Unreferenced date December 2006 Translationalefficiency , in the context of cell biology, is the rate of mRNA Translation biology translation into protein s within Cell biology cell s. Category Cell biology cell biology stub ... more details
Multiple issues context November 2008 refimprove April 2011 essay July 2011 Translational medicine is a medical ... ref Translational research Translational Research is the basis for Translational Medicine. It is the process .... ref name ReferenceA Lean MEJ, Mann JI, Hoek JA, Elliot RM and Schofield G. Translational Research ... and political sciences. It has three phases ref name ReferenceA Phase one research Phase 1 Translational ... and clinical guidelines, now incorporated into Translational Medicine. In the case of Drug development drug discovery and development , translational research typically refers to the translation ... have a translational medicine division to facilitate the interaction between basic research and clinical medicine to design and conduct clinical trial s. Phase two research Phase 2 Translational ... in phase 1 translational research, function when they are applied in routine practice, as first described by Hiss RG. ref Hiss RG. Fundamental issues in translational research. Translational ... priorities modify clinical decisions, and treatment responses. Phase 2 Translational Research thus informs guidelines about needs, acceptability, effectiveness, and cost efficiency in ecological settings ... for courses. J Epidemiol Commun Health 2003 57 527 9 ref Phase three research Phase 3 Translational ... and cost effective in Phase 2 Translational Research, into sustainable solutions. ref name ... has been running an MSc in Translational Medicine program since 2007. It is a 3 year online distance ... advice view article.html?id 2607 Online learning in translational medicine ref Andy Grove has pledged ... a joint master s degree program aimed at translational medicine. ref http bits.blogs.nytimes.com ... to medicine New York Times blog ref A master s degree programme in translational medicine was started at the University of Helsinki in 2010. Implications of translational medicine Reliance on actions ... as independent disciplines. Integrated training in translational research methods is needed ... more details
other uses Efficiency in general describes the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended ... of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Efficiency has widely varying meanings in different ..., efficiency is a measurable concept, quantitatively determined by the ratio of output to input. Effectiveness .... In several of these cases, efficiency can be expressed as a result as percentage of what ideally ... where efficiency can be assigned a numerical value, e.g. not for specific impulse. A slightly broader model of efficiency that nevertheless remains consistent with the percentage definition in many cases is to say that efficiency corresponds to the ratio r P C of the amount P of some valuable resource ... via a conservative process. For example, in the analysis of the energy conversion efficiency ... can never be greater than C , and so the efficiency r is never greater than 100 and in fact must ... by the Greek lowercase letter Eta In thermodynamics Energy conversion efficiency , measure of second law thermodynamic loss Thermal efficiency , useful work per the higher heating value of the fuel Radiation efficiency , ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna Volumetric efficiency , in internal combustion engine design for the RAF Lift to drag ratio Faraday efficiency , electrolysis Quantum efficiency , a measure of sensitivity of a photosensitive device Grating efficiency , a generalization of the reflectance of a mirror, extended to a diffraction grating In economics Economic efficiency , a general term, capturing the amount of waste or other undesirable features Market efficiency is the extent to which a given market resembles the ideal of an http pages.stern.nyu.edu adamodar New Home Page invemgmt effdefn.htm efficient market Pareto efficiency , making one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off Kaldor Hicks efficiency , like a less stringent Pareto efficiency Allocative efficiency , an optimal distribution of goods ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 Translational research is a way of thinking about and conducting scientific ... less than anticipated. Translational research has come to be seen as the key, missing component. Translational research is another term for translative research and translational science ... to multi disciplinary collaboration, translational research has the potential to drive the advancement ... domain where the term translational medicine has been applied to a research approach that seeks ... of care patient applications. However, the term translational medicine is a misnomer, as medicine ... reason that science needs to be translated at all. Translational