As a logical conclusion of the endosymbiotic theory , since modern day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes do not contain a full set of housekeeping genes, and lack many that other descendants of their speculative ancestors share, there must have been a loss of genes. However, some of these genes likely migrated to the nucleus, where analogues of these genes are now found. Puzzle It is not clear why only a subset of genes have been transferred, when such gene transfer is known to be rapid on a similar timescale as mutation. Mitochondria and chloroplasts perform redox reactions, which are known to be considerably mutagenic . Such mutagenicity would encourage migration of genes away from the organelles to the nucleus. Proposed explanations Since chloroplast and mitochondrial genetic code s differ slightly from the eukaryotic nuclear code, some genes may lose function when they are transferred. References Allen, J. F., Puthiyaveetil, S., Str m, J. & Allen, C. A. 2005. BioEssays 27 426 435. de Grey, A. D. N. J. 2005. Forces maintaining organellar genomes is any as strong as genetic code disparity or hydrophobicity? BioEssays 27 436 446. See also Human mitochondrial genetics MitochondrialDNA CoRR Hypothesis Category Genetics Category Mitochondrial genetics ... more details
Meusel MS, Moritz RF title Transfer of paternal mitochondrialDNA during fertilization of honeybee ...Image MitochondrialDNA en.svg thumb 300px right Human mitochondrialDNA. File Electron microscopy reveals mitochondrialDNA in discrete foci.jpg thumb Electron microscopy reveals mitochondrialDNA in discrete ... www.biomedcentral.com 1741 7007 2 9 ref MitochondrialDNA mtDNA or mDNA ref cite web last Sykes first B title MitochondrialDNA and human history url http genome.wellcome.ac.uk doc WTD020876.html work ... triphosphate ATP . Most other DNA present in eukaryotic organisms is found in the cell nucleus . MitochondrialDNA can be regarded as the smallest chromosome , and was the first significant part ... has become important in anthropology and field biology. Origin Nuclear and mitochondrialDNA are thought ... target molecules by exponential polymerase chain reaction, copy number of mitochondrialDNA in rat ... origin, having since been transferred to the eukaryotic nucleus during evolution . Mitochondrial ... injecting a sperm into an oocyte , may interfere with this. The fact that mitochondrialDNA ... region s HVR1 or HVR2 of the mitochondrialDNA, as with a genealogical DNA test . HVR1 consists ... limited biparental inheritance of Mytilus mitochondrialDNA journal Science volume 251 pages 1488 1490 ... mitochondrialDNA by PCR selective amplification method, journal Genet. Res. volume 59 issue ... inheritance of mitochondrialDNA in mice journal Nature volume 352 issue 6332 pages 255 7 year 1991 ... X, Li N, Guo W, et al. title Further evidence for paternal inheritance of mitochondrialDNA in the sheep ... J, et al. title Composition of parental mitochondrialDNA in cloned bovine embryos journal FEBS ... title Paternal inheritance of mitochondrialDNA journal N. Engl. J. Med. volume 347 issue 8 pages 576 ... Oliveira J, Jiang Y, Kelly R, Salah R title MitochondrialDNA transmission, replication and inheritance ... humupd dmq002 url ref Genes Note The gene content of mitochondrialDNA varies among species. Information ... more details
Image Ti plasmid.svg thumb 350px right Ti plasmid with T DNA region The transferDNA abbreviated T DNA is the transferred deoxyribonucleic acid DNA of the Ti plasmid tumor inducing Ti plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes . It derives its name from the fact that the bacterium transfers this DNA fragment into the host plant s cell nucleus nuclear DNA genome . The T DNA is bordered by 25 base pair repeats on each end. Transfer is initiated ... of glutamine synthetase . Agrobacterium is then used as a vector to transfer the engineered T DNA .... The bacterial T DNA is about 20,000 base pairs long and contains gene s that code for enzyme s synthesizing opines and phytohormone s. By transferring the T DNA into the plant genome, the bacterium ... are amino acid derivatives used by the bacterium as a source of carbon and energy. T DNA transformation Agrobacterium mediated T DNAtransfer is widely used as a tool in biotechnology . In genetic engineering , the tumor promoting and opine synthesis genes are removed from the T DNA and replaced ... transgenic plant s carrying a foreign gene. Mechanism of T DNA Transformation The first step in integrating the T DNA into a host genome is the formation of nick at the right border of the Ti plasmid. This nick creates a region of single stranded DNA from the left border of the T DNA gene over to the right ... DNA. DNA synthesis will displace the single stranded region and then a second nick at the left border region will release the single stranded T DNA fragment. This fragment can then be incorporated into a host genome. T DNA