a new sequence that is complementary to the molecule it is to be joined to. Once both DNA molecules are extended in such a manner, they are mixed and a PCR is carried out with only the primers for the far ends. The overlapping complementary sequences introduced ... are used in excess as in Polymerasechainreaction Variations on the basic PCR technique asymmetric ... Polymerasechainreaction Category Genetic engineering Category Molecular biology techniques ... reaction continues to produce a fully Dimer biochemistry dimer ised DNA fragment. After further ... extension by DNA polymerase in 3 to 5 direction. Following separation, the eluted fragments of appropriate ... more details
for reverse transcription polymerasechainreaction RT PCR reverse transcription polymerasechainreaction In molecular biology , real time polymerasechainreaction , also called quantitative real time polymerasechainreaction Q PCR qRT PCR or kinetic polymerasechainreaction KPCR , is a laboratory ... of polymerasechainreaction its key feature is that the amplified DNA is detected as the reaction ..., amplification of the gene transcript is necessary. The polymerasechainreaction is a common ... polymerasechainreaction reverse transcription and fluorophore s permits measurement of DNA ... based methods use knowledge about the polymerase amplification process to generate estimates of the original sample concentration. Applications of real time polymerasechainreaction There are numerous applications for real time polymerasechainreaction in the laboratory . It is commonly used ... techniques Category Polymerasechainreaction Category Real time technology Link GA es Link ... of the reaction is detected at its end. Two common methods for detection of products in real ... interfere with, or prevent, accurate quantification of the intended target sequence. The reaction is prepared as usual, with the addition of fluorescent dsDNA dye. The reaction is run in a real time .... 3 During PCR, the probe is degraded by the Taq polymerase and the fluorescent reporter released ... for detection of several genes in the same reaction based on specific probes with different coloured ... products in the reaction. The method relies on a DNA based probe with a fluorescent reporter at one ... by the 5 to 3 exonuclease activity of the Taq polymerase breaks the reporter quencher proximity ... of the reporter. The PCR is prepared as usual see PCR , and the reporter probe is added. As the reaction ... the polymerase reaches the probe, its 5 3 exonuclease degrades the probe, physically separating the fluorescent ... increase of the product is used to determine the threshold cycle C sub T sub in each reaction ... more details
part can trigger the failure of successive parts. Polymerasechainreaction , a technique ...About chain reactions in chemistry and physics A chainreaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chainreaction, positive feedback leads to a self amplifying chain of events . Chain reactions are one way in which systems ... chain reactions. If two molecules react, not only molecules of the final reaction products are formed ..., pointed out that such a chainreaction need not start with a molecule excited by light, but could ... and Kramers also noted that if, in one link of the reactionchain, two or more unstable molecules are produced, the reactionchain would branch and grow. The result is in fact an exponential growth ... reaction from 1913 to the Nobel work recognized in 1956 ref The main steps of chainreaction are the following ... particle through reaction forms another active particle which continues the reactionchain by entering ... e. g. recombination of the free radicals . Nuclear chain reactions main Nuclear chainreaction A nuclear chainreaction was proposed by Le Szil rd in 1933, shortly after the neutron was discovered, but more ... for a chainreaction, so long as fission also produced neutrons. In 1939, with Enrico Fermi, Szil rd ... one that was consumed in the initial reaction. Thus was born the practical nuclear chainreaction ... the reaction material. This is then a self propagating and thus self sustaining chainreaction. This is the principle ... fission. The nuclear chainreaction is described in significantly more detail in the article on Stan ... fission neutrons were the mechanism. Demonstration of a self sustaining nuclear chainreaction was accomplished ... of event that trigger and often has triggered a chainreaction . And economic collapse often has the character ... Cl sub 2 sub chainreaction consumes one molecule of H sub 2 sub or Cl sub 2 sub , one free ... C00960.html IUPAC Gold Book Chainreaction DEFAULTSORT ChainReaction Category Chemical ... more details
