Unreferenced date December 2009 In United States copyright law , transformation is a possible justification that use of a copyright ed work may qualify as fair use , i.e., that a certain use of a work does not infringe its holder s copyright due to the public interest in the usage. Transformation is an important issue in deciding whether a use meets the first factor of the fair use test, and is generally critical for determining whether a use is in fact fair, although no one factor is dispositive. In United States patent law the term also refers to the test set in In re Bilski that a patent eligible invention must transform a particular article into a different state or thing. Basis Like most of the modern fair use doctrine, the doctrine of transformation was heavily influenced by the 1841 United States circuit court circuit court case Folsom v. Marsh . In that case, Justice Story ruled that blockquote if someone thus cites the most important parts of the work, with a view, not to criticize, but to supersede the use of the original work, and substitute the review for it, such a use will be deemed in law a piracy. blockquote The standard of supersed ing the use of the original work would be widely cited as a standard for the degree to which a work was transformative when fair use had become more clearly fixed as a legal principle. In the Copyright Act of 1976 , Congress defined fair use explicitly for the first time, giving as one factor the purpose and character of the use, including ... precedent that clarifies the nature of transformation in law. Generally, use of a work ... Code USC 107. DEFAULTSORT TransformationLaw Category Fair use ... was later determined to hinge in substantial part on transformation. See, e.g., Campbell v. Acuff ... should be given less weight in fair use determinations and transformation great weight. Application ... factors weigh against the defendant. For example, in Rogers v. Koons transformation was not even ... more details
. Cf. Carry trade Interest rates carry trade on rates Transformationlaw , a concept in copyright lawTransformation patent lawTransformation Tal Wilkenfeld album Transformation Alex Skolnick Trio album Transformation music Transformation , a song by Nona Hendryx Transformation warfare Transformation of culture Transformation design , a design process Transformation playing card Transformation problem , a concept in economics Transformational grammar Spiritual transformation , a psychological and New Age concept Business Transformation , an idea in strategic management Business Network Transformation , a concept used in thinking about markets Transformation of precious metal s see Synthesis of precious metals Transformational festival See also Transform disambiguation Transformation Story Archive disambig ca Transformaci cs Transformace de Transformation et Transformatsioon es Transformaci n fr Transformation hu Transzform ci egy rtelm s t lap nl Transformatie pl Transformacja pt ...wiktionarypar transformationTransformation may refer to Mathematics Transformation function Transformation combinatorics Integral transform Data transformation statistics Transformation matrix Natural science Phase transformation , a physical transition from one medium to another Chemical transformation ... transformation , the process of cells becoming cancerous Transformation genetics , genetic alteration of a cell by DNA uptake Transformation optics , generalized optical devices Computing Data transformation Model transformation Program transformation XML transformationTransformation of text Fiction Transformation novel Transformation novel , by Carol Berg Shapeshifting , a type of transformation common in mythology and folklore Henshin , a type of transformation common in anime, manga and tokusatsu Transformation , an alternate title for The Marble Faun , a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne Other uses Maturity Transformation MT use borrow cheap e.g. short term money to invest at a more lucrative ... more details
refimprove date June 2008 IT Transformation is the wholesale changing of an organization s technology systems. It is a term that typically applies more to large, complex organisations than smaller entities. Significant business change typically takes place in parallel with technology change. Because of the growing popularity of SOA Service oriented architecture and Open Systems, most transformation projects today include some form of these technologies. Due to the ongoing obsolescence of systems deployed in the late sixties and seventies, this is an emerging field. Check IT Transformation with SOA ref http itransform.abstraction.com ref for a more detailed discussion in this emerging field. A lot of companies are involved using this business model. References reflist Category Business planning Category Information technology management business stub ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title The Transformation Series Fringe TV series Fringe Image Caption Season 1 Episode 13 Airdate February 3, 2009 Production 3T7662 Writer Zack Whedon br J. R. Orci Director Brad Anderson director Brad Anderson Guests Michael Cerveris as The List of Fringe characters September The Observer Observer Neal Huff as Marshall Bowman Felix Solis as Daniel Hicks Armando Riesco as Gavin ... Ability The Transformation is the 13th List of Fringe episodes episode of the Fringe season 1 .... They successfully make contact, but the sellers become suspicious after Hicks transformation ... to his consciousness, which has finally left her own. Production The Transformation was co written ... 