Former administrative units of Pakistan subdivision TransKarakoramTract flag Flag of Pakistan.svg map Kashmir map big.jpg capital Not applicable area 5,181 languages Not applicable established Not applicable abolished 1963 conferred to China footnotes http www.pakistan.gov.pk Government of Pakistan The TransKarakoramTract zh c p K l k nl n z ul ng is an area of nearly convert 5800 km 0 abbr on along both sides of the Shaksgam River , is entirely administered by the People s Republic of China as a part of Kargilik County and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in the Kashgar Prefecture of Xinjiang Autonomous Region , but claimed by Pakistan until 1963. It is still claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir . Pakistan gave up its claim to the tract under a border agreement with China in 1963 with the proviso that the settlement was subject to the final solution of the Kashmir dispute . Most of the tract, also called Shaksgam , is composed of the Shaksgam Valley . Most of the tract was administered as a part of Shigar Valley Shigar , a valley in the Baltistan region ... nl Shaksgam simple TransKarakoramTract zh ... not in fact occupied or administered . br China s extended territory became known as TransKarakoramTract . The area is part of Kargilik County . See also Image 7 15 BroadPeak.jpg thumb right 330px Broad Peak lies on the border of the Tract Indo Pakistani wars Line of Control Sino Indian War Kashmir .... The tract is one of the most inhospitable areas of the world, with some of the highest mountains. The tract is bounded by the Kun Lun Mountains to the north, and by the Karakoram peaks to the south, including ... Hunza cultivated and grazed areas to the north of the Karakoram , and the Mir of Hunza claimed those ... which broadly followed the main Karakoram crest dividing the watersheds of the Indus River and the Tarim ... Valley. However, the British never administered north of the Karakoram watershed. ref Woodman 1969 ... more details
About the mountain range the city in Mongolia Karakorum distinguish Karakum Geobox Range name Karakoram image Baltoro glacier from air.jpg image caption Baltoro glacier in the central Karakoram with 8000ers ... period orogeny map Baltoro region from space annotated.png map caption Highest Karakoram peaks as seen from International Space Station The Karakoram , or Karakorum zh s t p K l k nl n ... Himalayas Himalaya while north of the actual Himalayas Himalaya Range . The Karakoram is home ... is 77 km long. Baltoro and Batura Glaciers in the Karakoram are 57 km long, as is Bruggen or Pio ... 1 200,000 scale topographic mapping as well as Jerzy Wala, Orographical Sketch Map Karakoram Sheets 1 & 2 , Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, Zurich, 1990. ref The Karakoram is bounded on the northeast ... boundary of the Karakoram is formed, west to east, by the Gilgit River Gilgit , Indus River Indus ... section date February 2011 Due to its altitude and ruggedness, the Karakoram is much less inhabited ... of the region. Name Karakoram is a Kyrgyz language Kyrgyz term meaning black gravel . The name was first applied by local traders to the Karakoram Pass . ref name Mason Cite book last Mason first Kenneth ..., although they also used the term Muztagh for the range now known as Karakoram. ref name Mason ref cite journal title Nomenclature in the Karakoram Discussion author Close C, Burrard S, Younghusband ... gave the labels K1 to K6 K for Karakoram to six high mountains visible from his station at Mount Haramukh in Kashmir . The name Karakoram was used in the early 20th century, for example by Kenneth Mason ... to the Saser Muztagh in the bend of the Shyok River in the east. Geological importance The Karakoram ..., they are important in the study of plate tectonics . A significant part, 28 50 of the Karakoram Range ... by the Universities of California and Potsdam found that the Karakoram glaciers are mostly stagnating ... 2011 last update accessdate January 30, 2011 ref because, unlike in the Himalayas, many Karakoram ... more details
with China. A potential China India Pakistan tripoint at Karakoram Pass is referenced in a 1963 boundary treaty between China and Pakistan concerning the TransKarakoramTract , but India was not party ...For road between Pakistan and China Karakoram Highway Infobox mountain pass name Karakoram Pass other name photo photo caption photo alt map Kashmir 2007.svg map caption Karakoram Pass is located at the north of the Ladakh region map size label label position elevation 5540 m elevation ref location CHN IND range Karakoram Range topo lat d lat m lat s lat NS long d long m long s long EW region scale source display format coordinates ref traversed Robert Shaw 1868 Francis E. Younghusband 1889 Theodore Jr. and Kermit Roosevelt 1926 . The Karakoram Pass lang hi zh s t p K l k nl n Sh nk u is a convert 5540 m disp or abbr on sigfig 5 ref SRTM data the figure is now known to be a few meters lower than provided in Rizvi, Janet. Trans Himalayan Caravans Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh , p. 217. 1999. Oxford University Press. New Delhi. ISBN 019 564855 2. ref mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range . It is the highest pass on the ancient caravan route between Leh in Ladakh and Yarkant County Yarkand in the Tarim Basin . Karakoram ... 3 . ref Rizvi, Janet. 1999 . Trans Himalayan Caravans Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh ... altitude took its toll. In spite of all this, the Karakoram Pass was considered a relatively .... Consequently, the pass was open throughout most of the year. ref Rizvi, Janet. 1999 . Trans Himalayan ... remains closed to all traffic. Geopolitical issues The Karakoram pass falls on the boundary of territory ... books?id E7 menNPxREC&pg PA180&lpg PA180&dq tripoint karakoram pass&source bl&ots G99I3chY3i&sig ... Category China India border Category Karakoram Category Sites along the Silk Road ca Pas de Karakoram ... ru simple Karakoram Pass ... more details