Use Australian English date February 2012 About the 1980 Australian action film the 1996 film ChainReaction film Infobox film name The ChainReaction image The ChainReaction 1980 poster.jpg caption Theatrical poster writer Ian Barry director Ian Barry starring Steve Bisley br Arna Maria Winchester ... The ChainReaction also known as ChainReaction is a 1980 Australian independent action film action ... chase and nuclear accident. The film is not to be confused with ChainReaction film , a 1996 film ... scene The ChainReaction 1980.jpg thumb right 200px A car chase sequence of The ChainReaction . The film ... url http www.cinephilia.net.au show amovie.php?movieid 3305 title Cinephilia The ChainReaction accessdate ... index.php The ChainReaction title GrindhouseDatabase The ChainReaction accessdate 2010 01 11 ref ... by Andrew Thomas Wilson. ref cite web url http www.discogs.com Andrew Thomas Wilson The ChainReaction Original Soundtrack Music release 1352248 title Andrew Thomas Wilson The ChainReaction Original ... 2 05 Heinrich s Theme 3 00 WALDO 1 17 A Swim in the River 1 48 ChainReaction 4 52 Once More with Feeling ... chainreaction review 110610 title movies.tvguide.com The ChainReaction accessdate 2010 01 11 ref In Yahoo ... info title Yahoo Movies The ChainReaction Movie Info accessdate 13 January 2010 ref and 5.5 out of 10 in Internet Movie Database. Titles around the world File The ChainReaction 1980 German ... ref name Nuclear cite web url http www.michaeldvd.com.au Reviews Reviews.asp?ID 8611 title The ChainReaction DVD details accessdate 2010 01 11 ref ref cite web url http www.digital retribution.com reviews dvd 0607.php title The ChainReaction DVD accessdate 12 January 2010 ref Thills and Nuclear ..., originally 1.66 1. ref name Nuclear Box Office The ChainReaction grossed 796,000 at the box office ... links imdb title id 0080513 title The ChainReaction http www.tabula rasa.info AusHorror OzHorrorFilms1.html ... mad max recommendations index.html Mad Max movies Recommendations DEFAULTSORT ChainReaction Category ... more details
File Journal pone 0008430 g001.png thumb Journal pone 0008430 g001 Polymerase endonuclease amplification reaction PEAR is a DNA amplification technology for the amplification of oligonucleotides ref name Wang2010 cite journal last Wang first Xiaolong coauthors Deming Gou, Shuang yong Xu title Polymerase Endonuclease Amplification Reaction PEAR for Large Scale Enzymatic Production of Antisense Oligonucleotides journal PLoS ONE date January 1, 2010 year 2010 month January volume 5 issue 1 pages 7 doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0008430 pmid 20062528 url http www.plosone.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.pone.0008430 accessdate 22 August 2011 pmc 2797076 ref . A target oligonucleotide and a tandem repeated antisense probe are subjected to repeated cycles of denaturing, annealing, elongation and cleaving, in which thermostable DNA polymerase elongation and strand slipping generate duplex tandem repeats, and thermostable endonuclease PspGI cleavage releases monomeric duplex oligonucleotides. PEAR has the potential to be a useful tool for Large scale production of oligonucleotides. PEAR is a minimal DNA replication system, so it can be considered as a minimal life system. it is of therectical interests to study the origin and evolution of repetitive DNA. The repetitive DNA products can be transferred directly into cells or organisms to study the function of the repetitive DNA. References Reflist Category DNA replication ... more details