mutagenesis The same procedure of T DNAtransfer can be used to disrupt genes via insertional mutagenesis . Not only does the inserted T DNA sequence create a mutation but it also ..., ISBN 0 7167 1007 2 DEFAULTSORT T Dna Category Biotechnology Category Plant pathogens and diseases Category Mobile genetic elements biotech stub botany stub genetics stub fr ADN T pl T DNA sv T DNA ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Infobox Journal title MitochondrialDNA editor Rob DeSalle discipline CellBiology ... CODEN ISSN 1940 1736 eISSN 1940 1744 MitochondrialDNA is an academic journal that publishes Review journal review articles on the current and developing technologies around mitochondrialDNA research ... and Scope Previously published under the title DNA Sequence Vols 1 19.3 , MitochondrialDNA accepts original high quality reports based on mapping, sequencing and analysis of mitochondrialDNA and RNA. Descriptive papers on DNA sequences from mitochondrial genomes, and also analytical papers in the areas of population genetics, medical genetics, phylogenetics and human evolution that use mitochondrialDNA as a source of evidence for studies will be considered for publication. The editorial board ... address the use of mitochondrialDNA sequences, as well as papers that discuss the utility of mitochondrialDNA information in medical studies and in human evolutionary biology. Editor in Chief http desalle.amnh.org Rob DeSalle American Museum of Natural History is the Editor in Chief of MitochondrialDNA ref cite web url http www.informahealthcare.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode ... http informahealthcare.com toc mdn 22 S1 ref Publication Format MitochondrialDNA publishes WebFirst ... Scopus Zoological Record . References reflist 2 External links http www.informahealthcare.com mdn MitochondrialDNA homepage of MitochondrialDNA Category Publications established in 1980 Category Genetics ... Discovery and description of mitochondrial genome sequences Structure and function of mtDNA genes and genomic ... koloko.net Sergios Orestis Kolokotronis Barnard College, Columbia University . Special Issues MitochondrialDNA has published so far two special free access issues on DNA Barcoding Mexican Barcode of Life ... to the online version is included in all subscriptions. Abstracting & Indexing MitochondrialDNA is abstracted in Current Contents Life Sciences Science Citation Index Research Alert Elsevier BIOBASE ... more details
America at the far right. Migration patterns are based on studies of mitochondrial matrilinear DNA ... DEFAULTSORT Human MitochondrialDna Haplogroup Category Human mtDNA haplogroups ar ca Haplogrups mitocondrials humans cs Haploskupiny lidsk mitochondri ln DNA es Haplogrupos de ADN mitocondrial humano ko DNA hi it Aplogruppi mitocondriali .... Image Migration map4.png thumb right 350px Another model of human migration based on MitochondrialDNA In human genetics , a human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in Human mitochondrial genetics human mitochondrialDNA . Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female ... humans . She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve . genetic genealogy Evolutionary relationship ... van Oven M, Kayser M title Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrialDNA variation journal Human Mutation volume 30 issue 2 pages E386 94 year 2009 month February pmid 18853457 doi 10.1002 humu.20921 ref and subsequent published research. Macro haplogroup L mtDNA L Mitochondrial ... of Eve Bryan Sykes had claimed there were seven major mitochondrial lineages for modern Europeans ... DNA test Genetic Genealogy MtDna haplogroups by populations Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroups Genetics Human mitochondrial molecular clock Cambridge Reference Sequence haplogroup Human mitochondrial ... references External links Mitochondrial Phylogenetic Trees Ian Logan s http www.ianlogan.co.uk mtDNA.htm MitochondrialDNA Site Mannis van Oven s http www.phylotree.org PhyloTree.org http www.stats.gla.ac.uk vincent images skeleton07 08 02.jpg Mitochondrial haplogroup skeleton Vincent Macaulay s http www.stats.gla.ac.uk vincent founder2000 motif.html Mitochondrial haplogroup motifs Cambridge DNA s https www.cambridgedna.com genealogy dna ancient migrations slideshow.php An mtDNA view of the peopling ... more details