2009, The Transformation had an early screening at the November 2008 Paley Center for Media PaleyFest ... Jeff Pinkner replied that the huge porcupine man on the airplane from The Transformation was more ... the point The Transformation aired, actor Joshua Jackson considered it his favorite episode. ref cite ... date 2009 02 20 accessdate 2011 06 25 ref Reception Ratings The Transformation was watched by 12.78 ... http latimesblogs.latimes.com showtracker 2009 02 fringe transfor.html title Fringe Transformation ... url http tv.ign.com articles 950 950916p1.html title Fringe The Transformation Review publisher IGN ... that the John Scott resolution signals a transformation in the interpersonal dynamics of the show? If this dud ... 12 21 fringe the transformation 113 title Fringe The Transformation 1.13 publisher Open Salon .com first ... director Brad Anderson. I wouldn t say that The Transformation broke any new ground. If anything, it recapitulated ... title The Transformation publisher A.V. Club first Noel last Murray date 2009 02 03 accessdate 2011 02 17 ref References reflist 2 External links Wikiquote Fringe The Transformation .5B1.13.5D The Transformation http www.fox.com fringe recaps season 1 episode 13 The Transformation at Fox Broadcasting Company Fox IMDb episode 1248541 Tv.com episode 1250199 Fringe Fringe episodes DEFAULTSORT Transformation ... more details
In mathematics, a quadratic transformation may be A quadratic transformation in the Cremona group Kummer s quadratic transformation of the hypergeometric function mathdab ... more details
Market transformation describes both a policy objective and a program strategy ref name ECW York, D. http www.ecw.org prod 186 1.pdf A Discussion and Critique of Market Transformation , Review 186 1. Energy Center of Wisconsin, June 1999 ref to promote the value and self sustaining presence of efficient energy use energy efficient technologies in the marketplace. It is a strategic process of market intervention which aims to alter market behavior by removing identified barriers and leveraging opportunities to further the internalization of cost effective energy efficiency as a matter of standard practice. ref http www.aceee.org topics market transformation ref ref http www.imt.org about.html ref ref http neea.org participate docs NEEAMTDefinition2008.pdf Northwest Energy Efficient Alliance, NEEA s Definition of Market Transformation . ref Market transformation has rapidly become the objective of many privately and publicly supported energy efficiency programs in the United States and other countries. Background First coined in a paper presented at the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy ACEEE Summer Study in 1992, ref name Qualenergia Nadel, Thorne, Sacks, Prindle, Elliott. http www.qualenergia.it UserFiles Files Ef Ge 01 Market transformation 2003.pdf Market Transformation ... 2003. ref the term market transformation is underpinned by the classic Economics Markets microeconomic ... costs. ref name Qualenergia ref name CEC Market transformation targets these barriers to optimal ... it recognizes and harnesses the power of market forces and players, market transformation has ... procurement and installation of efficient products, the goal of market transformation is to produce ..., or by lowering Transaction cost transaction and uncertainty costs . ref name CEC Market transformation ... Efficient Economy ACEEE http www.imt.org Institute for Market Transformation Efficient energy use Energy efficiency Energy law Energy policy Environmental technology Independent System Operator ... more details
Canonical Transformation may refer to Symplectomorphism , a mathematical treatment Canonical transformation , a physics treatment disambiguation ... more details
The Great Transformation may refer to The Great Transformation book , a book by Karl Polanyi on the rise of the market economy in England The Great Transformation Norway , a period of social change in Norway in the mid to late 19th century Disambig ... more details
Bilinear transformation can refer to Bilinear operator Bilinear transform Signal Processing , used to transform continuous time signal to discrete time M bius transformation disambig de Bilineare Transformation Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
resistor has an impedance Z, then applying a source transformation gives an equivalent ... by keeping two things in mind Ohm s Law Impedances remain the same Example calculation Source transformations are easy to perform as long as there is a familiarity with Ohms Law . If there is a voltage .... A visual example of what is being done during a source transformation can be seen in Figure ... frame left Figure 1. An example of a DC source transformation. Notice that the impedance Z is the same in both configurations. br style clear both See also Ohms Law Th venin s theorem current source ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Racial transformation is the process by which someone changes their appearance with respect to Race classification of human beings race , either from their current race to another race or to a new category. These changes are currently done through a variety of methods including surgery or chemical treatments. Racial