wiktionarypar chainreaction A chainreaction is a type of chemical or nuclear reaction in which the formation of one product leads directly to another or series of any events where each one is triggered by the previous event. Chainreaction or The Chainreaction may also refer to In media ChainReaction film ChainReaction film , a 1996 movie starring Keanu Reeves, Rachel Weisz, Morgan Freeman, and Fred Ward ChainReaction game show ChainReaction game show ChainReaction radio , a BBC Radio 4 chat show ChainReaction Stargate SG 1 ChainReaction Stargate SG 1 , an episode of the television series Stargate SG 1 The ChainReaction , a 1980 Australian movie starring Steve Bisley In music ChainReaction, an all ages music venue in Anaheim, California Anaheim , California, United States ChainReaction record label ChainReaction , a song by Can from Soon Over Babaluma ChainReaction song ChainReaction song , a song by the Bee Gees, performed by Diana Ross ChainReaction , a song by Journey from their 1983 album Frontiers Journey album Frontiers ChainReaction , a song by Ke ha ChainReaction , a song by Ratt from Reach for the Sky Ratt album Reach for the Sky ChainReaction, a square dance call ChainReaction band , a 1970s band ChainReaction band 1960s , formerly The Strangeurs, was a Yonkers based band in the 1960s ChainReaction Cuban Link album ChainReaction , an album by Cuban Link ChainReaction John Farnham album ChainReaction John Farnham album , an album by John Farnham ChainReaction Luba album ChainReaction Luba album , an album by Canadian singer Luba Other ChainReaction horse , Canadian racehorse See also Nuclear chainreaction , a physical process disambig de ChainReaction fr ChainReaction it ChainReaction ja nds ChainReaction ru ... more details
The ligase chainreaction LCR is a method of DNA amplification . While the better known PCR carries out the amplification by polymerizing nucleotides, LCR instead amplifies the nucleic acid used as the probe. For each of the two DNA strands, two partial probes are ligated to form the actual one thus, LCR uses two enzymes a DNA polymerase and a DNA ligase . Each cycle results in a doubling of the target nucleic acid molecule. A key advantage of LCR is greater specificity as compared to PCR. ref Wiedmann M, Wilson WJ, Czajka J, Luo J, Barany F, Batt CA. Ligase chainreaction LCR overview and applications. PCR Methods and Applications 1994 Feb 3 4 S51 64 PMID 8173509 ref Target conditions It has been widely used for the detection of Point mutation single base mutation s, as in genetic disease s. ref Barany F. Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification using cloned thermostable ligase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 1 88 1 189 93. PMID 1986365 ref LCR and PCR may be used to detect gonorrhea and chlamydia infection chlamydia , and may be performed on first catch urine samples, providing easy collection and a large yield of organisms. Endogenous inhibitors limit the Sensitivity and specificity sensitivity , but if this effect could be eliminated, LCR and PCR would have clinical advantages over any other methods of diagnosing gonorrhea and chlamydia. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1016 S1068 607X 97 00044 9 New diagnostic tests for gonorrhea and chlamydia Gregory J. Locksmith MD. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Available online 13 February 1998. ref References reflist General reading Walker, J. M., & Rapley, R. 2005 . Medical biomethods handbook. Totowa, N.J. Humana Press. ISBN 9781592598700 DEFAULTSORT Ligase ChainReaction Category DNA profiling techniques Category Amplifiers Category Molecular biology techniques de Ligase Kettenreaktion es Reaccion en cadena de la ligasa it Reazione a catena ... more details
ChainReaction was a German record label founded in 1995 by Basic Channel members Moritz Von Oswald and Mark Ernestus. The label s output consisted of the extended friends and family of the Basic Channel duo, which centered around the Hard Wax record store in Berlin. The label s sound focused on a similar dub techno style as that of Basic Channel, rooted in atmospherics and minimalism , but some have found ChainReaction s output to be more avant experimental. small http www.answers.com topic basic channel 1& 93 small The last record on the label was released in 2003. External links http www.basicchannel.com label ChainReactionChainReaction http www.discogs.com label ChainReaction Discography http www.hardwax.com Hard Wax DEFAULTSORT ChainReaction Record Label Category German record labels Category Electronic music record labels Germany record label stub ... more details