measurement of the transfer rate of chloroplastDNA into the nucleus journal Nature volume 422 issue ... S, Ruf S, Bock R title High frequency gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the nucleus journal ... MT, Gaut BS, Learn GH, Morton BR title Rates and patterns of chloroplastDNA evolution journal ...pp move indef File Chloroplast diagram.svg thumb 300px Simplified structure of a chloroplast Chloroplasts ... because they contain the chlorophyll pigment. The word chloroplast is derived from ... affine Many fruited Thyme moss File berseemuseum Bremen 2009 238.JPG thumb right 250px A model chloroplast ... s and protist a. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA , ref C.Michael Hogan. 2010. http www.eoearth.org articles view 158858 ?topic ... E title Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes reveals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ..., thus forming tertiary endosymbionts. In the alga Chlorella , there is only one chloroplast, which ... author Skovgaard A title Role of chloroplast retention in a marine dinoflagellate journal Aquatic Microbial .... Citation needed date September 2011 The chloroplast is contained by an envelope that consists of an inner ... Image Chloroplast.svg thumb 300px right Chloroplast ultrastructure br 1. outer membrane br 2. intermembrane ... br 9. starch br 10. ribosome br 11. plastidial DNA br 12. plastoglobule drop of lipids The material within the chloroplast is called the stroma, corresponding to the cytosol of the original bacterium, and contains one or more molecules of small circular DNA. It also contains ribosome s however most of its proteins are encoded by genes contained in the host cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast. File Chloroplast in leaf of Anemone sp TEM 12000x.png thumb 250px left ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File Chloroplast diagram.svg thumb 300px The simplified internal structure of a chloroplastChloroplast s contain several important biological membrane membranes , vital for their function. Like mitochondria , chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope . Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer , between 6 and 8 nanometre nm thick, and the two are separated by a gap of 10 20 nm, called the intermembrane space . The outer membrane is permeable to most ions and metabolite s, but the inner membrane is highly specialised with transport protein s. Carbohydrates are transported across the outer membrane by a triose phosphate translocator . The origin of chloroplasts is now largely accepted by the botany community as occurring via endosymbiosis on an ancestral basis with the engulfment of photosynthetic bacterium within the eukaryotic cell. Over millions of years the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium evolved structurally and functionally, retaining its own DNA and the ability to divide by binary fission not mitotically but giving up its autonomy by the transfer of some of its genes to the nuclear genome. Internal parts Within the inner membrane, in the region called the stroma fluid stroma , there is a system of interconnecting flattened membrane compartments, called the thylakoid s . These are the sites of light absorption and Adenosine triphosphate ATP synthesis, and contain many proteins, including those involved in the electron transport chain . Photosenthetic pigments such as chlorophylls a,b and c some others e.g. xanthophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins are also embedded within the granum membrane. With exception of chlorophyll a, all the other associated pigments are accessory and transfer energy to the reaction centers, Photosytems I and II. Functions of thylakoids The membranes of the thylakoid contain ... per second DEFAULTSORT Chloroplast Membrane Category Membrane biology Cell biology stub Botany stub ... more details
wiktionary nucleusNucleus may refer to Atomic nucleus , the very dense region at the center of an atom Cell nucleus , the control center of a cell, which contains the cell s chromosomal DNANucleus neuroanatomy , a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system Nucleus syllable , the central part of a syllable in linguistics Comet nucleus , the solid, central part of a comet Computer systems Nucleus CMS , a weblog system Nucleus RTOS , an operating system Nucleus, a pioneering facility for the GEC 4000 series Nucleus GEC 4000 series Other uses Nucleus advocacy group , a UK European political advocacy campaign organisation Nucleus band , a British jazz rock band led by Ian Carr Nucleus video game Nucleus video game , a 2007 downloadable game on the PlayStation Store Nucleus Anekdoten album Nucleus Anekdoten album , 1995 Nucleus Sonny Rollins album Nucleus Sonny Rollins album , 1975 Nucleus Limited , an Australian medical research company, taken over by Pacific Dunlop in 1988 Nucleus, predecessor to Canadian rock band A Foot in Coldwater See also Nuclear disambiguation Nucleation Nucleic acid Nucleolus disambiguation ar bg ca Nucli cv cs Nukleus cy Niwclews de Nucleus el es N cleo eo Nukleo fa fr Nucl us gl N cleo ko id Inti ia Nucleo disambiguation is Kjarni it Nucleo he la Nucleus lt Branduolys lmo N cleo mk nl Nucleus ja Nucleus no Kjerne pl Nucleus ro Nucleu ru simple Nucleus sk Nukleus sr sv K rna th uk yi zh ... more details