medicine would best be termed Translational medical science . Comparison to basic research or applied research Translational ... in translational research. Other challenges arise in the traditional incentives which ... for translational research. Also, journal publication norms often require tight control of experimental ... Academic Culture Support Translational Research? CTS Clinical and Translational Science 2008 1 2 87 ... in translational research To flourish translational research requires a knowledge driven ecosystem .... Translational research requires that information and data flow from hospitals, clinics and participants ... and laboratories . Furthermore, the scale, scope and multi disciplinary approach that translational ... in data management and analysis. Definitions of translational research Translational research is a new ..., the primary goal of translational research is to integrate advancements in molecular biology ... to bedside the growing use of translational research in cancer medicine. Am J Transl Res 2010 2 1 1 18 ref ref Woolf SH. The Meaning of Translational Research and Why It Matters. JAMA 2008 299 211 213 ref Websites that help to define translational research http www.cancer.gov trwg TRWG definition ... NIH Roadmap Definition http www.ajtr.org American Journal of Translational Research See also American ... more details
Translational science is a cross disciplinary , scientific research that is motivated by the need for practical applications that help people. The term is used mostly in the health science s and refers to real time translation of bench science to bedside clinical practice or dissemination to population based community interventions. ref http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin fulltext 120185528 HTMLSTART Detailed explanation given in CTS Clinical and Translational Science ref In U.S., the National Institutes of Health have implemented a major national initiative to leverage existing academic health center infrastructure through the Clinical and Translational Science Awards. National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences NCATS is established on December 23, 2011. ref http www.ctsaweb.org Clinical and Translational Science Award ref The industry and academic interactions to promote translational science initiatives has been carried out by various global centres such as European Commission , Glaxo Smithkline and Novartis institute for Biomedical Research in European Union , ref http www.worldpharmanews.com novartis 1858 novartis appoints timothy wright md as global head development novartis pharmaceuticals ref the University of California, Davis in the U.S., ref http www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu ctsc aboutus ref the translational research cells at National Institute of Virology , National Institute of Nutrition under Indian Council of Medical Research and Biotech Consortium India Limited in India . ref http icmr.nic.in insprofile Compilation Inst centre units.pdf ref ref http www.inpharm.com news 156338 university manchester astrazeneca glaxosmithkline translational research ref ref http www.nature.com nm journal v18 n4 full nm0412 477a.html ref References Reflist External Links http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 210871.php Medical article http www.ncrr.nih.gov Category Scientific method es ciencias de transferencia ... more details
point p , the set of points with the same properties due to the translational symmetry form the infinite ... 1, there may be multiple translational symmetry. For each set of k independent translation vectors ... half, of a tile, always the same, then we have only translational symmetry, Wallpaper group Group ... of another one. In 2D there may be translational symmetry in one direction for vectors of any length. One line, not in the same direction, fully defines the whole object. Similarly, in 3D there may be translational ... of translational symmetry in one direction in 2D nr. 1 is Note The example is not an example of rotational ... one line down and two positions to the right , and of translational symmetry in two directions ... can consider the corresponding translation of objects. The objects with at least the corresponding translational ... more details