otheruses Chainreaction disambiguation Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name ChainReaction Type Album Artist Luba singer Luba Cover ChainReaction LP.jpg Released 1980 Recorded 1979 Genre Pop music Pop , New wave music New Wave , Rock n Roll Length 37 10 Label TGO Producer Tony Green Reviews This album ChainReaction 1980 Next album Luba EP br 1982 ChainReaction is the only album by Canada canadian band Luba featuring Luba singer Luba Kowalchyk as vocalist. It was produced by Tony Green for his own label. The album contains songs in the early New wave music New Wave music style. It was made available on compact disc in 1996. Note that initially Luba was the name of the band and not Luba Kowalchyk s stage name. In 1982, Luba Kowalchyk was signed by Capitol Records as the artist Luba singer Luba and the remaining members served as her backup band. ref name Canadian Bands Bio http www.canadianbands.com Luba.html Luba Biography at http www.canadianbands.com ref Track listing ChainReaction 3 37 Runaround 3 42 I Stand Alone 4 53 Heaven In Your Eyes 3 39 Stay 5 03 Have A Heart 3 29 Lovers In The Night 3 42 Seems Like A Dream 6 04 Black & White 3 01 Personnel Luba singer Luba Vocals Peter Marunzak Drums Mike Zwonok Bass John Nestorowich Rhythm Guitar, Vocals Mark Lyman Lead & Rhythm Guitar Doug Short Keyboards References reflist The Ectophiles Guide to Good Music. http ectoguide.org artists luba chain Luba Credits . Retrieved Apr. 17, 2007. External links http www.philfogel.com luba luba.html Official Luba Website http jam.canoe.ca Music Pop Encyclopedia L Luba.html Luba at canoe.ca http www.myspace.com lubamusic Luba on MySpace 1980s pop album stub Category 1980 debut albums Category Luba albums ... more details
Thoroughbred racehorse infobox horsename ChainReaction image caption sire Chop Chop horse Chop Chop grandsire Flares horse Flares dam Erstwhile damsire Helter Skelter sex Stallion horse Stallion foaled 1950 country Canada colour Bay horse Bay breeder Gil Darlington owner Elodie Sully Tomlinson trainer Richard Townrow record 30 16 2 3 earnings Canadian dollar Can 63,752 ref http www.pedigreequery.com chainreactionChainReaction s pedigree and partial racing stats ref race Prince of Wales Stakes 1953 br Breeders Stakes 1953 br Quebec Queen s Plate 1953 br Canadian Derby 1953 br Speers Handicap 1953 br Achievement Stakes Achievement Handicap 1953 br Durham Cup Stakes Durham Cup Handicap 1953 br Whittier Park Handicap 1953 br Canadian Maturity Stakes 1954 br Dominion Day Stakes Dominion Day Handicap 1954 br Connaught Cup Stakes Connaught Cup Handicap 1954 br King Edward Stakes King Edward Gold Cup 1954 awards honours updated February 16, 2010 ChainReaction foaled 1950 in Ontario was a Canada ... Chop horse Chop Chop , ChainReaction was bred by Gil Darlington at his Trafalgar Farm near Oakville ... three ChainReaction ran seventh in the 1953 Queen s Plate at Greenwood Raceway Old Woodbine in Toronto ... newspapers?id 1HkyAAAAIBAJ&sjid bgFAAAAIBAJ&pg 3082,3423666&dq chainreaction canadiana&hl en July 22, 1953 Montreal Gazette article on ChainReaction and the Centennial edition of the Quebec ... horses were willing to race against ChainReaction. The colt won easily under American jockey Nick Combest . ref http news.google.com newspapers?id 13kyAAAAIBAJ&sjid bgFAAAAIBAJ&pg 4927,3906731&dq chain reaction&hl en ref Among his other wins, ChainReaction captured the Prince of Wales Stakes and Breeders ... Durham Cup Stakes Durham Cup Handicap , ChainReaction set a new track record for a mile and a quarter. As a four year old, ChainReaction continued to win some of the top races for older horses ... 4915,242714&dq chain reaction&hl en ref References reflist Category 1950 racehorse births ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name ChainReaction Type Studio album Artist The Crusaders Cover Released 1975 Recorded 1975 small at Wally Heider Studios Wally Heider Recording , Hollywood , California Genre Jazz fusion Length Label Blue Thumb Records ABC Blue Thumb Records Producer Stewart Levine The Crusaders Last album Southern Comfort The Crusaders album Southern Comfort br 1974 This album ChainReaction br 1975 Next album Those Southern Knights br 1976 ChainReaction is a 1975 album by jazz fusion band The Crusaders . Reception Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r151569 review pure url yes ref The Allmusic review by Jim Newsom One of the tastiest concoctions of the mid 70s jazz fusion era, ChainReaction finds the Crusaders at the top of their form. The compositions are both accessible and memorable, and