used to indicate toxic substances or environments A toxin from lang grc toxikon is a poison ous substance produced within living cells or organisms ref DorlandsDict eight 000109718 toxin ref ref ... webster.com dictionary toxin title toxin Definition from the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary work ... toxin . Terminology Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents by their method of production the word toxin does not specify method of delivery compare with venom and the narrower ... and the Warsaw Pact over whether to call a toxin a Biological agent biological or chemical agent , in which ... toxin means the toxic material or product of plant s, animal s, microorganism s including, but not limited ... when bacteria are lysed... Related terms are Toxoid , weakened or suppressed toxin Venom , toxins ... fashion or only in certain types of living cells Ricin is a plant toxin found in the castor bean ... of toxins in grains and other foods. Eosinophil derived neurotoxin is a toxin found in human encoded ... toxin is often used. ref name pmid15783252 cite journal author Lanphear BP, Vorhees CV, Bellinger ... ref which contradicts most formal definitions of the term toxin . Because of this, when encountering the word toxin outside of microbiological contexts, it is important to confirm what the researcher ... al. authorlink coauthors title In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin ... of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis ... al. authorlink coauthors title Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern Atlantic coasts of Morocco journal Toxin volume 51 issue 5 pages 780 786 publisher Elsevier ... coauthors title Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly ... first Theoni et al. authorlink coauthors title Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels ... toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand journal Tetrahedron Letters volume ... more details
Distinguish aflatoxin Alpha Toxin or alpha toxin refers to several different protein toxins produced by bacteria. Alpha toxin may be Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin , a membrane disrupting toxin that creates pores causing hemolysis and tissue damage. Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin , a membrane disrupting toxin with phospholipase C activity, which is directly responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis . Pseudomonas aeruginosa alpha toxin. disambig Category Bacterial toxins ... more details
A toxin is a poisonous substance. Toxin may also refer to Toxin novel Toxin novel is a 1998 novel by Robin Cook Toxin comics , a fictional character by Marvel Comics universe, grandson of Venom and ally of Spider Man See also Tocsin , a form of alarm Toxicity disambiguation Toxification Toxxin , American professional wrestler disambig es Toxina desambiguaci n ... more details
Mergeto Microbial toxins date April 2010 A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria . ref DorlandsDict eight 000109722 bacterial toxins ref Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection e.g. when the bacteria have died, but have already produced toxin, which becomes ingested It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins. ref name Microbiology348 Page 348 in cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi ref One primary classification used is to distinguish between exotoxin and endotoxin . Exotoxins are generated by the bacteria and actively secreted. Endotoxins are part of the bacteria itself. Usually, endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane , and it is not released until the bacteria is killed by the immune system . The body s response to endotoxin can involve severe inflammation . In general, the inflammation process is usually considered beneficial to the infected host, but if the reaction is severe enough, it can lead to sepsis . Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumor s. ref name urlDefinition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms cite web url http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 45610 title Definition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms format work accessdate 2008 12 13 ref See also colbegin Alpha toxin Anthrax toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Cyanotoxin Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin Food microbiology Microbiology Microbial toxins Neurotoxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Shiga like toxinToxinToxin antitoxin system colend References Reflist Toxins Category Bacterial toxins sv Bakterietoxin ar ... more details
An erythrogenic toxin is a toxin produced by strains of Streptococcus pyogenes , the primary cause of scarlet fever . ref name bioonline cite web title Erythrogenic toxin url http www.biology online.org dictionary Erythrogenic toxin publisher Biology online.org accessdate 18 October 2010 ref ref name mayo cite web title Causes url http www.mayoclinic.com health scarlet fever DS00917 DSECTION causes work Scarlet fever publisher Mayo Clinic accessdate 18 October 2010 ref Past studies have shown that multiple variants of erythrogenic toxins may be produced, depending on the strain of S. pyogenes present in the host. A small percentage of strains may not produce a detectable toxin at all. ref name knoll cite journal last Kn ll coauthors Sr mek, Vrbov , Gerlach, Reichardt, K hler title Scarlet fever and types of erythrogenic toxins produced by the infecting streptococcal strains journal Zentralbl Bakteriol year 1991 month December volume 276 issue 1 pages 94 106 pmid 1789905 ref References reflist Category Bacterial toxins Molecular biology stub ... more details