ATP that powers most cell functions. Mitochondrial diseases are often caused by genetics or mutations to the mitochondrialDNA that affect mitochondria function. Mitochondrial diseases take on unique ... the distribution of the defective mitochondrialDNA may vary from organ to organ within the body, and each ..., in mitochondrialDNA mtDNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may ... the mother. MitochondrialDNA, however, is strictly inherited from the mother and each mitochondrial ... this phenomenon is called threshold expression . MitochondrialDNA mutations occur frequently, due to the lack of the error checking capability that nuclear DNA has see Mutation rate . This means that mitochondrial ... mitochondrialDNA replication all of which are encoded for by genes in the nuclear DNA may also cause mitochondrialDNA mutations. Most mitochondrial function and biogenesis is controlled by nuclear DNA . Human mitochondrialDNA encodes only 13 proteins of the respiratory chain , while most ... j.mito.2007.07.002 ref Spindle transfer , where the nuclear DNA is transferred to another healthy egg cell leaving the defective mitochondrialDNA behind, is a potential treatment procedure that has ... successfully transplanted healthy DNA in human eggs from women with mitochondrial disease ... in human embryos to prevent transmission of mitochondrialDNA disease journal Nature volume 465 issue ...Unreferenced section date December 2011 Infobox Disease Name Mitochondrial disease Image Ragged red fibres gtc very high mag.jpg Caption Micrograph showing ragged red fibres, a finding seen in mitochondrial ... Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by dysfunctional mitochondria , the organelle ... symptoms are often called a mitochondrial myopathy . Classification In addition to the mitochondrial ... age can be due to mitochondrial disease Diabetes mellitus and deafness can also be found together for other ... exercise intolerance MELAS Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke like symptoms ... more details
Mitochondria can divide by fission and since they require mitochondrialDNA for their function, fission is coordinated with MitochondrialDNA Replication DNA replication . Some of the proteins that are involved in mitochondrial fission have been identified and some of them are associated with mitochondrial disease s. ref Cite pmid 21776419 ref Mechanism The DNM1L Drp1 protein is a member of the Dynamin family of large GTPases . Drp1 controls the final part of mitochondrial fission, pinching off the membrane stalk between two forming daughter mitochondria. The MFN2 protein is part of a complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum ER to mitochondria. Points of ER mitochondrial association have been associated with the formation of Drp1 complexes and mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21885730 ref Several Drp1 binding proteins have been identified. ref Cite pmid 21772324 ref A protein called mitochondrial fission factor Mff binds Drp1 and promotes mitochondrial fission. ref Cite pmid 21149567 ref The FIS1 protein might recruit Drp1 to sites of fission ref Cite pmid 21647385 ref but it might require association with another protein, MIEF1 coded for by the SMCR7L gene , to promote mitochondrial fission. In contrast, MIEF1 when bound to Drp1 might prevent mitochondrial fission and thus shift the balance towards fusion of mitochondria. ref Cite pmid 21701560 ref References reflist Category Mitochondria ... more details
s, Fungus fungi , and protist s store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA ... nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , Noncoding DNA Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process ... is located in the cell nucleus , as well as small amounts in mitochondrion mitochondria and chloroplast ... June 2, 2012 small yes pp move indef File DNA Structure Key Labelled.pn NoBB.png thumb right 340px The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour coded by Chemical element ... thumb The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid IPAc en audio en us Deoxyribonucleic acid.ogg d i k s i r a b . n ju k l e . k s d DNA is a nucleic ... known living organism s with the exception of RNA virus es . The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called gene s. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins , DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . DNA consists of two long ... is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription genetics transcription . Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosome s. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing ..., prokaryote s bacteria and archaea store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histone s compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Properties File DNA chemical structure.svg thumb 300px Chemical structure of DNA. Hydrogen bond s shown as dotted lines. DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotide s. ref cite ..., John M. year 2001 title Forensic DNA Typing publisher Elsevier isbn 978 0 12 147951 0 oclc 223032110 ... more details
Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which new mitochondria are formed in the cell. Mitochondrial biogenesis is activated by numerous different signals during times of cellular stress or in response to environmental stimuli. The mitochondrion is a key regulator of the metabolic activity of the cell, and is also an important organelle in both production and degradation of free radicals. It is thought that higher mitochodrial copy number or higher mitochondrial mass is protective for the cell. Mitochondria are produced from the transcription and translation of genes both in the nuclear genome and in the MitochondrialDNAmitochondrial genome . The majority of mitochondrial protein comes from the nuclear genome, while the mitochondrial genome encodes most parts of the electron transport chain along with mitochondrial rRNA and tRNA . A major adaptation to mitochondrial biogenesis results in more mitochondrial tissues which increases metabolic enzymes for glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and ultimately a greater mitochondrial metabolic capacity. Peter D. Wagner Summer 2011 Lecture cn date October 2011 The master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis appear to be the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma PGC family of transcriptional coactivators, including PPARGC1A PGC 1 , PPARGC1B PGC 1 , and the PGC related coactivator, PRC. PGC 1 , in particular, is thought to be a master regulator. It is known to co activate nuclear respiratory factor 2 GABPA NRF2 GABPA , and together with NRF 2 coactivates nuclear respiratory factor 1 NRF1 . The NRFs, in turn, activate the mitochondrial transcription factor A TFAM tfam , which is directly responsible for transcribing nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins. This includes both structural mitochondrial proteins as well as those involved in Human mitochondrial genetics Replication.2C repair.2C transcription.2C and translation mtDNA transcription, translation, and repair . See also mitochondria References Unreferenced ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 277.87 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D017237 A Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is a form of encephalomyopathy that is associated with a mitochondrial disease . Examples include Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke like episodes MELAS and MERRF syndrome MERRF . These conditions can sometimes present together. ref name pmid14967777 cite journal author Melone MA, Tessa A, Petrini S, et al title Revelation of a new mitochondrialDNA mutation G12147A in a MELAS MERFF phenotype journal Arch. Neurol. volume 61 issue 2 pages 269 72 year 2004 month February pmid 14967777 doi 10.1001 archneur.61.2.269 url http archneur.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 14967777 ref ref name pmid15767514 cite journal author Naini AB, Lu J, Kaufmann P, et al title Novel mitochondrialDNA ND5 mutation in a patient with clinical features of MELAS and MERRF journal Arch. Neurol. volume 62 issue 3 pages 473 6 year 2005 month March pmid 15767514 doi 10.1001 archneur.62.3.473 url http archneur.ama assn.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15767514 ref Kearns Sayre syndrome KSS is sometimes included in this category, ref name pmid8350109 cite journal author Crimmins D, Morris JG, Walker GL, et al title Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy variable clinical expression within a single kindred journal J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. volume 56 issue 8 pages 900 5 year 1993 month August pmid 8350109 pmc 1015147 doi 10.1136 jnnp.56.8.900 url http jnnp.bmj.com cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8350109 ref but it is not included in this category in Medical Subject Headings MeSH . References reflist 2 Mitochondrial diseases Category Neurotrauma disease stub zh ... more details
selfref For Wikipedia s articles transfer to other sister projects, see m Help Transwiki Help Transwiki on Meta. wiktionarypar transferTransfer may refer to Transfer computing TransferDNA , the transferred DNA of the tumor inducing Ti plasmid of some species of bacteria such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens Transfer group theory Transfer association football Transfer function in mathematics Transfer of learning Transfer patent Transfer payment Transfer propaganda Transfer public transit , a ticket that allows a passenger to use multiple conveyances in a single trip Interchange station Transfer railway station , a railway station connecting two or more lines Academic transfer Balance transfer Call transfer Decal , a sticker Electron transfer Heat transfer Jacoby transfer , a bidding device in contract bridge Knowledge transfer Language transfer , where native language grammar and pronunciation influence the learning and use of a second language Manhattan Transfer disambiguation , several meanings Money transfer disambiguation Wire transfer Population transfer disambig de Transfer es Transferencia fr Transfert nl Transfer pl Transfer pt Transfer ncia ru sv Transfer uk ... more details