Translational lift also known as Effective Translational Lift, or ETL is a transitional state present as a helicopter moves from Hover helicopter Hover hover to Hover helicopter Forward flight forward flight . This state provides extra lift force lift , most typically, when the airspeed reaches approximately 16 24 Knot unit knots , but is present with any horizontal flow of air across the rotor ref Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, pp 3 5 ref , and therefore can be present without any forward motion of the aircraft, given prevailing wind conditions. The most common example of the effect is this a helicopter might be slightly overloaded for take off so that it cannot hover. Liftoff can still be achieved if the helicopter has enough of a straight runway to make a Running take off where the pilot will slowly accelerate the helicopter across the ground until translational lift speed is achieved, extra rotor disc lift is produced, and the aircraft will begin to climb. In Robert Mason s book ref Chickenhawk, Robert Mason, published 1983 ref , Chickenhawk book Chickenhawk , Mason describes a situation where an aircraft, loaded with 2500 pounds of high explosives, was above gross weight and should have been unable to achieve flight, was actually coaxed into flight via the Running Take Off . ref Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA H 8083 21, pp 3 5 ref ref Principles of Helicopter Flight, W.J. Wagtendonk, pp 64 65 ref See Also Vortex ring Vortex ring state References Reflist Category Helicopter aerodynamics Aviation stub ... more details
Translational regulation refers to the Regulation of gene expression control of the levels of protein synthesized from its mRNA . The corresponding mechanisms are primarily targeted on the control of ribosome recruitment on the initiation codon , but can also involve modulation of the elongation or termination of protein synthesis . In most cases, translational regulation involves specific RNA secondary structures on the mRNA. ref name doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 99 00210 3 cite journal author Kozak M title Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes journal Gene volume 234 issue 2 pages 187 208 year 1999 pmid 10395892 doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 99 00210 3 ref ref name doi 10.1111 j.1365 2958.2009.06840.x cite journal author Malys N, McCarthy JEG title Translation initiation variations in the mechanism can be anticipated journal Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences year 2010 doi 10.1007 s00018 010 0588 z pmid 21076851 volume 68 issue 6 pages 991 1003 unused data published online ref References reflist MolBioGeneExp Molecular Biology Category Gene expression Category RNA chemistry stub fr R gulation de la traduction ... more details
For the progressive rock metal band Frameshift band Translational frameshifting or ribosomal frameshifting refers to an alternate process of protein translation . A protein is translated from one end of the mRNA to the other, from the 5 to the 3 end. Normally a protein is translated from a template mRNA with consecutive blocks of 3 nucleotides being read as single amino acids. However, certain organisms may exhibit a change or shift in the ribosomes reading frame frame by one or two nucleotides when translating the genetic code . This is deemed translational or ribosomal frameshifting ref L ger M, Dulude D, Steinberg SV, Brakier Gingras L. The three transfer RNAs occupying the A, P and E sites on the ribosome are involved in viral programmed 1 ribosomal frameshift. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 35 16 5581 92. Epub 2007 Aug 17. ref . The process can be programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA and is sometimes affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in viruses especially retroviruses , retrotransposons and bacterial insertion elements, and also in some cellular genes. Process overview Proteins are translated unidirectionally by reading tri nucleotides on the mRNA strand also known as codons . Therefore, a shift of any number of nucleotides that is not divisible by 3 in the reading frame will result in subsequent codons to be read differently ref Ivanov IP, Atkins JF. Ribosomal frameshifting in decoding antizyme mRNAs from yeast and protists to humans close to 300 cases reveal remarkable diversity despite underlying conservation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 35 6 1842 58. Epub 2007 Mar 1. Review. ref . This effectively changes the ribosomal .... When referring to translational frameshifting, the latter is always inferred, the former being ... Database of recoded genes, including those that require programmed Translational frameshift. Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Translational Frameshift Category Genetics Category Cis regulatory ... more details
Efficiency expert may refer to Ergonomics expert Business efficiency expert see also, Layoffs The Efficiency Expert novel The Efficiency Expert , a 1921 novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs See also Spotswood film Spotswood film , US title The Efficiency Expert , Australian comedy film released in 1992 disambig ... more details
Energy efficiency may refer to Efficient energy use , sometimes simply called energy efficiency. Energy conversion efficiency , the ratio between the output and input of an energy conversion machine. Energy conservation , efforts made to reduce energy consumption. Disambig ... more details