Karakoram Province is a proposed autonomous region for the Shi a Islam majority areas of northern Pakistan . According to the movement for autonomy in the 1980s, it was to span most of the Karakoram mountain range, covering Gilgit District , Kurram Agency and the Shia majority areas of Punjab Pakistan Punjab and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa North West Frontier Province . However, the Zia regime violently opposed any Shi a movement for autonomy. Groups supporting autonomy or independence for Karakoram Gilgit Baltistan Democratic Alliance Gilgit Baltistan United Movement Balwaristan National Front Karakoram National Movement References reflist coord missing Pakistan Category Proposed provinces and territories of Pakistan Category Regions of Gilgit Baltistan Category Shi a Islam in Pakistan NorthernAreas geo stub ... more details
wiktionary Tract may refer to Land lot , a morphological section of landscape, a conjugate system of facies disambiguation facies and their groups united by general direction of physic geographical processes confined to uniform relief of one Stratum substrate . More than often tract is associated with a geographical toponym . Examples are Barsa Kelmes , Sandarmokh , and others. Census tract , a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census Tract literature , a short written work, usually of a political or religious nature Tract liturgy , a component of Roman Catholic liturgy Neural tract , a bundle of fibers that connects different parts of the central nervous system analogous to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system A collection of related anatomic structures, such as Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Reproductive tract A grouping of feathers , e.g. primaries, auriculars, scapulars Businesses Tract imprint Tract , an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content See also Tractate disambiguation disambig fr Tractus nl Tractus ru sk Tractus fi Traktaatti sv Trakt uk ... more details
gallery Image K2 8611.jpg K2 Baltoro Muztagh, Central Karakoram, Pakistan Image K2 big.jpg K2 8,611m ... photos kellyphotos sets 1061257 Photos from Concordia region by Kelly Cheng Category Karakoram ca Conc rdia Pakistan da Concordia Karakoram de Concordiaplatz es Concordia Pakist n fi Concordia Pakistan ... more details
Wiktionarypar transtrans TOCRight Trans is a Latin noun or prefix, meaning across , beyond or on the opposite side . Trans may refer to Geography Trans, Mayenne , France Trans, Switzerland Science and technology Cis trans isomerism , in chemistry, a form of stereoisomerism Trans fat , fats containing trans isomer fatty acids. Trans Lunar Injection , propulsive maneuver of a spacecraft towards the Moon Trans acting in molecular biology is an external factor which acts on a molecule Society Trans may be used as a term encompassing a range of transsexual and transgender identities Music Trans album Trans album , by Neil Young Trans Stockhausen Trans Stockhausen , a 1971 orchestral composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen Media Trans film Trans film , a 1999 American independent film by Julian Goldberger Trans Festival , an annual arts festival in Belfast, Northern Ireland Trans 7 , an Indonesian commercial television station Trans TV , an Indonesian commercial television station Sports FC Narva Trans , Estonian football team See also lookfrom Trans Disambig de Trans es Trans fr Trans ko it Trans nl Trans ja pl Trans ujednoznacznienie pt Trans sv Trans olika betydelser vi Trans ... more details
The Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary is a high altitude Wildlife sanctuaries of India wildlife sanctuary located in the easternmost reaches of the Karakoram range in Leh District , Jammu and Kashmir . It is important as one of the few places in India with a migratory population of the Chiru or Tibetan Antelope . JammuKashmir geo stub India protected area stub coord missing Jammu and Kashmir Category Wildlife sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir ... more details
Infobox protected area name Central Karakoram National Park alt name iucn category II photo photo alt photo caption photo width map Pakistan map alt map caption Map of Pakistan map width location Skardu District , Gilgit District , Pakistan nearest city lat d 36.932 long d 75.084 coords ref ref Cite web url http protectedplanet.net sites Central Karakoram National Park title Central Karakoram National Park work protectedplanet.net ref region PK GB area established 1993 visitation num visitation year governing body world heritage site url Central Karakoram National Park or Karakoram National Park is a National Park in the Northern Areas of Pakistan that comprises the Baltoro Glacier Baltoro , Panmah Glacier Panmah , Biafo Glacier Biafo and Hispar Glacier Hispar glaciers and their tributary glaciers . The Central Karakoram National Park lies mostly in Skardu District of the Northern Areas , but also includes area within the Gilgit District . See also Northern Areas of Pakistan References Reflist External links http www.mtnforum.org resources library mockj95a.htm Objects of Desire in the Northern Areas Report by John Mock, UC Berkeley http www.mtnforum.org resources library mockj97a.htm Mountain Protected Areas in Pakistan Report by John Mock, UC Berkeley Protected areas of Pakistan Category National parks of Pakistan Category Skardu District pnb simple Central Karakoram National Park ... more details