transformation is similar to Passing racial identity passing however, it requires someone attempt a medical procedure, rather than lying about one s race or a physical disguise such as in the movie White Chicks . Racial transformation refers to something surgical, medical, or an attempt at permanence. Attempted full physical transformation is exceedingly rare, but some see a number of controversial appearance changing practices as motivated by racial assimilation Citation needed date August 2008 , though most practicing them claim their motivation is purely aesthetic. Citation needed date August 2008 Race choice and transformation in pop culture Fictional studies of race choice and transformation have often occurred in drama and literature and especially in works of science fiction . In Greg Bear s books Eon novel Eon and Eternity novel Eternity , new human consciousness is created in a virtual reality virtual realm and the parents choose the race of their children when it is time for them to be birthed into the real physical world. In this work as well, many humans do not conform to the standard human shape and choose a variety of form ... . In another example, the movie Soul Man 1986 Soul Man from 1986 involved race transformation of a white applicant to Harvard Law School . Unable to pay for tuition, the main character received a scholarship ... on racial transformation, including references to Michael Jackson . ref http english.berkeley.edu ... and perms are considered race transformation. Many white people attempt to change their appearance ... identity Racial Passing References reflist DEFAULTSORT Racial Transformation Category Race and society ... more details
In mathematics , a congruent transformation or congruence transformation is Another term for an isometry see congruence geometry . A Transformation mathematics transformation of the form A P sup T sup AP , where A and P are square matrices, P is invertible matrix invertible , and P sup T sup denotes the transpose of P see Congruence relation Linear algebra congruence in linear algebra . disambig Category mathematical disambiguation ... more details
One definition of Social transformation is the process by which an individual alters the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations. The first occurs with the individual, the second with the social system. The Individual This is different from social reproduction and social mobility because instead of looking at the intergenerational mobility or the measure of the changes in social status which occur from the parents to the children s generation, social transformation focuses on how an individual can alter the class culture to which they feel aligned. One socially transforms in three steps by associational embracement, associational distancing, and the distinct presentation of self . Social transformation is considered an interpersonal negotiation because it requires that the individual have their social position be validated by others for transformation. It is a reciprocal relationship in which people have to be embraced and correctly .... The Social System Social transformation in this context requires a shift in collective consciousness ... degree or prestigious award. In a study by Mark Granfield of working class law students aiming to succeed at an Ivy League law school, Granfield noted the importance of making alterations in the students ... of social transformation. One passes or the more politically correct term used today, socially transforms ... apply to other forms of social transformation Speech patterns Those who sought to transform were very ... to sounding and looking the part . Social transformation and class passing in popular culture From ... transformation and instances of class passing are prevalent in popular culture. Famous examples ... can help explicate some of the underlying urges for social transformation. References http www.blackwell ... of Social Transformation A Critical Framework for the Concept. Akman, Kubilay. Journal of US China ... more details
Data transformation A transformation language is a computer language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal. Program transformation systems such as Stratego XT , TXL programming language TXL , DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit DMS , and ASF SDF Meta Environment ASF SDF all have transformation languages as a major component. The transformation languages for these systems are driven by declarative descriptions of the structure of the input text typically a grammar , allowing them to be applied to wide variety of formal languages and documents. Macro computer science Macro languages are a kind of transformation languages to transform a meta language into specific higher programming language like Java programming language Java , C , Fortran In the model driven engineering technical space, there are model transformation language s MTLs , that take as input models conforming to a given metamodel and produce as output models conforming to a different metamodel. An example of such a language is the QVT Object Management Group OMG standard. There are also low level languages such as the Lx family ref http lx.mii.lu.lv ref implemented by the Bootstrapping compilers bootstrapping method . The L0 language may be considered as assembler for transformation languages. There is also a high level graphical language built on upon Lx called MOLA. ref http mola.mii.lu.lv ref There are a number of XML transformation language s. These include XSLT , XQuery , Streaming Transformations for XML STX , FXT , XDuce , CDuce ... data migration data transformation metadata model transformation Program refinement refinement contrast valign top Languages and typical transforms ATLAS Transformation Language ATL AWK tabular ... References references External links http www.program transformation.org The Program transformation Wiki Computer language compu lang stub DEFAULTSORT Transformation Language Category Transformation ... more details