The Toxin and Toxin Target Database T3DB ref cite pmid 19897546 ref is a comprehensive online database of over 2900 toxins and over 1300 corresponding toxin targets. These toxins include pollutants, food toxins, drugs, and pesticides. ref cite web title Toxin and Toxin Target Database T3DB url http t3db.org accessdate 11 January 2012 ref T3DB was created by researchers at the University of Alberta, under the leadership of Dr. David Wishart. Each toxin is displayed as a ToxCard with over 50 data fields including toxicity values, medical information, molecular and cellular interactions, and chemical properties and descriptors. The Wishart Research Group ref cite web title Wishart Research Group url http wishartlab.com accessdate 17 January 2012 ref extracted information from over 5600 sources to build this database. The various sources include the scientific literature, books, government documents, and numerous external databases such as PubChem , UniProt , PubMed , DrugBank , Human Metabolome Database HMDB , NIST Chemistry WebBook, KEGG , NCI Database Browser, PharmGKB, Food and Drug Administration , ChEBI , and ChemExper . T3DB enables users to discover mechanisms of toxicity for various toxins as well as the target proteins with which each toxin interacts. Researchers can use T3DB to predict toxin drug interactions, predict toxin metabolism, and to increase their general awareness of toxins. Much of T3DB s content is downloadable ref cite web title T3DB Downloads url http t3db.org downloads accessdate 11 January 2012 ref including its descriptive fields, tables, and images. ref cite web title Toxin and Toxin Target Database T3DB url http t3db.org accessdate 11 January 2012 ref T3DB is part of a suite of metabolomics databases that also includes HMDB , DrugBank , and The Small Molecule Pathway Database SMPDB . While DrugBank includes information on 6707 drugs and 4228 non redundant drug targets, enzymes, transporters, and carriers, HMDB houses over 7900 small molecule ... more details
Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image Image TOXIN3.jpg 250px caption Toxin br Art by Simon Bisley . comic color background ff8080 character name Toxin real name Patrick Mulligan publisher Marvel Comics debut Venom Carnage 1 Patrick Mulligan 2004 br Venom Carnage 2 Toxin creators Peter Milligan ... and projectiles from symbiotic costume Ability to stick to any surface Toxin Patrick Mulligan is a fiction ... both Pat and the symbiote currently hiding in his body since Toxin wasn t yet strong enough to manifest ... Pat and the symbiote whom he christened Toxin, after himself. ref name Venom vs. Carnage 1 At first, Patrick didn t realize quite what had happened to him, but before long, the Toxin symbiote had matured ... himself and his family. During a future confrontation between Venom, Carnage, and Toxin, Venom realized ... in him. Venom and Carnage formed a temporary pact to destroy Toxin, as it was clear by now that he was easily ... ref Spider Man stumbled into the final confrontation between the symbiote trio, and helped Toxin. After they fended off Venom and Carnage, Toxin had a conversation with Spider Man, filling him in on what had happened to him. Spider Man gave him a kind of superhero heart to heart, and Toxin resigned ... Spider Man joined the The New Avengers comics New Avengers , Marvel started a six issue Toxin limited series , which charts Toxin s battles with various supervillains who had escaped from the The Raft ... to keep the Toxin symbiote under control, as unlike Venom and Carnage, the host and symbiote minds stayed separate in Toxin, and they even had conversations and arguments with each other unlike his grandfather Venom, Toxin does not refer to himself as we . Throughout the course of the miniseries ... Fist . ref Toxin 1 3 ref At one point, trying to live with Toxin becomes too much for Pat, and he attempts to commit suicide by throwing himself in front of a train. Toxin interferes at the last ... the issue, however, it becomes clear that, unlike the Venom and Carnage symbiotes, Toxin is not sure ... more details
Infobox Journal title Toxin Reviews cover Image Toxin reviews.jpg 150px editor Dr. W. Thomas Shier, PhD. discipline Toxicology, public health language English abbreviation Toxin Reviews publisher Informa Pharmaceutical Science Country UK Frequency 4 issues per year History First published 1982 openaccess no license impact 0.312 impact year 2009 website http www.informapharmascience.com txr link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS http www.informapharmascience.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3b4d5z&ai 9j5&jc txr&type etoc&feed rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1556 9543 eISSN 1556 9551 Toxin Reviews is an international, peer reviewed, MEDLINE indexed journal for the publishing of interdisciplinary findings and review articles on toxins and toxin mechanisms. The journal classifies toxins by their mechanisms of action, defining them in the broadest sense as highly toxic substances of either natural or synthetic origin. It is published by Informa . Core Areas Toxin Reviews delivers up to date research on toxins, their characteristics, activities, and mechanisms of action, ranging in scope from new, underutilized substances, through antivenoms to chemical and biological weapons. Joint Editors W. Thomas Shier, PhD. and Anthony T. Tu, PhD. are the joint Editors of Toxin Reviews ref cite web url http www.informapharmascience.