Infobox University name Karakoram International University br nastaliq established 2002 type Public university Public chancellor President Asif Ali Zardari Zardari vice chancellor Prof. Dr Najma Najam city Gilgit state Gilgit Baltistan country Pakistan campus nickname undergrad postgrad affiliations logo Karakoram International University KIU lang ur is a university in Gilgit , Gilgit Baltistan , Pakistan . It was established in 2002 with a charter from the Government of Pakistan Federal Government of Pakistan , with the goal of improving access to higher education for people in the area. ref name KIU http www.kiu.edu.pk about kiu.html About Karakoram International University Official Website ref There are two faculties Sciences, and Humanities and Social Sciences. A third faculty of Mountain Area Development Studies is still in the planning stage. The campus, situated on University Road in Gilgit, is under construction. The core facilities are complete and around 2000 students were enrolled in 2007. A third of them were women. ref name KIU The KIU has been chartered as a multi campus institution, however no other sites have yet been established. All the university s activities take place in Gilgit. The KIU is the only public university in the Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan bordering China, India and Afghanistan. It was announced that Chinese lessons would be offered in order to increase trade ties with China. ref http tribune.com.pk story 61031 university in gilgit to start chinese language classes University in Gilgit to start Chinese language classes Express Tribune 11 Oct 2010 ref References Reflist External links http www.kiu.edu.pk Karakoram International University http www.hec.gov.pk new MediaPublication Press Releases 2007 September 28 September.htm Pakistan Higher Education Commission press release http www.youtube.de watch?v sakKx1Z0siQ Karakoram International University Video coord missing Pakistan ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Vestibulocerebellar tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 611 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Vestibulocerebellar tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1009 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12816750 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex . External links Pons Cerebellum Neural tracts Neuroanatomy stub Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system pathways ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Rubrospinal tract Latin tractus rubrospinalis GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Rubrospinal tract is labeled in red on the left of the diagram. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories Rubrospinal tract not labeled, but red nucleus visible near center System MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Rubrospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1476 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817153 refimprove date October 2011 The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . It is a part of the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral indirect extra pyramidal tract . Function In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract , suggesting that it is less important in motor control. It is one of the pathways for the mediation of voluntary movement. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates Flexion in the upper extremities see decorticate posture . It is small and rudimentary in humans . In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. Path In the midbrain , it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus , crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum . ref http neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu s3 chapter02.html ref In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract . See also Upper motor neuron References Reflist External links BrainInfo hier 803 Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Rubrospinal Tract Category Central nervous ... more details
multiple issues orphan June 2010 context June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The interstitiospinal tract is one of ten descending neuronal tract s in humans that provides motor control to specific upper cervical somatic segment s. The origin of the this uncrossed tract is in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal related to the oculomotor nucleus which is subsequently found in the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the midbrain . This tract also contributes to the make up of the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . Within the terminal segments of the upper cervical segments the interstitiospinal tract synapses in rexed laminae VII and VIII. It is believed to function in head and neck reflex movements in response to primarily visual and possibly vestibular stimuli. Category Nerves of the head and neck ... more details
Madhupur tract a large upland area of 4,244 km in north central of Bangladesh , stretching from east of Jamalpur, Bangladesh Jamalpur in the north, to Fatullah and Narayanganj , in the south. The tract is mostly one large tract, unlike the Barind Tract . It is approximately one to ten metres above the nearby floodplain s. ref cite web year month url http banglapedia.search.com.bd HT M 0028.htm title Madhupur Tract publisher Asiatic Society of Bangladesh accessdate 2007 08 18 ref The tract is considered an area of jungle covered old alluvium . ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb topic 355785 Madhupur Tract title Madhupur Tract region, Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref It is an elevated plateau , with hillocks of varying height, ranging from 30 to 60 feet. There are also cultivated valleys. ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb article 9109737 Bangladesh 33422.toc title Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref See also Bhawal National Park Geology of Bangladesh Geography of Bangladesh Footnotes reflist This is the same as reflist External links http banglapedia.search.com.bd Maps MM 0028.GIF Map coord missing Bangladesh Category Geography of Bangladesh Bangladesh geo stub ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Reticulospinal tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Reticulospinal tract is labeled in red, near center in figure text tag at left . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 802 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Reticulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1471 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817131 The reticulospinal tract or anterior reticulospinal tract is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation . Functions 1. Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture. 2. Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement, influences muscle tone. 3. Mediates autonomic functions 4. Modulates pain impulses 5. Influences blood flow to lateral geniculate Components The tract is divided into two parts, the medial or pontine and lateral or medullary reticulospinal tracts MRST and LRST . The MRST is responsible for exciting anti gravity, extensor muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the caudal pontine reticular nucleus and the oral pontine reticular nucleus and project to the lamina VII and lamina VIII of the spinal cord BrainInfo The LRST is responsible for the inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the gigantocellular nucleus, and descend the length of the spinal cord in the anterior part of the lateral column. The tract terminates in the gray spinal laminae BrainInfo . The sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is known as the spinoreticular tract . Clinical significance If the superior ... tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts hiercentraldirectory.aspx?ID 802 , pontine reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 975 , and medullary reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin tractus tectospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 760 Image Gray670.png Caption Diagram showing possible connection of long descending fibers from higher centers with the motor cells of the ventral column through association fibers. Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right. Image2 Gray672.png Caption2 Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord . Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right, in red. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Tectospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 759 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817309 In humans, the tectospinal tract also known as colliculospinal tract is a nerve pathway which coordinates head and eye movements. It is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract . Specifically, the tectospinal tract connects the midbrain tectum and the spinal cord . It is responsible for motor impulses that arise from one side of the midbrain to muscles on the opposite side of the body . The function of the tectospinal tract is to mediate reflex postural movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli. The portion of the midbrain from where this tract originates is the superior colliculus , which receives afferents from the visual nuclei primarily the oculomotor nuclei complex , then projects to the contralateral decussating ventral to the mesencephalic duct and ipsilateral portion of the first cervical neuromeres of the spinal cord , the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei in the midbrain and the abducens nucleus in the caudal portion of the pons. The tract descends to the cervical spinal cord to terminate in Rexed laminae VI, VII, and VIII to coordinate head , neck , and human eye eye movements, primarily in response to visual stimuli. See also Upper motor neuron Spinotectal tract External links http faculty.etsu.edu currie images neuro2.jpg Diagram at etsu.edu http sky.bsd.uchicago.edu lcy ref synap spmotor.html Overview and diagram at uchicago.edu BrainInfo hier 783 neuroscience st ... more details
Limbic for affective impact of pain . Path of sensation The Spinothalamic Tract, like the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Tract , use three neurons to convey sensory information from the periphery ... where they ascend or descend one or two vertebral levels via Lissauer s tract and then synapse with secondary ... are called tract cells . The axons of the tract cells cross over decussate to the other side of the spinal ... hence the spinothalamic tract being part of the anterolateral system . The axons travel up the length ... up the brainstem, the tract moves dorsally. The neurons ultimately synapse with third order neurons ... more details
A polyglutamine tract or polyQ tract is a portion of a protein consisting of a sequence of several glutamine units. A tract typically consists of about 10 to a few hundred such units. Several gene s, both in humans and in other species, contain a number of repetitions of the nucleotide triplet cytidine C Adenosine A Guanosine G . When the gene is translation genetics translated into a protein, each of these triplets gives rise to a glutamine unit, resulting in a polyglutamine tract. Different allele s of such a gene often have different numbers of CAG triplets. Several inheritable neurodegenerative disorder s, the polyglutamine disease s, occur if a mutation causes a polyglutamine tract in a specific gene to become too long. Important examples of polyglutamine diseases are spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington s disease . It is believed that cells cannot properly dispose of proteins with overly long polyglutamine tracts, which over time leads to damage in neuron nerve cell s. The longer the polyglutamine tract, the earlier in life these diseases tends to appear. ref Laura Bonetta, http www.hhmi.org biointeractive neuroscience polyglutamine disease.html Polyglutamine Diseases A Devastating Genetic Stutter , Howard Hughes Medical Institute . Retrieved 30 December 2008. ref References reflist Category Peptides ... more details