Conflict transformation is the process by which Group conflict conflicts , such as ethnic conflict , are transformed .... Conflict transformation is therefore a process of engaging with and transforming the relationships ... download miall handbook.pdf Conflict Transformation A Multi Dimensional Task , Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, p. 4 ref Conflict transformation approaches differ from those of conflict management or conflict resolution . Whereas conflict transformation involves transforming the relationships ... for Common Ground , one of the oldest organizations devoted to implementing conflict transformation programs, conflict transformation initiatives are often characterized by long time horizons and interventions ... ref According to Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies , conflict transformation means quote A generic ... foundation.de en glossary conflict transformation Conflict Transformation on http www.berghof foundation.de Berghof Foundation s web ref The Principles of Conflict Transformation, as developed by TransConfict ... transformation principles of conflict transformation Principles of Conflict Transformation , TransConflict ref , go further in helping define conflict transformation quote 1. Conflict should not be regarded ... if harnessed constructively quote 3. Conflict transformation goes beyond merely seeking to contain ... 4. Conflict transformation is a long term, gradual and complex process, requiring sustained engagement and interaction quote 5. Conflict transformation is not just an approach and set of techniques, but a way of thinking about and understanding conflict itself quote 6. Conflict transformation is particularly ... transformation theory is often associated with the academics and practitioners Johan Galtung ... handbook.net the Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation online, including http www.berghof handbook.net profile conflict transformation our interpretation Conflict Transformation Our Interpretation ... transformation principles of conflict transformation Principles of Conflict Transformation via TransConflict ... more details
Transformation, The Velocity Addition Law on http www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET http www.adamauton.com ...File Animated Lorentz Transformation frame 0031.gif right framed A visualisation of the Lorentz transformation ... grid of an observer moving with respect to that same frame. In physics , the Lorentz transformation or Lorentz George Fitzgerald Fitzgerald transformation describes how, according to the theory of special ... of simultaneity orderings of events . The Lorentz transformation was originally the result ... later re derived the transformation from his postulates of special relativity. The Lorentz transformation supersedes the Galilean transformation of Newtonian physics, which assumes an absolute space and time see Galilean relativity . According to special relativity, the Galilean transformation ... physics homogeneous , then the Lorentz transformation must be a linear transformation . It may include a rotation of space a rotation free Lorentz transformation is called a Lorentz boost . Since relativity postulates that the speed of light is the same for all observers, the Lorentz transformation ... transformation describes only the transformations in which the spacetime event at the origin is left ..., were seeking the transformation under which Maxwell s equations were invariant when transformed ... was the first to recognize that the transformation has the properties of a group mathematics mathematical ... transformation under the assumptions of the principle of relativity and the constancy of the speed .... Paul Langevin 1911 said of the transformation ref The citation is within the following paper ... them to have the same form when one passes from one frame of reference to another this new transformation has the most profound implications for the transformations of space and time . Lorentz transformation ... systems are said to be in standard configuration . A Lorentz transformation under symmetric configuration symmetric presentation between the forward Lorentz Transformation and the inverse Lorentz Transformation ... more details
A Procrustes transformation is a geometric transformation that involves only translation , rotation , uniform scaling , or a Function composition combination of these Linear transformation transformations . Hence, it may change the size, but not the shape of a geometric object. Named after the mythical Greek robber, Procrustes , who made his victims fit his bed either by stretching their limbs or cutting them off. See also Procrustes analysis Orthogonal Procrustes problem Affine transformation , which also allows for Shear matrix shear . External links http www.fon.hum.uva.nl praat manual Procrustes transform.html Procrustes transformation Category Euclidean symmetries Geometry stub ... more details