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode txr title Editorial Board Members accessdate 2009 03 12 format work informapharmascience.com ref . Dr. Shier currently is Professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN. Dr Tu is Professor at Colorado State University . Publication Format Toxin Reviews publishes 4 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. References reflist 2 External links http www.informapharmascience.com txr Toxin Reviews homepage of Toxin Reviews http www.informapharmascience.com informapharmascience.com homepage of Informa Pharmaceutical Science , the division of Informa that publishes Toxin Reviews ... more details
File Shiga toxin Stx PDB 1r4q.png thumb Ribbon diagram of shiga toxin Stx from S. dysenteriae . From PDB 1R4Q . Shiga toxins are a family of related exotoxin toxin s with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2 ... origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae . The most common sources for Shiga toxin are the bacteria ... 202 ref Nomenclature There are many terms that microbiologists use to describe Shiga toxin and differentiate between different forms of it. Many of these terms are used interchangeably. Shiga toxin Stx true Shiga toxin is produced by Shigella dysenteriae . Shiga like toxin 1 and 2 SLT 1 and 2 or Stx ... similar to that of ricin toxin produced by Ricinus communis . ref name Sandvig 2000 cite journal author Sandvig K, van Deurs B title Entry of ricin and Shiga toxin into cells molecular mechanisms ... and retrograde transport of Shiga toxin journal Toxicon volume 56 Suppl 7 issue pages 1181 1185 year 2010 pmid 2047652 ref Structure File Shiga toxin type 2 Stx2 from from Escherichia coli O157 H7 PDB 1r4p.png thumb Shiga like toxin 2 Stx2 from Escherichia coli O157 H7 Escherichia coli O157 H7 ... bottom . From PDB 1R4P . The toxin has two subunits&mdash designated A and B&mdash and is one of the AB5 toxin AB sub 5 sub toxins . The B subunit is a oligomer pentamer that binds to specific ... tissues, to which the renal toxicity of Shiga toxin may be attributed. Gb3 is also found in CNS neurons ... F, Tohyama K, Bonev AD, Kolling GL, Keepers TR, Gross LK, Nelson MT, Sato S, Obrig TG title Shiga Toxin ... J, Parma Y, Fernandez Miyakawa ME, Goldstein J. title Intracerebroventricular Shiga toxin 2 increases ... ref The toxin requires highly specific Receptor biochemistry receptor s on the cells surface ... of active sites of Shiga toxin stx in Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli STEC isolates from ... 10.1017 S0950268801005635 pmc 2869726 ref See also Cholera toxin Enterotoxin Pertussis toxin 2011 ... template Reflist 2 External links MeshName Shiga toxin biochem stub Toxins Category AB5 toxins ... more details
File Shiga toxin Stx PDB 1r4q.png thumb Ribbon diagram of shiga toxin Stx from Shigella dysenteriae , showing the characteristic AB sub 5 sub structure. The A subunit is shown in orange, and the B subunit complex, in blue. From PDB 1R4Q . The AB5 or AB sub 5 sub toxins are six component protein complexes secreted by a number of pathogenicity pathogenic bacteria . All share a similar structure and mechanism for entering targeted host cells. ref name Merritt 1995 cite journal author Merritt E, Hol W title AB5 toxins journal Curr Opin Struct Biol volume 5 issue 2 pages 165 71 year 1995 pmid 7648317 doi 10.1016 0959 440X 95 80071 9 ref Structure and mechanism A complete AB sub 5 sub toxin complex contains six protein units. Five &ndash the B subunits &ndash are similar or identical in structure the remaining A subunit is unique. The A subunit or a portion thereof of an AB sub 5 sub toxin is the portion of the complex responsible for toxicity. Typically it will have enzymatic activity inside the host cell. The B subunits form a pentameric five membered ring, into which one end of the A subunit extends and is held. This B subunit ring is also capable of binding to a Receptor biochemistry receptor on the surface of the host cell. ref name Lencer 2005 cite journal author Lencer W, Saslowsky D title Raft trafficking of AB5 subunit bacterial toxins journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1746 issue 3 pages 314 21 year 2005 pmid 16153723 doi 10.1016 j.bbamcr.2005.07.007 ref Without the B subunits, the A subunit has no way of attaching to or entering the cell, and thus no way to exert its toxic effect. List of AB sub 5 sub toxins Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni cholera toxin Vibrio cholerae heat labile enterotoxins LT and LT II Escherichia coli pertussis toxin Bordetella pertussis shiga toxin Shigella dysenteriae shiga like toxin or verotoxin enterohemorrhagic ... stub DEFAULTSORT Ab5 toxin ... more details