2 title pH difference across the outer mitochondrial membrane measured with a green fluorescent protein ... ref Citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle or TCA cycle takes place within the mitochondrial ... transport chain The electron transport chain is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane ... by oxygen in the matrix to complete the electron transport chain. The protons return to the mitochondrial ... Matrix biology References Reflist Mitochondrial enzymes DEFAULTSORT Mitochondrial Matrix Category Cell ... more details
Human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup Mitochondrial macro haplogroups Haplogroup L0 mtDNA L0 ... person. Because all mitochondrialDNA mtDNA is generally passed from mother to offspring without recombination biology recombination , all mitochondrialDNA mtDNA in every living person is directly ... and mitochondrial ancestry further2 Genetic genealogy matrilineal MitochondrialDNA Human mitochondrial ... mitochondrial phylogeny Without a DNA sample, it is not possible to reconstruct the complete genetic ... of ancestral genomes are estimated by scientists. MitochondrialDNA mtDNA and Y chromosome Y chromosome ... of human mitochondrialDNA journal PNAS volume 77 issue 11 pages 6715 6719 url http www.pnas.org ... sort mitochondrialDNA results into more or less related groups, with more or less recent common ancestors ... L0 mtDNA L0 . The variation of mitochondrialDNA between different people can be used to estimate ... particular line of descent, mitochondrialDNA accumulates mutations at the rate of approximately ... included at least one male, thereby breaking the mitochondrialDNA lines of descent. By contrast ... however this MRCA is valid only when discussing mitochondrialDNA. An approximate sequence ... Ehret 2009 using data from many loci not just mitochondrialDNA extrapolated that the Angola Namibia ... by the authors to be broadly consistent with a previous mitochondrialDNA studies, including ... mitochondrialDNA haplogroups Monogenism Col 3 Last universal ancestor Macro haplogroup L mtDNA ... title Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrialDNA haplogroup expansions in Africa ... Climate shaped the worldwide distribution of human mitochondrialDNA sequence variation. journal ... MitochondrialDNA and human evolution journal Nature volume 325 issue 6099 pages 31 6 year 1987 ... Extensive polymorphism in the mitochondrialDNA of apes journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ... M title Age of the common ancestor of human mitochondrialDNA journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 9 ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Mito carr Name image 1okc opm.gif width 220 caption Mitochondrial ADP ATP carrier Pfam PF00153 InterPro IPR001993 SMART PROSITE PDOC00189 SCOP 1okc TCDB 2.A.29 OPM family 21 OPM protein 1okc PDB PDB3 2bmn A 9 104 PDB3 2c3e A 112 206 PDB3 1ymj A 112 206 PDB3 1okc A 112 206 PDB3 1ym6 A 112 206 Mitochondrial carriers are proteins from the solute carrier family which transfers molecules across the membranes of the mitochondria . ref name Nury 2006 cite journal author Nury H, Dahout Gonzalez ... of the mitochondrial ADP ATP carrier journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 75 issue pages 713 ... of substrate carrier protein s, which are involved in energy transfer, have been found in the inner mitochondrial membrane inner membranes of mitochondria and other eukaryotic organelles such as the peroxisome ... author Walker JE title The mitochondrial transporter family journal Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. volume ... journal author Kuan J, Saier Jr MH title Expansion of the mitochondrial carrier family journal Res ... Site directed mutagenesis of the yeast mitochondrial ADP ATP translocator. Six arginines and one lysine ... 10.1006 jmbi.1993.1233 ref ref name PUB00001675 cite journal author Palmieri F title Mitochondrial ... B title PMP47, a peroxisomal homologue of mitochondrial solute carrier proteins journal Trends ... transport protein Graves disease carrier protein yeast mitochondrial proteins MRS3 and MRS4 yeast mitochondrial FAD carrier protein and many others. Structure All mitochondrial carriers are encoded by nuclear ... the members of the mitochondrial carrier family that have been identified, it is the ADP ATP carrier ... of ADP ATP carrier translocation across the outer mitochondrial membrane journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... dynamics of the mitochondrial ADP ATP carrier revealed by molecular dynamics simulation studies journal ... pdbe apps quips?story ATPexchange Getting a good rate of exchange the mitochondrial ADP ATP carrier ... families Category Transmembrane proteins membrane protein stub Membrane transport proteins Mitochondrial ... more details
