Transposon mutagenesis , or transposition mutagenesis , is a biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism s chromosome , interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation . ref http ec.europa.eu research biotech biotech2 vol3 2 2 03 sub en.html Feeding hungry mouths European Commission ref History Transposon mutagenesis was first studied by Barbara McClintock in the mid 20th century during her Nobel Prize winning work with maize corn . ref http www.weedtowonder.org experiments transposon.html Detecting a transposon in corn Weed to Wonder ref ref name Introduction http webcache.googleusercontent.com search?q cache 3ajtlfnRJNcJ www.greenomes.org pdf clf intro.pdf 22Transposon mutagenesis 22 McClintock corn&cd 5&hl en&ct clnk&gl us Detecting a Transposon Tag in Arabidopsis Greenomes ref Dynamics In the case of bacteria , transposition mutagenesis is usually accomplished by way of a plasmid from which a transposon is extracted and inserted into the host chromosome. This usually requires a set of enzymes including transposase to be translated. ref name Introduction ref See also Transposons as a genetic tool References refs External links http www.gmo safety.eu basic info 300.jumping genes phenomenon tool.html GMO Safety Jumping genes from phenomenon to tool http goliath.ecnext.com coms2 gi 0199 3433673 Transposon Mutagenisis Brief Article.html Transposon Mutagenisis Food Ingredient News http jama.ama assn.org cgi content summary 261 13 1981 a Pathogenesis and Immunity in Pertussis JAMA http www.springerlink.com content kv133u7g02242463 Transposon mutagenesis of nuclear photosynthetic genes in Zea mays SpringerLink Category Molecular biology Category Mobile genetic elements Category Mutagenesis genetics stub biology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A composite transposon is similar in function to simple transposon s and Insertion sequence Insertion Sequence IS elements in that it has protein coding DNA segments flanked by inverted, repeated sequences that can be recognized by transposase enzymes. A composite transposon , however, is flanked by two separate IS elements which may or may not be exact replicas. Instead of each IS element moving separately, the entire length of DNA spanning from one IS element to the other is transposed as one complete unit. Composite transposons will also often carry one or more genes conferring antibiotic resistance. See also Tn10 Retrotransposon Composite SINE Transposons Composite SINE transposons in the Bovine genome Category Mobile genetic elements genetics stub ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE transposon tagging orphan date March 2011 The term transposon tagging refers to a process in genetic engineering where transposon s transposable elements are amplified inside a biological cell by a tagging techique. Transposon tagging has been used with several species to isolate gene s. ref name Ara cite web first Paaras V. last Shah year 2007 title Transposable Elements url http arabidopsis.info students paaras transposable elements.htm Self published inline date March 2011 ref Even without knowing the nature of the specific genes, the process can still be used. ref name Ara Transposon tagging in plants By molecular separation of transposon s, from a cell nucleus, the cloning is enabled for genes which contain the transposons. ref name NDSU cite web title Transposon Tagging first Phillip last McClean year 1998 url http www.ndsu.edu pubweb mcclean plsc731 transposon tag4.htm Self published inline date March 2011 ref By using transposon tagging, researchers been able to add genetic elements from maize corn ref name pmid12021846 cite journal last1 Brutnell first1 Thomas title Transposon tagging in maize journal Functional & Integrative Genomics volume 2 issue 1 2 pages 4 12 year 2002 pmid 12021846 doi 10.1007 s10142 001 0044 0 ref and Antirrhinum into some other species such as tobacco , ref name pmid7753780 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.92.10.4175 last1 Dinesh Kumar first1 S. P. last2 Whitham first2 S. last3 Choi first3 D. last4 Hehl first4 R. last5 Corr first5 C. last6 Baker first6 B. title Transposon Tagging of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Resistance Gene N Its Possible Role in the TMV N Mediated Signal Transduction Pathway journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America volume 92 issue 10 pages 4175 4180 year 1995 pmid 7753780 pmc 41906 jstor 2367289 ref aspen ref name pmid15095129 cite journal unused data doi 10.1073 pnas.92.10.4175 ... S title T DNA and Transposon Tagging in Aspen journal Plant Biology volume 6 issue 1 pages 5 11 year ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A simple transposon is an insertion sequence IS element that contains multiple protein coding genes instead of just those needed for transposition in IS elements between the short, inverted, repeated sequences that flank its gene coding region. Category Mobile genetic elements genetics stub ... more details