wiktionary efficiencyEfficiency is the extent to which time or effort is well used for the intended task or purpose. Efficiency may also refer to Efficiency apartment or Studio apartment, a one room apartment A measure of goodness for a Efficient estimator statistical estimator . See also Efficient disambiguation Effectiveness Inefficiency Efficacy disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 merge Economic efficiency date March 2010 Dynamic efficiency is a term in economics , which refers to an economy that appropriately balances short run concerns static efficiency with concerns in the long run focusing on encouraging research and development . ref Joseph E Stiglitz and Carl E Walsh, Economics London, WW Norton, 4th Ed, 2006 Glossary A 3 ref Through dynamic efficiency, such an economy is able to further improve efficiency over time. Investments in education , research and innovation are important in this process. Dynamic efficiency also refers to the ability to adapt quickly and at low cost to changed economic conditions and thereby maintain output and productivity performance despite economic shocks . Dynamic efficiency is pursued through microeconomic reform and increased competition , which provide incentives for businesses to innovate and adapt. Dynamic efficiency in growth model The Solow model and the Ramsey Cass Koopmans model do not have dynamic efficiency problems, but the Diamond Growth model is dynamically inefficient because of the overlapping generation setup there is an allocation point which is better than the competitive equilibrium allocation point. See also Creative destruction and Joseph Schumpeter Productive efficiency and Pareto efficiency and Kaldor Hicks efficiency Allocative efficiency X efficiency Prices , profit economics and property rights Economic efficiency Hotelling s rule Notes Reflist Category Welfare economics ... more details
The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant s fuel that is converted into electricity . The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating . This is complicated by the fact that there are two different ways to measure the fuel energy input LCV Lower Calorific Value, which is the same as NCV Net Calorific Value, or, HCV Higher Calorific Value which is the same as GCV, Gross Calorific Value. Depending on which convention is used, a differences of 10 in the apparent efficiency of a gas fired plant can arise, so it is very important to know which convention, HCV or LCV NCV or GCV is being used. See also portal Energy Fuel efficiency Energy conversion efficiency Thermal efficiency Electrical efficiency Mechanical efficiency Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources Power generating equipment efficiency and carbon footprint References Reflist Category Thermodynamics Category Energy economics Category Energy conservation Energy stub ... more details
Exergy efficiency also known as the second law efficiency or rational efficiency computes the efficiency of a process taking the second law of thermodynamics into account. Motivation From the second law ... the thermodynamic efficiency energy efficiency of a system, the figure found gives no indication of how ..., the rational efficiency of a system can reach 100 because the work output is compared to the potential ... than its exergy efficiency. Definition The exergy B balance of a process gives math B in B out B lost B destroyed qquad mbox 1 math with exergy efficiency defined as math eta B frac B out B in 1 frac ... and math dot m fuel math is the mass flow rate of fuel. In the same way the energy efficiency can ... 0 1 mathrm bar math , for all fuels math Delta G 0 T Delta H 0 T math so the exergy efficiency must always be greater than the energy efficiency. Application The destruction of exergy is closely related ... a low energy efficiency. As an example the combustion process inside a power stations gas turbine ... from equations 3 and 4 we can see that the energy efficiency will be correspondingly larger than the energy law efficiency. For example, a typical combined cycle power plant burning methane may have an energy efficiency of 55 , while its exergy efficiency will be 57 . A 100 exergy efficient methane fired power station would correspond to an energy efficiency of 98 . This means that for many of the fuels we use, the maximum efficiency that can be achieved is 90 , however we are restricted to the Carnot efficiency in many situations as a heat engine is being used. Carnot A common misconception is that the exergy efficiency compares a given cycle to a Carnot heat engine . This is incorrect because ... engine. Second law efficiency under maximum power Neither first or second laws of thermodynamics ... transformation is included in the measure of second law efficiency it is known as second law efficiency .... 101 . See also Entropy production Energy Energy conversion efficiency Maximum power principle References ... more details