synthesized analogues of the spider toxin block the crustacean glutamate receptor Neurosci. Res. 5 ... Effects of a spider toxin JSTX on hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro Brain Res. 481 16 24 ... clamp study of the effects of Joro spider toxin and zinc on excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 ... www.sciencedirect.com science article pii 016801029190095G Spider toxin and pertussis toxin differentiate ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Diphtheria C Name Diphtheria toxin, C domain image PDB 1xdt EBI.jpg width caption complex of diphtheria toxin and heparin binding epidermal growth factor Pfam PF02763 Pfam ... CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Diphtheria T Name Diphtheria toxin, T domain image PDB 1xdt EBI.jpg width caption complex of diphtheria toxin and heparin binding epidermal growth factor Pfam PF02764 ... CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Diphtheria R Name Diphtheria toxin, R domain image PDB 1xdt EBI.jpg width caption complex of diphtheria toxin and heparin binding epidermal growth factor Pfam PF01324 ... CDD Infobox nonhuman protein Name tox diphtheria toxin precursor image width caption Organism Corynebacterium ... GenLoc end 190912 Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae , the pathogen bacteria bacterium that causes diphtheria . Unusually, the toxin gene is encoded by a bacteriophage ... 3993.2002 ref The toxin causes the disease diphtheria in humans by gaining entry into the cell cytoplasm ... Bell CE, Eisenberg D title Crystal structure of diphtheria toxin bound to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ... Diphtheria toxin is a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids consisting of two Protein subunit ... Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Diphtheria Toxin Production url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid mmed.section.1752 ref The crystal structure of the diphtheria toxin homodimer has been determined ... PM, Kantardjieff KA, Collier RJ, Eisenberg D title The crystal structure of diphtheria toxin journal ... Crystal structure of nucleotide free diphtheria toxin journal Biochemistry volume 36 issue 3 pages ... diphtheria toxin at 2.3 A resolution journal Protein Sci. volume 3 issue 9 pages 1464 75 year 1994 ... cite journal author Bell CE, Eisenberg D title Crystal structure of diphtheria toxin bound to nicotinamide ... MJ, Choe S, Eisenberg D title Refined structure of dimeric diphtheria toxin at 2.0 A resolution ... binds to cell surface receptors cell surface receptor , permitting the toxin to enter the cell biology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Pfam box Symbol Toxin 30 Name Ptu family image PDB 1lmr EBI.jpg width caption Structure of ADO1, a toxin extracted from the saliva of the assassin bug , Agriosphodrus dohrni . ref name pmid14696181 cite journal author Bernard C, Corzo G, Adachi Akahane S, et al. title Solution structure of ADO1, a toxin extracted from the saliva of the assassin bug, Agriosphodrus dohrni journal Proteins volume 54 issue 2 pages 195 205 year 2004 month February pmid 14696181 doi 10.1002 prot.10513 url ref Pfam PF08117 InterPro IPR012325 SMART PROSITE PDOC60010 SCOP TCDB OPM family 120 OPM protein 1lmr PDB PDB3 1lmr A 1 35 PDB3 1i26 A 1 34 Insect toxins are various protein toxin s produced by insect species. Reduviidae Assassin bugs , sometimes known as kissing bugs, are one of the largest and morphologically diverse families of true bugs feeding on cricket s, caterpillar s and other insects. Some assassin bug species are bloodsucking parasites of mammals, even feed on humans. They can be commonly found throughout most of the world and their size varies from a few millimeters to as much as 3 or 4 centimeters. The toxic saliva of the predatory assassin bugs contains a complex mixture of small and large peptides for diverse uses such as immobilizing and pre digesting their prey, as well as defense against competitors and predators. Assassin bug toxins are small peptides with disulfide connectivity that target ion channel s. They are relatively homologous to the calcium channel blockers omega conotoxin s from marine cone snails and belong to the four loop cysteine scaffold structural class. ref name PUB00016615 cite journal author Nakajima T, Corzo G, Nagao T, Kusui Y, Adachi Akahane S title Novel peptides from assassin bugs Hemiptera Reduviidae isolation, chemical and biological ... A, Nakajima T, Bernard C, Corzo G title Solution structure of Ptu1, a toxin from the assassin bug ... toxin Ado1. Isyndus obscurus toxin Iob1. Peirates turpis toxin Ptu1. References reflist InterPro content ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Anthrax tox M Name Anthrax toxin lethal factor middle domain image PDB ... OPM protein CAZy CDD Infobox protein family Symbol ATLF Name Anthrax toxin lethal factor N and C ... CAZy CDD Infobox protein family Symbol Anthrax toxA Name Anthrax toxin LF subunit Pfam PF03497 Pfam ... . Anthrax toxin is a three protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium , Bacillus anthracis the causative agent of anthrax . The toxin was first discovered by Harold Hill Smith ... Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell binding protein, known as protective antigen PA , and two enzyme ... containing the toxin components are endocytosis endocytosed . In the endosome , the enzymatic components of the toxin Protein translocation translocate into the cytoplasm of a target cell. Once in the cytosol, the enzymatic components of the toxin disrupts various immune cell functions, namely cellular signaling and cell migration. The toxin may even induce cell lysis, as is observed for macrophage cells. Anthrax toxin ultimately allows the bacteria to evade the immune system , proliferate, and ultimately ... 