Image Respiratory system complete numbered.svg thumb right 250px In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy involved with the process of Respiration physiology respiration . The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments Upper respiratory tract human nose nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinus es, and throat or pharynx Respiratory airways voice box or larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and bronchiole s Lung s respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s, alveolar sac s, and alveoli The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infection s are probably the most common infections in the world. Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood . Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide into more and more tubes. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus. Even though the cross sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger. This means there is less resistance at the terminal bronchioles. Most resistance is around the 3 4 division from the trachea due to turbulence. General histology The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium , the type of which varies down the tract. There are gland s and mucus produced by goblet cell s in parts, as well as smooth muscle , elastin or cartilage . Most of the epithelium from the nose ... in the bronchi they are interspersed plates. Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract ... of elastic tissue. Summary Upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx & associated structures Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs References reflist http www.kcom.edu faculty chamberlain Website lectures syllabi3.htm Syllabus Infectious Diseases see Respiratory Tract Infections by Neal ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Brain Name Optic tract Latin tractus opticus GraySubject 189 GrayPage 814 Image Gray773.png Caption The left optic nerve and the optic tracts. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Visual system Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 443 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Optic tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1684 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817061 The optic tract is a part of the visual system in the brain . It is a continuation of the optic nerve and runs from the optic chiasm where half of the information from each eye crosses sides, and half stays on the same side to the lateral geniculate nucleus . Right vs. left The relationships of the retinal fibers to the optic tracts are illustrated below, with the nasal retinal fibers in blue and the temporal retinal fibers in red. File Gray722.png thumb Click for a larger image. class wikitable optic tract temporal retinal fibers nasal retinal fiber left optic tract from the left eye from the right eye right optic tract from the right eye from the left eye In split brain patients who have undergone a corpus callosotomy usually to treat severe epilepsy the information from one optic tract does not get transmitted to both hemispheres. In carefully controlled experiments, split brain patients shown an image in his or her left left visual field that is, the left half of what both eyes see , will be unable to vocally name what he or she has seen as the speech control center is in the left brain hemisphere in most people. See the main article, split brain . Pathology A lesion in the left optic tract ... Optic tract.JPG Optic tract. Image Hippocampus brain .jpg Diagram of hippocampus Image lateral geniculate ... view 2 description.JPG Human brainstem anterior view Image Optic tract and optic nerve.jpg Optic tract and optic nerve File Slide2dd.JPG Optic tract gallery Visual system Sensory system Cranial nerves DEFAULTSORT Optic Tract Category Visual system Neuroscience stub it Tratto ottico pl Droga ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name Spinoreticular tract Latin tractus spinoreticularis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The spinoreticular tract is an ascending pathway in the white matter of the spinal cord , positioned closely to the lateral spinothalamic tract. The tract is from spinal cord to reticular formation ref name urlChapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System cite web url http symptomresearch.nih.gov chapter 25 sec3 crfs3pg3.htm title Chapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System work accessdate 2009 11 26 ref to thalamus . It is responsible for automatic responses to pain, such as in the case of injury. Pathway The spinoreticular tract utilizes four levels of neurons, unlike most ascending tracts which have first through third order neurons. The tract begins with first order neurons, which immediately synapse with second order neurons in the posterior horn of the spinal column. These neurons decussate to the opposite side anterolateral , and travel up the spinal column. It terminates in the brainstem at the medullary pontine reticular formation. Information is sent from there to the intradmedian nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. The thalamic intralaminar nuclei project diffusely to entire cerebral cortex where pain reaches conscious level and promotes behavioral arousal. It is still undetermined if the spinoreticular tract possesses ipsilateral fibers in addition to those that decussate. It is hypothesized that during development the tract was bilateral, but that the ipsilateral synapses became ineffective during development. References Reflist Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. New York McGraw Hill. 2010. Mense, Siegfried & Gerwin, Robert D. Muscle Pain Understanding and Mechanisms. New York Springer. 2010. Further reading cite book title Neurophysiological Basis ... more details