In algebra , a transformation semigroup or composition semigroup is a collection of function mathematics ... the identity function , it is a transformation or composition monoid . This is the semigroup anologue of a permutation group . A transformation semigroup of a set has a tautological semigroup ... semigroup can be realized as a transformation semigroup of some set. Transformation semigroups and monoids A transformation semigroup is a pair X , S , where X is a set and S is a semigroup of transformations of X . Here a transformation of X is just a function from X to itself, not necessarily ... closed under composition of functions . If S includes the identity transformation of X , then it is called a transformation monoid . Obviously any transformation semigroup S determines a transformation monoid M by taking the union of S with the identity transformation. A transformation monoid whose elements are invertible is a permutation group . The set of all transformations of X is a transformation monoid called the full transformation monoid or semigroup of X . It is also called the symmetric semigroup of X and is denoted by T sub X sub . Thus a transformation semigroup or monoid is just a subsemigroup or submonoid of the full transformation monoid of X . The full transformation monoid is a regular semigroup . If X , S is a transformation semigroup then X can be made into a semigroup action of S by evaluation math s cdot x s x text for s in S, x in X. math This is a monoid action if S is a transformation monoid. The characteristic feature of transformation semigroups, as actions, is that they are effective ... if a semigroup S acts on a set X by T s , x s &bull x then we can define, for s S , a transformation ... if and only if X , T is effective, in which case the image of this map is a transformation semigroup ... group . This theorem generalizes straightforwardly to monoids any monoid M is a transformation ... set of the Monoid Examples monoid corresponding to S to realise S as a transformation semigroup of X ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In chemistry a chemical transformation shows the conversion chemistry conversion of a substrate biochemistry substrate to a product omitting the reagent s and catalyst s or underlying reaction mechanism as opposed to a chemical reaction . The phrase Chemical transformation is used in a more general sense when reaction specifics are not relevant or not available. The IUPAC Nomenclature for Transformations is based on this type of transformations. DEFAULTSORT Chemical Transformation Category Chemical processes Category Chemical reactions ... more details
Data transformation This article is about data transformation in computer science metadata . For statistical application, see data transformation statistics . In metadata and data warehouse , a data transformation converts data from a source data format into destination data. Data transformation can ... any transformation that must occur Automatic programming code generation that creates the actual transformation program Data element to data element mapping is frequently complicated by complex transformations that require Cardinality data modeling one to many and many to one transformation rules ... program that can be run on a computer system. Code generation can also create transformation in easy ... languages There are numerous languages available for performing data transformation. Many transformation ... code or data transformation. XSLT the standard XML data transformation language suitable by XQuery in many applications Although transformational languages are typically best suited for transformation, something as simple as regular expressions can be used to achieve useful transformation. A text ... program through a transformation that doesn t perform any transformations. Many transformational languages ... transformation strategies for translate, adapt or even generate source code software source code . Inversely these source transformation tools can be used for data transform, typically for transform ... on software source transformation see ref T. Cassidy 2004 Concurrency Analysis of Java RMI Using Source Transformation and Verisoft , http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.90.5755&rep rep1&type pdf ref Chapter 2.4 or ref J. R. Cordy 2006 The TXL source transformation language ... of Strategies in Program Transformation Systems . Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 57 363 377. ref , Translation a transformation from a language X into another language Y. usual applications ... involves a transformation within the same language but merely stated a different way. usual applications ... more details