2009 chapter Anthrax Toxin title Microbial Toxins Current Research and Future Trends publisher Caister Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 44 8 ref Research on anthrax toxin also provides insight on macromolecular ..., which is anti phagocytic , and ii the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxin. Anthrax toxin ... lethal factor LF . Anthrax toxin is an A B toxin Interestingly, each individual anthrax toxin ... of PA and LF is lethal. The former combination is called edema toxin, and the latter combination is called lethal toxin. Thus the manifestation of physiological symptoms requires PA, in either ... is the cell binding component. Anthrax toxin, in fact, is of the form A sub 2 sub B , where the two ... then catalyze reactions that disrupt normal cellular physiology. Anthrax toxin assembly and translocation ... anthrax toxins. Anthrax toxin protein components must assemble into holotoxin complexes to function ... more details
crystal structure of the enzymatic componet of iota toxin from clostridium perfringens with nadh Pfam ... caption crystal structure of the anthrax toxin protective antigen heptameric prepore Pfam PF03495 ... A B Toxins ref name pmid15204437 cite journal author De Haan L, Hirst TR title Cholera toxin a paradigm ... of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin genes and expression in Escherichia coli journal Infect. Immun ... of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin genes and expression in Escherichia coli journal ... I, Moriishi K, Isogai E, Isogai H title Characterization of component I gene of botulinum C2 toxin ... Production of actin specific ADP ribosyltransferase binary toxin by strains of Clostridium difficile ... doi url ref Members of the A binary toxin family include C. perfringens iota toxin Ia , ref name pmid8225592 ... perfringens iota toxin genes and expression in Escherichia coli journal Infect. Immun. volume ... C2 toxin CI, ref name pmid8645309 cite journal author Fujii N, Kubota T, Shirakawa S, Kimura K, Ohishi I, Moriishi K, Isogai E, Isogai H title Characterization of component I gene of botulinum C2 toxin ... binary toxin by strains of Clostridium difficile journal FEMS Microbiol. Lett. volume 186 issue ... of component I gene of botulinum C2 toxin and PCR detection of its gene in clostridial species ... binary toxin by strains of Clostridium difficile journal FEMS Microbiol. Lett. volume 186 issue 2 pages 307 12 year 2000 month May pmid 10802189 doi url ref Members of the B binary toxin family include ... Perelle S, Gibert M, Boquet P, Popoff MR title Characterization of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin ... of individual toxin components to virulence of Bacillus anthracis journal Infect. Immun. volume 59 issue 10 pages 3472 7 year 1991 month October pmid 1910002 pmc 258908 doi url ref The toxin comprises ... of the complete anthrax toxin, and translocates the B moiety into host Cell biology cell s after assembling ... C, Berche P, Mock M title Contribution of individual toxin components to virulence of Bacillus anthracis ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 480475821 image Botulinum toxin 3BTA.png image source Cartoon representation of Botulinum toxin. Protein Data Bank PDB entry PDBe 3BTA Clinical data pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X ... EC number 3.4.24.69 GO code 0006508 width caption Botulinum toxin is a protein produced by the bacterium ... date March 2012 Botulinum toxin can cause botulism , a serious and life threatening illness in humans ... intravenously in monkeys, type A Botox Cosmetic of the toxin exhibits an Median lethal dose ... Biodefense. date 21 February 2001 title Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon Medical and Public Health ... Justinus Kerner described botulinum toxin as a sausage poison and fatty poison , ref Cite journal author Frank J. Erbguth title Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum , botulinum toxin, and the idea of the therapeutic use of the toxin journal Movement Disorders volume 19 issue S8 ... mds.20003 pmid 15027048 ref because the bacterium that produces the toxin often caused poisoning ... conceived a possible therapeutic use of botulinum toxin and coined the name botulism from Latin botulus meaning sausage . In 1897, Emile van Ermengem found the producer of the botulin toxin was a bacterium ... Sommer for the first time purified the toxin. ref Cite journal author Snipe, P. Tessmer & Sommer, H. date August 1928 title Studies on Botulinus Toxin 3. Acid Precipitation of Botulinus Toxin journal ... discovered, through an elegant experiment, that botulinum toxin blocks neuromuscular transmission .... J. Zatman date August 1949 title The action of botulinum toxin on the neuro muscular junction journal ... Schantz were the first to work on a standardized botulinum toxin preparation for therapeutic purposes ... Botulinum Toxin Pr parationen trans title Pharmacological aspects of therapeutic botulinum toxin ... used botulinum toxin type A BTX A in monkey experiments, and, in 1980, he officially used BTX A for the first ... showed that botulinum toxin could be used for the treatment of achalasia , a spasm of the lower ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Pertussis S1 Name Pertussis toxin, subunit 1 image 1PRT.png width caption The Crystal Structure of Pertussis Toxin, ref name pmid8075982 cite journal author Stein PE, Boodhoo A, Armstrong GD, Cockle SA, Klein MH, Read RJ title The crystal structure of pertussis toxin journal Structure ... Symbol Pertussis S2S3 Name Pertussis toxin, subunit 2 and 3 image width caption Pfam PF02918 InterPro ... Pertussis toxin, subunit 4 image width caption Pfam PF09275 InterPro IPR015355 SMART Prosite SCOP 1prt TCDB OPM family OPM protein Pfam box Symbol Pertus S5 tox Name Pertussis toxin, subunit 5 image ... toxin PT is a protein based AB5 toxin AB sub 5 sub type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella ... Toxin Plays an Early Role in Respiratory Tract Colonization by Bordetella pertussis journal Infect ... toxin sensitive G proteins and regulation of blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat journal ..., Pushkarsky T, Poli G, Bukrinsky M title The B Oligomer of Pertussis Toxin Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency ... toxin and the adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis activate human monocyte derived ... journal author Locht C, Keith JM title Pertussis toxin gene nucleotide sequence and genetic organization ... toxin genes operon structure and gene duplication journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ... MR title Characterization of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin genes and expression in Escherichia ... change in the membrane bound transport B subunit. ref name PUB00006643 Pertussis toxin is an exotoxin ... name Kaslow HR, Burns DL 1992 2684 90 cite journal author Kaslow HR, Burns DL title Pertussis toxin ... ribosylation catalyzed by the pertussis toxin S1 subunit journal Biochimie volume 77 issue 5 pages ... of an operon required for pertussis toxin secretion journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume ... Plaut RD, Carbonetti NH title Retrograde transport of pertussis toxin in the mammalian cell journal ... of pertussis toxin journal Microbiol Sci volume 5 issue 9 pages 285 7 year 1988 pmid 2908558 ref ... more details
The RTX toxin family is a group of exotoxin s produced by gram negative bacteria . ref name Lally citation title The interaction between RTX toxins and target cells journal Trends in Microbiology authors Lally ET, Hill RB, Kieba IR, Korostoff J year 1999 volume 7 issue 9 pages 356 361 doi 10.1016 S0966 842X 99 01530 9 pmid 10470043 ref All RTX toxins share a common gene organization and structural appearance. Gram negative bacteria secrete the toxins into the extracellular space using the Secretion Type I secretion system T1SS or TOSS type I secretion system . RTX is an abbreviation of repeats in toxin, which is a reference to the repeated peptide sequences found within the toxins. RTX toxins are divided into hemolysin s and leukotoxin s. ref name Lally Examples The Pasteurellaceae family of bacteria produce RTX toxins. The Vibrio genus, which include Vibrio cholerae V. cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus V. vulnificus , also produce RTX toxins. References reflist protein stub microbiology stub Category Bacterial toxins ... more details
Cholera toxin sometimes abbreviated to CTX , Ctx , or CT is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . ref name Sherris cite book author Ryan KJ Ray CG editors title Sherris Medical Microbiology edition 4th publisher McGraw Hill year 2004 isbn 0838585299 page 375 ref ref name FaruqueNair cite book author Faruque SM Nair GB editors . title Vibrio cholerae Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press year 2008 url http www.horizonpress.com vib id http www.horizonpress.com vib ISBN 978 1 904455 33 2 ref CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. Structure The cholera exotoxin toxin is an oligomer ic complex made up of six protein subunits a single copy of the A subunit part A, enzymatic , and five copies of the B subunit part B, receptor binding . The three dimensional structure of the toxin was determined using X ray crystallography by Zhang et al. in 1995. ref name Zhang 1995 cite journal author Zhang R, Scott ... structure of cholera toxin journal J Mol Biol volume 251 issue 4 pages 563 73 year 1995 pmid 7658473 ... Cholera toxin a paradigm for multi functional engagement of cellular mechanisms Review journal Mol ... enterotoxin secreted by some strains of the Escherichia coli bacterium. Pathogenesis The toxin is an oligomeric ... 2011 february 0204.pdf title Cholera toxin A foe & a friend author Joaqu n S nchez, Jan Holmgren journal ..., the pertussis toxin also an AB sub 5 sub protein produced by Bordetella pertussis acts in a similar ... 2nd ed. . Philadelphia, PA Saunders Elsevier. ref Origin The gene encoding the cholera toxin is introduced ... M, Holmes R, Hol W title Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6 GTP journal ... biology. It is routinely used as a neuronal tracer . ref name urlThe Discovery of Cholera Toxin cite ... of Cholera Toxin as a Powerful Neuroanatomical Tool author Pierre Herv Luppi authorlink coauthors date ... MeshName Cholera Toxin Glycosyltransferases Toxins Category Bacterial proteins Category AB5 toxins ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 dablink This article is about uremic toxins found in dialysis patients uremic toxins are toxin s accumulating in chronic renal failure patients treated with standard dialysis. These toxins show various cytotoxic activities in the serum, have different molecular weights and some of them are bound to other proteins, primarily to albumin. Such toxic protein bound substances are receiving the attention of scientists who are interested in improving the standard chronic dialysis procedures used today. References reflist External links http www.uremic toxins.org EUTox Uremic Toxins Work Group by ESAO Learn more about toxins accumulating in uremic patients Category Renal dialysis ... more details