orphan date September 2010 It is a DNA contained in organelle s, outside the cell nucleusnucleus of eukaryote Eukaryotic cells . Examples mitochondria contain mitochondrialDNA plastid s e.g., chloroplasts contain plastid DNA Structure Unlike nuclear DNA , which is present as linear molecule s inside the chromosome s, organellar DNA is present as circular molecules of high copy number. Also, because organelles are uniparentally inherited in many organisms, so is their organellar DNA. See also Nuclear DNA Category DNA biology stub ar ... more details
Image A DNA orbit animated small.gif right frame The A DNA structure. A DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA . A DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B DNA B and Z DNA . It is a right handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well known B DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double stranded RNA. Structure A DNA is fairly similar to B DNA given that it is a right handed double helix with major ... turn. This results in a deepening of the major groove and a shallowing of the minor. Predicting A DNA structure An algorithm for predicting the propensity of a sequence to flip from B DNA to A DNA ... cite journal author Basham B, Schroth GP, Ho PS title An A DNA triplet code thermodynamic rules for predicting A and B DNA journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 92 issue 14 pages 6464 6468 year ... in the hydration of DNA surfaces can be used to distinguish between sequences that form A and B DNA. From this, a triplet code of A DNA propensities was derived as energetic rules for predicting A DNA formation. This code correctly predicted 90 of A and B DNA sequences in crystals and correlates with A DNA formation in solution. Thus, with our previous studies on Z DNA, we now have a single method to predict the relative stability of sequences in the three standard DNA duplex conformations. ref name Basham1995 blockquote Comparison Geometries of the Most Common DNA Forms Image A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.png right thumb Side view of A , B , and Z DNA. Image B&Z&A DNA formula.jpg thumb right 250px The helix axis of A , B , and Z DNA. class wikitable Geometry attribute A form B form Z form Helix ... also Mechanical properties of DNADNA B DNA Z DNA External links http www.tulane.edu biochem nolan ... more details
Nuclear DNA , nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid nDNA , is DNA contained within a cell nucleusnucleus of eukaryote eukaryotic organisms . ref http medical dictionary.thefreedictionary.com DNADNA definition in the Medical dictionary ref In mammals and vertebrate s, nuclear DNA encodes more of the genome than the mitochondrialDNA and is composed of information inherited from two parents, one male, and one female, rather than matrilineally . ref http en.mimi.hu biology nuclear genome.html Nuclear genome ref Nuclear DNA is the most common DNA used in forensic examinations. ref http www.fbi.gov about us lab dna nuclear FBI Laboratory Services Nuclear DNA Unit ref References reflist See also Nuclear gene Chromatin Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Nuclear Dna Category DNA Cell biology stub ar ca ADN nuclear fr ADN nucl aire pl NDNA pt DNA nuclear ... more details
Mitochondrial toxicity is a condition in which the mitochondrion mitochondria of a body s cells become damaged or decline significantly in number it occurs as a side effect of certain antiretroviral drug s used to treat human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV . Causes While the exact causes of mitochondrial toxicity are not known, research has shown that a certain group of anti viral drugs used to treat HIV, specifically nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor s NRTIs , interfere with an enzyme needed in the production of mitochondria. ref http www.thebody.com pinf mitochondrial.html ref Symptoms The disruption of cell function that accompanies the condition can cause both mild and severe problems in people suffering from mitochondrial toxicity. The most commonly observed symptom is muscle weakness, or myopathy . Others include peripheral neuropathy numbness in the fingers and toes and pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas , with the most severe being lactic acidosis , in which a build up of lactic acid in the tissues of the body leads to loss of energy, organ failure, and eventually death. ref http www.projinf.org fs mito b.html ref References references External links Mitochondrial toxicity at http www.hivnet.org OverHivEnAids Alternatief BrochureBijwerkingenEngels Mitochondrial 20toxicity.htm hiv.org Category Toxicology medical stub med toxic stub sl Mitohondrijska toksi nost ... more details