The slope efficiency is an important property of a laser . It is obtained by plotting the laser output power against the input laser pumping pump power. Above the lasing threshold , the resulting curve is usually close to a straight line. The slope efficiency is the slope of this line. Slope efficiency can similarly be defined in terms of output and input energies instead of powers. This makes it applicable to pulsed lasers. The curve described above is nearly linear above threshold when the optical losses in the laser cavity remain the same for all input powers. Sometimes the curve is nonlinear, typically with lower slope at high input powers. This is characteristic of increased losses, which are often thermal in nature, such as due to lens optics lensing . This is especially common in powerful lasers. Whatever the shape of a slope efficiency curve, it should be possible to extrapolate the line of best fit to find the x intercept intercept with the x axis . In this way the lasing threshold threshold pump power for this particular laser can be found. Determining the laser threshold periodically, via a slope efficiency graph, is particularly useful in helping to determine when a laser requires refurbishment. The optimization of the laser output power for a given pump power usually involves a compromise between high slope efficiency and low threshold pump power. See also Energy conversion efficiency References http www.rp photonics.com slope efficiency.html Slope efficiency in RP Photonics Category Laser science optics stub ... more details
Efficiency factor is a ratio of performance. Data communication In data information transfer communications , the ratio of a the time to transmit a text automatically at a specified modulation rate to b the time actually required to receive the same text at a specified maximum error rate. All of the communication facilities are assumed to be in the normal condition of adjustment and operation. Telegraph communications may have different temporal efficiency factors for the two directions of transmission telecommunications transmission . The practical conditions of measurement should be specified, especially the duration of the measurement. Industrial Engineering The efficiency factor is a performance index, which expresses the relationship between the allowance time and the time taken in the form of percentage. Efficiency factors are used in performance rating and remuneration calculation exercises. The efficiency factor is an index that extremely simple to use and readily comprehensible, the prerequisite being exact time management for maintaining the allowed times. ref Poeschel, Frank Zeitgrad. In Landau, Kurt Ed. Lexikon Arbeitsgestaltung Best Practise im Arbeitsprozess. Stuttgart Genter, 2007. ISBN 978 3 87247 655 5. P. 1322. ref References FS1037C MS188 references Category Telecommunications telecomm stub de Zeitgrad ... more details
See also Efficient energy use Energy conversion efficiency refimprove date October 2008 The efficiency of an entity a machine device , electronic component component , or system in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed a vulgar fraction fractional Expression mathematics expression , typically denoted by the Greek letter small Eta . math mathrm Efficiency frac mathrm Useful power output mathrm Total power input math Efficiency of typical electrical devices Efficiency should not be confused with effectiveness a system .... The term efficiency makes sense only in reference to the wanted effect. A light bulb , for example, might have 2 efficiency at emitting light yet still be 98 efficient at heating a room ... little heat energy is lost during the 2 to 3 minutes a kettle takes to boil water . A premium efficiency electric motor more than 90 see Main Articles Premium efficiency and Copper in energy efficient motors . An electric fire is 100 efficient in terms of converting electrical energy into heat. Efficiency ... transfer maximum power to a load when running at 50 electrical efficiency. This occurs when .... Efficiency of light bulbs details Luminous efficacy Image LampEfficiency.JPG thumb right 280px Diagram of efficiency for various types of lamps Incandescent light bulb about 2 . Compact fluorescent lamp about 7 9 . White light emitting diode LED about 4 18 . Discussion High efficiency is useful ... weighing the cost of the required power supply against the cost of attaining greater efficiency ... theorem Maximum Power Theorem Thermal efficiency Mechanical efficiency Performance per watt References ... efficiency in percent of passive loudspeakers to sensitivity in dB per watt and meter http www.iea 4e.org 4E International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement to promote energy efficiency and standards for electrical products worldwide DEFAULTSORT Electrical Efficiency Category Electrical engineering ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The counting efficiency is the ratio between the number of Elementary particle particle s or photons counted with a Geiger counter radiation counter and the number of particles or photons of the same type and energy emitted by the