BeKm 1 is a toxin from the Central Asian scorpion Buthus eupeus . BeKm 1 acts by selectively inhibiting the human Ether go go Related Gene hERG channels, which are voltage gated potassium ion channels . Etymology Be is the abbreviation of the scorpion from which the venom is isolated, Buthus eupeus . Km is an abbreviation of M type K sup sup current, which is inhibited by the venom. ref Angelo, K., et al., A radiolabeled peptide ligand of the hERG channel, 125I BeKm 1. Pflugers Arch, 2003. 447 1 p. 55 63. ref Chemistry BeKm 1 is a 4 kDa peptide consisting of 36 amino acids with six positively charged residues and six cysteines, which forms three disulfide bridges. ref Korolkova, Y.V., et al., An ERG channel inhibitor from the scorpion Buthus eupeus. J Biol Chem, 2001. 276 13 p. 9868 76. ref The primary amino acid sequence of BeKm 1 is H Arg Pro Thr Asp Ile Lys Cys Ser Glu Ser Tyr Gln Cys Phe Pro Val Cys Lys Ser Arg Phe Gly Lys Thr Asn Gly Arg Cys Val Asn Gly Phe Cys Asp Cys Phe OH. Its tertiary structure consists of an alpha helix and three beta strands, arranged in a strongly twisted antiparallel beta sheet, compactly fold up. The helix is confined by two caps that have also been described in other short scorpion toxins. ref Korolkova, Y.V., et al., New binding site on common molecular scaffold provides HERG channel specificity of scorpion toxin BeKm 1. J Biol Chem, 2002. 277 45 p. 43104 9. ref BeKm 1 shows structural homology to the family of scorpion venom potassium channel blockers, the KTx family. Despite the similarities between BeKm 1 and these scorpion toxins, BeKm 1 belongs to a new subfamily of scorpion K1 channel blocking peptides. The differences between the subfamilies are in the COOH terminal part the newly described family of toxins, BeKm 1 included, contains ..., M., et al., BeKm 1 is a hERG specific toxin that shares the structure with ChTx but the mechanism of action with ErgTx1. Biophys J, 2003. 84 5 p. 3022 36. ref . By toxin mutagenesis study it is found ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Toxin 9 Name Spider toxin image 1IVA.pdb.png width caption Solution structure of omega agatoxin Aa4a from Agelenopsis aperta . ref name pmid7773772 PDB 1IVA cite journal author Reily MD, Holub KE, Gray WR, Norris TM, Adams ME title Structure activity relationships for P type calcium channel selective omega agatoxins journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 1 issue 12 pages 853 6 year 1994 month December pmid 7773772 doi 10.1038 nsb1294 853 url issn ref Pfam PF02819 Pfam clan CL0083 InterPro IPR004169 SMART Prosite SCOP 1oav TCDB OPM family 120 OPM protein 1agg PDB PDB3 1iva 4 48 PDB3 1oaw 4 48 PDB3 1oav 4 48 PDB3 1agg 39 83 PDB3 1omb 39 73 PDB3 1oma 39 83 Pfam box Symbol Atracotoxin Name Delta Atracotoxin image width caption Pfam PF05353 InterPro IPR008017 SMART Prosite SCOP 1qdp TCDB OPM family OPM protein 1vtx PDB PDB3 1vtx 1 42 PDB3 1qdp 1 42 Pfam box Symbol Toxin 35 Name Spider toxin CSTX family image width caption Pfam PF10530 InterPro IPR011142 SMART PROSITE PDOC60029 SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB Pfam box Symbol Toxin 12 Name Spider potassium channel inhibitory toxin image width caption Pfam PF07740 Pfam clan CL0083 InterPro IPR011696 SMART Prosite SCOP 1d1h TCDB OPM family OPM protein 1qk6 PDB PDB3 1qk6 A 49 79 PDB3 1nix A 1 31 PDB3 1mb6 A 53 85 PDB3 1ryg A 1 33 PDB3 1niy A 1 33 PDB3 1ryv A 1 33 PDB3 1emx A 2 28 PDB3 1qk7 A 50 77 PDB3 1tyk A 47 78 PDB3 1d1h A 1 30 PDB3 1la4 A 1 30 PDB3 1koz A 1 32 Spider toxins are a protein family family of proteins produced by spider s which function as neurotoxin s. The mechanism of many spider toxins is through blockage of calcium channel s. A remotely related group of atracotoxin s operate by opening sodium channel s. Delta atracotoxin produces potentially fatal neurotoxic symptoms in primates by slowing the inactivation ... toxins. A representative of this group is hanatoxin. That is a 35 amino acid peptide toxin which ... jmbi.1995.0406 url issn refend InterPro content IPR008017 DEFAULTSORT Spider Toxin Category Protein ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Toxin 3 Name Scorpion long chain toxin image scorpiontoxinproteinimage.png width caption Crystal structure of toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector . ref name pmid8145259 PDB 1PTX cite journal author Housset D, Habersetzer Rochat C, Astier JP, Fontecilla Camps JC title Crystal structure of toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector refined at 1.3 A resolution journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 238 issue 1 pages 88 103 year 1994 month April pmid 8145259 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1994.1270 url ref Pfam PF00537 InterPro IPR002061 SMART