episode episodes 3 episode list Infobox animanga Footer nihongo DNA D N A D En Ei ..., spanning a total of five tank bon volumes. DNA was adapted into a 12 episode anime television ... and animation director for the series was Kumiko Takahashi . DNA has been broadcast in Japan by Animax ... children that carry the Mega Playboy DNA, causing them and all their descendants to each have 100 ... to deal with. Karin reveals to Junta that she is a DNA Operator . Her job is to make alterations in people s DNA that will change their nature for the greater good of society. She intends to shoot the original Mega Playboy with a DCM DNA Control Medicine bullet that will alter his DNA in order ... Playboy DNA stabilizes more and more. nihongo Karin Aoi Aoi Karin anime voices Miina Tominaga Jessica Calvello A sixteen year old DNA Operator from the overcrowded future, sent back in time in order ... DNA. She and Junta spend some time together trying to help cure each other of their problems. She ... Forgotten a Century from Now I ll Never Forget You Manga The DNA manga was published in Japanese ... es ca DNA cs DNA de DNA es DNA fr DNA ko DNA id DNA it DNA ja D N A pt DNA ru DNA fi DNA sv DNA tl DNA zh DNA ... more details
inline date April 2010 Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained ... to use, and are hence referred to as the powerhouses of the cell. MitochondrialDNA mtDNA is not transmitted through nuclear DNA nDNA . In humans, as in most multicellular organisms, mitochondrialDNA ... of mitochondrialDNA genetic code codes for functional mitochondrial proteins, and therefore most mitochondrial ... in mitochondrialDNA, or nuclear DNA coding for mitochondrial components. Slight problems with any ... lead to a number of diseases. Genome see MitochondrialDNAMitochondrialDNA mtDNA is present in mitochondria ... about 13 of them are coded on the mitochondrialDNA. Most of the 3000 proteins are involved in a variety ... the origins of replication of both heavy and light strands. The entire human mitochondrialDNA ... mitochondrialDNA molecule 16,569 , as much as 0.42 of the mtDNA varies between two people. Genetic ... depending on the disease. Mitochondrial genetic mutations that occur in the nuclear DNA can occur ... of the disease may be masked. Because of the complex ways in which mitochondrial and nuclear DNA ... or wildtype mitochondrialDNA, the threshold expression number of mtDNA molecules in the mitochondria ... as that particular cell needs at the time. Human mitochondrialDNA mtDNA has three Promoter biology ... that the mRNA undergoes before it is translated. MitochondrialDNA polymerase The MitochondrialDNA ... replication errors Because mitochondrial growth and fission are mediated by the nuclear DNA, mutations ... created by defective proteins made from nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial diseases Mitochondrial disease ... mutations of mitochondrialDNA. A given mitochondrial mutation can cause various diseases depending ... in mitochondrialDNA, many diseases are suspected to be associated in part by mitochondrial dysfunctions ... . See also Paternal mtDNA transmission Human mitochondrialDNA haplogroups Cambridge Reference Sequence Human mitochondrial molecular clock Genetic genealogy DNA databases Genetic genealogy for lists ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Mitochondrial Blues Type Album Artist Noah23 Cover Noah23 mitochondrial blues.jpg Released July 27, 2004 Recorded 2003 2004 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length 56 26 Label Legendary Entertainment br Noah23 Plague Language Producer Blue Sky Black Death Orphan , Sseleman, Noah23 , Andrew H, DMS, Krinjah, King Champion, Naught, Dustmite Last album Ancient Israelites Older Than Anorthosite br 2004 This album Mitochondrial Blues br 2004 Next album Sigma Octantis album Sigma Octantis br 2004 Mitochondrial Blues is a 2004 album by hip hop artist Noah23 . This album was released simultaneously with Sigma Octantis album Sigma Octantis , as both albums are the product of the same recording sessions as Noah s higher profile 2004 album Jupiter Sajitarius . Track listing Silicate Magma Chamber Crunch Search and Destroy Harvest Remix Orange Dolphin Pure Vibes ft. Fake Four Inc Ceschi & Troubadour Twist of Fate ft. Baracuda rapper Baracuda Homewood ft. Feelix Enterworld ft. B One & Vex Bliss TS4 Freestyle Mechanical Bull ft. Baracuda Yed Posterior ft. Erosadis, Hangnail & Homesick Dustmite Data Hooks ft. Baracuda Drowning in You ft. AnuCongo Trilateral Damage ft. Orko the Sykotik Alien & StapleMouth Production credits Tracks 1, 5, 7, 14 & 16 produced by Blue Sky Black Death Orphan Tracks 6, 9 & 15 produced by Sseleman Track 2 produced by Noah23 as Warhol Track 3 produced by Andrew H Track 4 produced by DMS Track 8 produced by Krinjah Track 11 produced by King Champion Track 12 produced by Naught Track 13 produced by Dustmite Category 2004 albums Category Noah23 albums 2000s hiphop album stub ... more details
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