radiation source IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition, 1997 . Counting efficiency varies for different isotopes, sample compositions and scintillation counters. Poor counting efficiency can be caused by an extremely low energy to light conversion rate, scintillation efficiency which, even optimally, will be a small value. It has been calculated that only some 4 of the energy from a emission event is converted to light by even the most efficient scintillation cocktails. ref name test http nationaldiagnostics.com article info.php articles id 119 , additional text. ref references http nationaldiagnostics.com article info.php articles id 119 DEFAULTSORT Counting Efficiency Category Experimental particle physics ... more details
Image BuildingSite.jpg thumb left 250px Building construction can be a materially consumptive endeavor. Material efficiency is a description or Metric mathematics metric which expresses the degree in which usage of raw materials, construction projects or physical processes are used or carried out in a manner which consumes, incorporates, or wastes less of a given material compared to previous measures. ref http www.akzonobel.com sustainability planet material efficiency Material Efficiency from http www.akzonobel.com Akzonobel . Retrieved April 2009. ref Making a usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material efficiency of the manufacturing process. The term Material efficiency can also signify the degree in which a material can handle a particular load, strain or weight upon it. See also Portal box Sustainable Development Energy Conservation ethic Conservation movement Ecological deficit Environmental protection Global hectare References Reflist Sustainability stub Category Sustainability ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 Mechanical efficiency measures the effectiveness of a machine mechanical machine in transforming the energy and power that is input to the device into an output force and movement. Efficiency is measured as a ratio of the measured performance to the performance of an ideal machine , math text Efficiency frac text Measured Performance text Ideal Performance . math Because the power transmission mechanics transmission system or mechanism engineering mechanism does not generate power, its ideal performance occurs when the output power equals the input power, that is when there are no losses. Real devices dissipate power through friction, part deformation and wear. The ideal transmission mechanics transmission or mechanism engineering mechanism has an efficiency of 100 , because there is no power loss. Real devices will have efficiencies less than 100 because rigid and frictionless systems do not exist. The power losses in a transmission or mechanism are eventually dissipated as thermal energy heat . I do not think it makes sense to talk about perpetual motion machines here. Creating a perpetual motion machine of the third kind would require 100 percent mechanical efficiency. By recycling the work output back to the work input, a perpetual motion machine could maintain its movement forever. In controlled environments, low friction mechanisms can come close to the ideal efficiency. However, to maintain a perfectly ideal mechanism, the temperature output must be the absolute zero , which is impossible to reach due to the third law of thermodynamics . Therefore, perfect mechanical efficiency can never be achieved. See also Mechanical advantage Thermal efficiency Electrical efficiency Internal combustion engine Electric motor Category Mechanical engineering Category Machines Category Kinematics Category Mechanisms classicalmechanics stub ar he sk Mechanick innos it Rendimento meccanico ... more details
Transformation efficiency is the efficiency by which cells can take up extracellular DNA and express ... efficiency Transformation effiency should be determined under conditions of cell excess. ref name hanahan review pmid 1943786 ref The standard plasmids used for determination of transformation efficiency ... for transformation, more DNA may be necessary for low efficiency transformation. After transformation ... , but further dilution may be used for high efficiency transformation. Transformation efficiency is measured in transformants or colony forming unit cfu per g DNA used. A transformation efficiency of 1x10 ... used being transformed. In E. coli , the theoretical limit of transformation efficiency ... for large plasmids. Factors affecting transformation efficiency A number of factors may affect the transformation efficiency ref name hanahan review Plasmid size A study done in E. coli found that transformation efficiency declines linearly with increasing plasmid size. Individual cells are capable ... efficiency than relaxed plasmids which are transformed at around 75 efficiency of supercoiled ones. ref name hanahan Linear and single stranded DNA however have much lower transformation efficiency. Single stranded DNAs are