Prosite SCOP 2sn3 TCDB OPM family 61 OPM protein 1djt PDB PDB3 1lqi 21 74 PDB3 1lqh 21 74 PDB3 1lqq 2 55 PDB3 1omy A 21 74 PDB3 1t7b A 21 74 PDB3 1djt A 21 74 PDB3 1sn1 A 21 74 PDB3 1t7e A 21 74 PDB3 1t7a A 21 74 PDB3 1chz A 2 55 PDB3 1sn4 A 16 69 PDB3 1snb 2 55 PDB3 1kv0 B 2 55 PDB3 1aho 21 74 PDB3 1seg A 21 74 PDB3 1ptx 21 74 PDB3 1fh3 A 2 56 PDB3 1bmr 2 56 PDB3 1nrb 2 52 PDB3 1nra 2 52 PDB3 1t1t A 3 53 PDB3 2a7t A 2 55 PDB3 1cn2 17 71 PDB3 1vna 20 74 PDB3 1vnb 20 74 PDB3 1jza A 20 74 PDB3 1jzb A 20 74 PDB3 2sn3 20 74 PDB3 2b3c A 20 73 PDB3 1b3c A 20 73 PDB3 1pe4 A 1 54 PDB3 1npi A 21 71 PDB3 1b7d A 21 71 PDB3 1bcg 20 74 PDB3 1t0z A 20 69 PDB3 1wwn A 20 69 PDB3 1i6g A 1 49 PDB3 1i6f A 1 49 PDB3 1nh5 A 1 49 PDB3 1jxc A 28 88 Infobox protein family Symbol Toxin 2 Name Scorpion short toxin image 1agt.png width caption Agitoxin 2. Disulphide bonds are highlighted. Protein Data Bank PDB PDBe 1agt ref name struct cite pmid 8520473 ref Pfam PF00451 Pfam clan CL0054 InterPro IPR001947 SMART PROSITE PDOC00875 MEROPS SCOP OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Scorpion toxins are proteins found in the venom of scorpion s. Their toxic effect may be mammal or insect specific, and acts by binding to sodium channels, inhibiting the inactivation ... The toxin s molecular function is to inhibit ion channels. Scorpion toxins are used in insecticides ... fluorescent scorpion toxin into cancerous tissue to show tumor boundaries. Scorpion toxin ... more details
In molecular biology, the BmKK2 toxins are a family of scorpion toxins . They belong to the scorpion toxin subfamily alpha KTx 14. They include a novel short chain peptide from the Asian scorpion Mesobuthus martensii Karsch, a potassium channel blocker composed of 31 amino acid residues. ref name pmid15146482 cite journal author Zhang N, Li M, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu G, Hu G, Wu H title Solution structure of BmKK2, a new potassium channel blocker from the venom of chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch journal Proteins volume 55 issue 4 pages 835 45 year 2004 month June pmid 15146482 doi 10.1002 prot.20117 url ref The peptide adopts a classical alpha beta scaffold for alpha KTxs. BmKK2 selectively inhibits the delayed rectifier K current, but does not affect the fast transient K current. ref name pmid15208022 cite journal author Li MH, Zhang NX, Chen XQ, Wu G, Wu H, Hu GY title Purification and pharmacological characterization of BmKK2 alpha KTx 14.2 , a novel potassium channel blocking peptide, from the venom of Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch journal Toxicon volume 43 issue 8 pages 895 900 year 2004 month June pmid 15208022 doi 10.1016 j.toxicon.2003.11.028 url ref In comparison with typical short chain scorpion toxins e.g., CTX and NTX , the alpha helix is shorter and the beta sheet element is smaller each strand consists of only two residues . There is an alpha mode Binding molecular binding between the toxin and the channels. It has a lower activity towards Kv channels and it is predicted that it may prefer a type of SK channel with a narrower entryway as a specific receptor biochemistry receptor . ref name pmid15146482 cite journal author Zhang N, Li M, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu G, Hu G, Wu H title Solution structure of BmKK2, a new potassium channel blocker from the venom of chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch journal Proteins volume 55 issue 4 pages 835 45 year 2004 month June pmid 15146482 doi 10.1002 prot.20117 url ref References reflist InterPro content ... more details
toxin ShK is a peptide toxin that blocks the voltage gated potassium channel s Kv1.1 K sub v sub ... A, Wernstedt C, Karlsson E title Characterization of a potassium channel toxin from the Caribbean ... surface for ShK toxin interaction with rat brain potassium channels journal Biochemistry volume ... and potassium channel blocking activity of ShK toxin journal Biochemistry volume 38 issue 44 pages ... of the ShK toxin is Arg Ser Cys Ile Asp Thr Ile Pro Lys Ser Arg Cys Thr Ala Phe Gln Cys Lys His Ser ... MW, Norton RS title Solution structure of ShK toxin, a novel potassium channel inhibitor from a sea ... toxin A potent potassium channel inhibitor from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus journal ... disulfide S S linkages. Target ShK toxin blocks the K sup sup channels K sub v sub 1.1, K sub v sub ... and voltage gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... K, Lefievre Y, Pennington MW, Chandy KG, Norton RS title Mutating a critical lysine in ShK toxin ... anemone toxin ShK for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and othfer autoimmune diseases journal ... G, Gutman GA, Cahalan MD, Pennington M, Chandy KG title A novel fluorescent toxin to detect ... D, Khaytin I, Chi V, Chandy KG, Pennington MW, Norton RS title The D diastereomer of ShK toxin selectively ... pmc 61146 doi 10.1073 pnas.241497298 url ref ref name Beeton 2005 ref name Beeton 2001 As ShK toxin ... Yan 2005 By blocking K sub v sub 3.2, ShK toxin depolarises the cortical GABAergic interneurons ... ShK concentrations were used. ref name Yan 2005 Toxicity Toxicity of ShK toxin in mice is quite low ... September pmid 14579513 doi url issn ref Use Because ShK toxin is a specific inhibitor of K sub v sub ... more details
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