Transformation efficiency is the efficiency by which cells can take up extracellular DNA and express ... by dividing the number of successful transformants by the amount of DNA used during a transformation genetics transformation procedure. Transformants are cells which have taken up DNA foreign, artificial or modified and which can express genes on the introduced DNA. Measure of transformation efficiency Transformation effiency should be determined under conditions of cell excess. ref name hanahan review pmid 1943786 ref The standard plasmids used for determination of transformation efficiency ... in a transformation reaction may range from 2x10 sup 8 sup to 10 sup 11 sup most common methods of E ... for transformation, more DNA may be necessary for low efficiency transformation. After transformation ... , but further dilution may be used for high efficiency transformation. Transformation efficiency is measured in transformants or colony forming unit cfu per g DNA used. A transformation efficiency of 1x10 ... used being transformed. In E. coli , the theoretical limit of transformation efficiency ... for large plasmids. Factors affecting transformation efficiency A number of factors may affect the transformation efficiency ref name hanahan review Plasmid size A study done in E. coli found that transformation ... affect the occurrence of successful transformation events. ref name hanahan cite journal author Hanahan D title Studies on the transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids journal J. Mol. Biol ... of DNA DNA supercoil Supercoiled plasmid does not appear to have significantly better transformation .... ref name hanahan Linear and single stranded DNA however have much lower transformation efficiency ... of cells Cloning strains may contain mutations that improve the transformation efficiency of the cells ... of cell to grow in minimum media using inosine as the sole carbon source, have 4 5 times the transformation .... coli , recBC or recD mutation can significant improve the efficiency of its transformation. Growth ... more details
Power transformation may refer to Energy transformation Power transform disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 notability date November 2011 The Art of Transformation ISBN 9781933966007 is a 2006 book by former United States House of Representatives U.S. House Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Speaker Newt Gingrich and Nancy Desmond. nonfiction book stub DEFAULTSORT Art of Transformation Category 2006 books ... more details
In mathematics, a unitary transformation may be informally defined as a transformation mathematics transformation that respects the inner product the inner product of two vectors before the transformation is equal to their inner product after the transformation. More precisely, a unitary transformation is an isomorphism between two Hilbert space s. In other words, a unitary transformation is a bijective function math U H 1 to H 2 , math where math H 1 math and math H 2 math are Hilbert spaces, such that math langle Ux, Uy rangle langle x, y rangle math for all math x math and math y math in math H 1 math . A unitary transformation is an isometry , as one can see by setting math x y math in this formula. In the case when math H 1 math and math H 2 math are the same space, a unitary transformation is an automorphism of that Hilbert space, and then it is also called a unitary operator . A closely related notion is that of antiunitary transformation , which is a bijective function math U H 1 to H 2 , math between two complex number complex Hilbert spaces such that math langle Ux, Uy rangle overline langle x, y rangle langle y, x rangle math for all math x math and math y math in math H 1 math , where the horizontal bar represents the complex conjugate . See also Time reversal antiunitary Unitary group Unitary operator Unitary matrix Wigner s Theorem Mathanalysis stub Category Linear algebra Category Functional analysis fr Transformation unitaire ja pl Przekszta cenie unitarne ru uk ... more details
hatnote In genetics, Transformation genetics transformation is also used to describe the incorporation of foreign DNA by bacteria. Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer . This may occur as a primary process in normal tissue, or secondarily as malignant degeneration of a previously existing benign tumor . There are many causes of primary malignant transformation, or tumorigenesis . The underlying commonality is genetic mutation either by inheritance or more commonly by acquiring mutations in one s DNA over time. Although malignant transformation may occur because of changes within the cell, it can be induced by inorganic toxic substances such as cadmium or arsenite and organics such as tobacco specific nitrosamines . It is also thought that some malignant transformations are due to viruses such as the Epstein Barr virus, although this is currently restricted to just a few cancer types. A more common cancer associated with viral infection is cervical cancer , which has been linked to the human papilloma virus . Malignant transformation of cells in a benign tumor may be detected by pathology pathologic examination of tissues. Often the clinical signs and symptoms are suggestive of a malignant tumor. The physician, during the medical history examination, can find that there have been changes in size or patient sensation and, upon direct examination, that there has been a change in the lesion itself. Risk assessment s can be done and are known for certain types of benign tumor which are known to undergo malignant transformation. One of the better known examples of this phenomenon is the progression of a nevus to melanoma . References ... s Ulcer. J. Bum Care and Rehab., 12, 3 1991. See also Teratoma Teratoma with malignant transformation Richter s transformation in blood cancers DEFAULTSORT Malignant Transformation Category Carcinogenesis Oncology stub de Maligne Transformation ru ur ... more details
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