the playing is uniformly excellent. Guitarist Larry Carlton delivers some of his finest licks and funkified rhythm work. Wayne Henderson shows there is a place in fusion for the trombone. Wilton Felder does double duty, delivering smoking saxophone lines and funky bass riffs. Joe Sample s Fender Rhodes piano provides a solid chordal foundation and great solos. And the stickman, Stix Hooper, keeps the groove solid. The band employs a variety of rhythms and tempos, and gives the members plenty of room to strut their individual ... of a band, not just a group of guys thrown together for a recording session. ChainReaction was one ... listing Creole 3 25 ChainReaction 5 35 I Felt The Love 2 28 Mellow Out 2 44 Rainbow Visions 6 15 ... R&B Hip Hop Albums US br R&B width 40 Jazz Albums rowspan 1 1975 align left ChainReaction The Crusaders album ChainReaction 26 9 1 Singles class wikitable style text align center rowspan 2 Year rowspan ... align left Creole &mdash 84 &mdash External links http www.discogs.com Crusaders ChainReaction master 47522 Crusaders ChainReaction at Discogs References Reflist Category The Crusaders albums Category ... more details
Infobox Album Name ChainReaction Live In Concert Type Video Artist John Farnham Cover ChainReaction Live In Concert DVD .jpg Released flagicon Australia 13 November 2005 Recorded 1990 Genre Pop music Pop , Rock music Rock Length 1 48 54 Label Sony BMG Producer Richard Brobyn Reviews Last album Classic Jack Live br 2005 This album ChainReaction Live In Concert br 2005 Next album With The Sydney Symphony Live At The Sydney Opera House br 2006 ChainReaction Live In Concert originally titled ChainReaction Tour is a DVD release by Australia n singer John Farnham . The DVD was released in Australia on 13 November 2005 in conjunction with Classic Jack Live . This DVD contains John Farnham s performance at the Flinders Park National Tennis Centre, Melbourne in 1990 during his ChainReaction Tour. This program was originally aired on Australia s Channel Seven in 1990. DVD track listing Intro Live small 1 31 small See The Banners Fall Live small J. Farnham, D. Hirschfelder, R. Fraser 4 52 small In Your Hands Live small P. Buckle, J. Farnham, R. Faser 4 29 small Age Of Reason Live small T. Hunter, J. Pigott 11 15 small Sadie The Cleaning Lady Live small Gilmore, Madara 2 11 small Two Strong Hearts Live small B. Woolley, A. Hill 6 12 small In Days To Come Live small J. Farnham, D. Hirschfelder, R. Fraser 5 07 small The Time Has Come Live small J. Creighton, J. Farnham, R. Fraser 5 17 small I Can Do Anything Live small P. Buckle, J. Farnham, R. Faser 5 26 small A Touch Of Paradise Live small R. Wilson, G. Smith 5 01 small Burn For You Live small P. Buckle, J. Farnham, R. Faser 4 45 small Reasons Live small S. See 4 16 small Pressure Down Live small H. Bogdanovs 4 03 small Playing To Win Live small G. Goble, J. Farnham, D. Hirschfelder, S. Housden, S. Proffer, W. Nelson, S. Prestwich 3 06 small That s Freedom Live small T. Kimmel, J. Chapman 4 33 small You re The Voice Live small M. Ryder, C. Thompson, A. Qunta, K. Reid 6 29 small ChainReaction Live small D. Stewart, S. Stewart ... more details
Image Fission chain reaction.svg 300px thumb A possible nuclear fission chainreaction. 1. A uranium ... of which fissions and releases a few neutrons, which can then continue the reaction. A nuclear chain ... 3 sup H . The nuclear chainreaction releases several million times more energy per reaction than any chemical reaction . History Chemical chainreaction s were first proposed by German chemistt Max ... for history of the chainreaction in chemistry ref It was understood that chemical chain reactions .... The concept of a nuclear chainreaction was first hypothesized by Hungary Hungarian scientist Le ... chainreaction, since the fission reaction was not yet discovered or even suspected. Instead, Szilard ... document view Bot generated title ref In 1936, Szil rd attempted to create a chainreaction using ... that a nuclear chainreaction by this mechanism was indeed possible. ref Herbert L. Anderson ... Fermi created the first artificial self sustaining nuclear chainreaction, called Chicago Pile 1 CP ... Fact Sheet ref Fission chainreaction Fission chain reactions occur because of interactions between neutrons and fissile isotopes such as sup 235 sup U . The chainreaction requires both the release ... chainreaction. The fuel for a nuclear fission reactor is very different, usually consisting of a low ... absorbed. The value of k determines how a nuclear chainreaction proceeds k 1 subcriticality The system cannot sustain a chainreaction, and any beginning of a chainreaction dies out over time. For every ... is called , and this fraction is typically less than 1 of all the neutrons in the chainreaction ... weapon implosion method for nuclear weapons. In these devices, the nuclear chainreaction begins ... of this process, the assembly is supercritical, but not yet in an optimal state for a chainreaction ... chainreaction that destroys the fissile material before it is ready to produce a large explosion ... for a nuclear power plant to undergo a nuclear chainreaction that results in an explosion of power ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name ChainReaction Cover Chainreaction.jpg Caption Artist ... Last single Eaten Alive song Eaten Alive br 1985 This single ChainReaction br 1986 Next single Experience br 1986 Misc ChainReaction is a melodic R&B song, sung by Diana Ross , written by the Bee ... a nervous breakdown. ref http www.dailymotion.com video x1ynl4 diana ross chainreaction music Music ... Reaction 93 Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name ChainReaction 93 Cover Caption Artist ... Reaction 93 br 1993 Next single Your Love br 1993 Misc In 1993, Diana Ross released ChainReaction 93 .... Track listing CD single ChainReaction 93 3 47 Upside Down 4 07 12 UK remix single ChainReaction Original 12 Version 6 50 ChainReactionReaction Dub, remix by E Smoove 6 34 ChainReaction Low End Mix, remix by Dewey B and Spike 6 15 ChainReaction Low End Dub, remix by Dewey B and Spike 6 15 Chain ... Version 3 47 93 Remix Italy 12 ChainReaction Original Single Version 3 47 Love Hangover Tribal ... See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name ChainReaction Cover stepschain.jpg Caption Artist Steps band ... Last single Here And Now You ll Be Sorry br 2001 This single ChainReaction br 2001 Next ... pop band music group Steps group Steps covered ChainReaction . The song reached 2 in the UK. The song ... 3 45 CD2 Limited Edition Club Mixes CD Sold Out On Day Of Release ChainReaction Graham Stack Extended ... Mix 6 48 Cassette ChainReaction 3 56 One for Sorrow Tony Moran US Remix 3 29 Australian CD Single JIVE EBUL ChainReaction 3 56 One For Sorrow Tony Moran US Remix 3 29 Stop Me From Loving You 3 45 CDR UK EBUL JIVE, 2001 PROMO ONLY ChainReaction Kool De Sac Mix 8.03 ChainReaction Xenomania Remix 6.19 ChainReaction Xenomania Trance Remix 7.33 ChainReaction Hit Squad Remix 6.30 ChainReaction Tribal Remix 4.19. Remixes ChainReaction Almighty Mix Promo ChainReaction Hit Squad Remix Promo Chain ... from the 1980s UK References reflist Diana Ross Diana Ross singles STEPS DEFAULTSORT ChainReaction ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name ChainReaction image caption image size background group or band alias origin New York , USA genre Hard rock , Pop music Pop years active 1964&ndash 1968 label Date Records , Verve Records associated acts Aerosmith website current members past members Don Solomon br Peter Stahl br Alan Strohmayer br Steven Tallarico br Barry Shapiro notable instruments ChainReaction , also known as The Strangeurs , was an United States American hard rock band from Yonkers, New York . They had four Single music singles and were most notable for having lead singer Steven Tallarico Steven Tyler , as he would later come to be known . They started off as the Strangers, before finding a group who already had that moniker, switching to The Strangeurs as a result of said group. After a line up change they changed their name to ChainReaction. ChainReaction performed in concert as the opening act for such groups as The Beach Boys , The Byrds and The Yardbirds . The band s 1966 song When I Needed You appeared on Aerosmith s 1991 compilation box set album Pandora s Box album Pandora s Box . ref name Huxley cite book last Huxley first Martin title Aerosmith The Fall and the Rise of Rock s Greatest Band edition 1st publisher St. Martin s Press location New York year 1995 pages 7 8, 10 isbn 978 0312117375 ref The Strangeurs line up Don Solomon Keyboard instrument keyboards Singing vocals Peter Stahl guitar Alan Strohmayer Bass instrument bass Please disambiguate by