Early tract homes were often identical, but many tracts since the late 20th century have several designs ... of beneficial orientation relative to sun, wind, and shade. The concept of tract housing is occasionally ... Boxes by Malvina Reynolds . Nonetheless, the use of tract housing in new American suburban residential ... landstrips are built in the style of Terraced house row housing development areas. The model of tract ... in the Netherlands and inner European former bog s. Modern tract housing had been used for company ... a large number of workers. A tract housing area of this type is colloquially known in German as a zechen ... F or coron fr Coron urbanisme F . See also commons category Tract housing Housing estate List of house styles List of house types Developments DEFAULTSORT Tract Housing Category House types Category ... more details
Context date October 2009 The hypothalamotegmental tract is a pathway from the hypothalamus to the reticular formation . Axons from the posterior hypothalamus descend through the midbrain reticular formation mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation pontine reticular formation reticular formations . They connect with reticular neurons important in visceral and autonomic activity. The tract is a continuation of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral portion of the tegmentum. It is not visible without special stains. References Unreferenced date June 2007 See Also Midbrain reticular formation Medial forebrain bundle Mammillothalamic tract Category Neuroanatomy Category Cerebrum Category Central nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
cleanup date January 2012 Hatnote Pyramidal tract redirects here. This page refers to the nerve fibres ... . Infobox Brain Name Corticospinal tract Latin tractus corticospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 759 Image Gray684.png Caption Deep dissection of brain stem. Lateral view. pyramidal tract visible ... 373 MeshName Pyramidal Tracts MeshNumber A08.186.854.633 NeuroLex Pyramidal tract NeuroLexID ... tract conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It contains mostly motor axon s. The corticospinal tract is made up of two separate tracts in the spinal cord the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract . The corticospinal tract also contains the Betz ... side of the brain. The corticobulbar tract carries information from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem, whereas the corticospinal tract conducts impulses involving the spinal cord. The corticospinal tract is concerned specifically with discrete voluntary skilled movements, such as precise movement ... of the contralateral side of the midbrain cortico mesencephalic tract , pons Corticopontine tract , and medulla oblongata cortico bulbar tract , decussating just before they reach their target nuclei ... the way down to the spinal cord corticospinal tract . Most of the corticospinal fibers about 80 cross ... in the medulla oblongata travel in the lateral corticospinal tract . 10 Enter Or Ten percent enter the lateral corticospinal tract on the same side. The remainder of them 10 cross over at the level that they exit the spinal cord , and these travel in the anterior corticospinal tract . Whichever of these two ..., but is not part of the corticospinal tract itself. From cerebral to motor neurons The motor ... pyramids on the ventral surface of medulla oblongata . However, the name pyramidal tract comes from ..., the axons travel down the spinal cord as the lateral corticospinal tract . Fibers that do not cross over in the medulla oblongata travel down the separate anterior corticospinal tract , and most of them ... more details
Image Digestive system showing bile duct.png thumb Digestive system diagram showing the common bile duct The biliary tract or biliary tree is the common anatomy anatomical term for the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , also known as the duodenum . A structure common to most members of the mammal family, it is referred to as a tree because it begins with many small branches which end in the common bile duct, sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. The duct, the branches of the Common hepatic artery hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein portal vein form the central axis of the portal triad . Bile flows in the direction opposite to that of the blood present in the other two channels. The name usually excludes the liver , ref MeshName Biliary tract ref but sometimes does include it. ref name urlDorlands Medical Dictionary biliary tract cite web url http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland eight 000109910.htm title Dorlands Medical Dictionary biliary tract work accessdate ref Clinical significance Pressure inside in the biliary tree can give rise to gallstone s and lead to cirrhosis of the liver . Blockage can cause jaundice . ref name urlDefinition biliary tract from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?biliary tract title Definition biliary tract from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate ref The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, it has no somatic nervous system somatic nerve supply , and colicky pain due to infection and inflammation of the biliary tract is not a somatic pain. Rather, pain may be caused by luminal distension, which causes stretching of the wall. This is the same mechanism that causes pain in bowel obstruction s. Citation needed date April 2010 Path An image might say mo ... more details
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