transformed at 10 sup 4 sup lower efficiency than double stranded ones. Genotype of cells Cloning strains may contain mutations that improve the transformation efficiency of the cells ... efficiency of similar strains without. For linear DNA, which is poorly transformed in E. coli , recBC or recD mutation can significant improve the efficiency of its transformation. Growth ... shock, and various additives, all can affect the transformation efficiency of the cells. The presence of contaminants as well as ligase in a ligation mixture can reduce the transformation efficiency ... of compentent cells can yield transformation efficiency ranging from 10 sup 6 sup to 10 sup ... yield a transformation efficiency of over 10 sup 9 sup . ref pmid 2265755 ref Electroporation ... more details
Bayesian efficiency addresses an appropriate economic definition of Pareto efficiency where there is incomplete information . ref name implementation Palfrey, Thomas R. Srivastava, Sanjay Postlewaite, A. 1993 http books.google.com books?id lZTls JJSxgC&pg PA14&dq there is no other Bayesian incentive compatible allocation rule that is&sig ZXeayrAFXGaZM4iwZGwRrgA qow PPA13,M1 Bayesian Implementation. Pg. 13 14. ISBN 3718653141 ref Under Pareto efficiency, an allocation of a resource is Pareto efficient if there is no other allocation of that resource that makes no one worse off while making some agents strictly better off. ref name implementation A limitation with the concept of Pareto efficiency is that it assumes that knowledge about other market participants is available to all participants in that every player knows the payoffs and strategies available to other players so as to have incomplete information. ref name implementation Often, the players have types that are hidden from the other player. ref name implementation The lack of complete information raises a question of when the efficiency calculation should be made. ref name implementation Should the efficiency check be made at the ex ante stage before the agent sees their types, at the interim stage after the agent sees their types, or at the ex post stage where the agent will have complete information about their types? Another issue is incentive. ref name implementation If a resource allocation rule is efficient but there is no incentive to abide by that rule or accept that rule, then the revelation principle asserts that there is no mechanism by which this allocation rule can be realized. ref name implementation Bayesian efficiency overcomes problems of the Pareto efficiency by accounting for incomplete information, by addressing the timing of the evaluation ex ante efficient, interim efficient, or post ante ... References reflist game theory Category Economic efficiency Category Game theory Category Law and economics ... more details
Spectral efficiency , spectrum efficiency or bandwidth efficiency refers to the information rate that can ... efficiency The link spectral efficiency of a digital communication system is measured in bit second ... books?id thfj9S8cbdoC&pg RA1 PA219&dq 22spectral efficiency 22 bit s Hz&lr &as brr 3&ei ZHSuR4XrIo6IswPtrIH ... or a data link . Alternatively, the spectral efficiency may be measured in bit symbol , which is equivalent ... modulation rate or line code pulse rate. Link spectral efficiency is typically used to analyse the efficiency ... data bit FEC overhead is always excluded. The modulation efficiency in bit s is the gross bitrate including ... one kilohertz of bandwidth to transmit 1,000 bits per second has a modulation efficiency of 1 bit s Hz ... of 3,400 300 3,100 hertz. The spectral efficiency or modulation efficiency is 56,000 3,100 18.1 ... modulation efficiency is given by the Nyquist rate or Hartley s law as follows For a signaling ... efficiency measured in bit symbol or bpcu . In the case of baseband transmission line coding or pulse ... can not exceed 2 B symbols s in view to avoid intersymbol interference . Thus, the spectral efficiency ... s, and in that the modulation efficiency can not exceed N bit s Hz. If digital single sideband modulation ... bandwidth W , resulting in a maximum symbol rate of 2 W and an attainable modulation efficiency ... 4 bit symbol or bpcu. Since QAM is a form of double sideband passband transmission, the spectral efficiency ... as nearly single side band, the modulation efficiency is close to 2 N 6 bit s Hz. In practice ... in a modulation efficiency of 32 6 5.3 bit s Hz. Example 5 The downlink of a V.92 modem uses a pulse ... signal before passband filtering can be considered as baseband transmission, the spectral efficiency ..., a higher spectral efficiency is achieved if we consider the smaller passband bandwidth. If a forward error correction code is used, the spectral efficiency is reduced from the uncoded modulation efficiency ... that the encoder input bit rate is one half the encoder output rate, the spectral efficiency is 50 ... more details
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