picking one of the following Bass guitar bass Acoustic bass guitar bass Double bass bass Washtub bass bass and remove this comment Steven Tallarico Drum kit drums Singing vocals Barry Shapiro Drum kit drums ChainReaction line up Steve Tally Steven Tallarico Singing lead vocals Don Sloan Don Solomon Keyboard instrument keyboards Peter Stahl guitar Alan Strohmayer Bass instrument ... pt ChainReaction ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title ChainReaction of Mental Anguish Series 30 Rock Image Caption Season 5 Episode 9 Airdate December 2, 2010 Production 509 Writer Kay Cannon Director Ken Whittingham Guests Will Forte as Paul Kelly Coffield Park as Aunt Linda Michael Benjamin Washington as Donald Episode list 30 Rock season 5 30 Rock season 5 br List of 30 Rock episodes List of 30 Rock episodes Prev College 30 Rock College Next Christmas Attack Zone ChainReaction of Mental Anguish is the List of 30 Rock episodes Season 5 2010 2011 ninth episode of the 30 Rock season 5 fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 89th overall episode of the series. It was written by co producer Kay Cannon and directed by Ken Whittingham . The episode originally aired on the NBC National Broadcasting Company NBC network in the United States on December 2, 2010. In the episode, Jack Donaghy Alec Baldwin tries to help Tracy Jordan Tracy Morgan when his Mamma Mia 30 Rock son returns and asks for money to fund an ill conceived theme restaurant Liz Lemon Tina Fey turns to Kenneth Parcell Jack McBrayer as a relationship therapist and Jenna Maroney Jane Krakowski thinks her boyfriend Paul Will Forte may pop an important question. Plot When Tracy Jordan Tracy Morgan asks Jack Donaghy Alec Baldwin to invest in his con artist son Donald s guest star Michael Benjamin Washington ill conceived ... posts 30 rock chainreaction of mental anguish i am a protein title 30 Rock ChainReaction of Mental ... 2010 12 30 rock review chainreaction of mental anguish title 30 Rock ChainReaction ... www.tvfanatic.com 2010 12 30 rock review chainreaction of mental anguish title 30 Rock Review ChainReaction of Mental Anguish work TV Fanatic last Forcella first Dan date December 3, 2010 accessdate January 30, 2012 ref References reflist External links imdb episode 1635821 ChainReaction of Mental Anguish Tv.com episode 1366141 ChainReaction of Mental Anguish 30 Rock 30 Rock Season Five Category ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The proton proton chainreaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The proton proton chainreaction is one of several ... proton chainreaction The theory that proton proton reactions were the basic principle by which ... Nobel Prize in Physics . The proton proton chainreaction The first step involves the fusion of two ... 2 Nuclide Link hydrogen 1 val 12.86 u MeV The complete pp I chainreaction ... 14 ul MK . Below val 10 u MK , the PP chain does not produce much SimpleNuclide Helium 4 . Citation needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File Proton Proton II chain reaction.svg thumb Proton proton II chainreaction See also lithium burning Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined ... File Proton Proton III chain reaction.png thumb Proton proton III chainreaction Autogenerated using ... reaction Image Proton proton cycle.png thumb 300px Proton proton and electron capture chain reactions ... chainreaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton Proton ChainReaction Category Nuclear ... being the CNO cycle . The proton proton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... , 1987, p. 537. ref The fact that the Sun is still shining is due to the slow nature of this reaction ... in the chain. ref Hans A. Bethe, Physical Review 55 103, 434 1939 cited in Donald D. Clayton ... is dominant at temperatures of 14 to val 23 u MK . 90 of the neutrinos produced in the reaction SimpleNuclide ... 4 The pp III chain is dominant if the temperature exceeds val 23 u MK . The pp III chain is not a major ... it generates very high energy neutrinos up to val 14.06 u MeV . The pp IV Hep branch This reaction ... . In this reaction, Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher ... of one whole chain is val 26.73 u MeV . Only energy released as gamma rays will interact with electrons ... more details
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