The Tn3 transposon is a 4957 base pair Transposon mobile genetic element , found in prokaryote prokaryotes . It encodes three proteins lactamase , an enzyme that confers resistance to lactam antibiotics and is encoded by the gene Bla . Tn3 transposase encoded by gene tnpA Tn3 resolvase encoded by gene tnpR Initially discovered as a repressor of transposase, resolvase also plays a role in facilitating Tn3 replication Sherratt 1989 . The transposon is flanked by a pair of 38bp inverted repeats. Mechanism of replication File Replicative integration in Tn3 transposon.png thumb Replicative integration. Blue arrow Transposon, Green triangle Endonuclease recognition site Step 1 Replicative Integration This first stage is catalysed by transposase. The plasmid containing the transposon the donor plasmid fuses with a host plasmid the target plasmid . In the process, the transposon and a short section of host DNA are replicated. The end product is a cointegrate plasmid containing two copies of the transposon. Shapiro 1978 ref cite journal last Shapiro first James title Molecular model for the transposition and replication of bacteriophage Mu and other transposable elements journal PNAS year 1979 month April volume 76 issue 4 pages 1933 1937 url http www.pnas.org content 76 4 1933.full.pdf ref proposed the following mechanism for this process Four single strand cleavages occur one on each strand of the donor plasmid and one on each strand of the target plasmid. The donor and target plasmids are ligated together, but there are two single stranded regions, due to the positioning of the original ... strand as a template. It is in this stage that the transposon is replicated. File Tn3 transposon ... and new copy of transposon at a specific site called res , which is present in each copy of the transposon ... a copy of the Tn3 transposon. After resolution these two molecules remain linked as a simple ... Reed RR, Grindley ND title Transposon mediated site specific recombination in vitro DNA cleavage and protein ... more details
coi date May 2011 The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is a synthetic DNA transposon that was constructed .... Mechanism of Action The Sleeping Beauty transposon system is composed of a Sleeping Beauty SB transposase and a transposon that was designed in 1997 to insert specific sequences of DNA into genomes of vertebrate ..., SB transposase inserts a transposon into a TA dinucleotide base pair in a recipient DNA sequence ... in the process of transposon integration. This duplication of the TA sequence is a hallmark of transposition ... either within the transposon e.g., the putative transposon shown in Fig. 2 or the transposase can be supplied by another source, in which case the transposon becomes a non autonomous element. Non ... genes, the genes are non functional and unable to generate a transposase that can mobilize the transposon ... transposon from fish, and its transposition in human cells journal Cell volume 91 issue 4 pages 501 510 year 1997 month November pmid 9390559 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 00 80436 5 ref The SB transposon ... Doak TG, Doerder FP, Jahn CL, Herrick G title A proposed superfamily of transposase genes transposon ... occurrence of the Tc1 transposon family Tc1 like transposons from teleost fish journal Mol. Gen ... of SB transposase was based on the concept that there was a primordial Tc1 like transposon ... that looked like Tc 1 transposons in all the fish genomes studied, the transposon sequences were all ... that accumulated in the different transposons, a putative ancestral transposon Fig. 2 was predicted ... portions of two inactive transposon sequences from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and one inactive transposon sequence from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and then repairing small deficits in the functional ... since its construction by increasing the consensus with a greater number of extinct transposon sequences ... into genomes of human cells by the sleeping beauty transposon system journal Mol. Ther. volume 8 issue ... sleeping beauty transposon vectors by mutational analysis journal Mol. Ther. volume 9 issue 2 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Expert subject Biology date November 2008 Tn 10 is a transposable element , which is a sequence of DNA that is capable of mediating its own movement through the DNA of host organisms. This fragment of DNA can move from position to position on the chromosome or plasmid by cut and paste transposition also known as non replicative transposition . The Tn10 transposon is often used in genetics to transfer and select for genes of interest from one organism into the chromosome of another. Being a composite transposon , it is flanked by insertion sequences . In Tn 9 the insertion sequences are oriented in the same direction as each other, but in Tn 5 and Tn 10 the insertion sequences are symmetrical . Between the Tn 10 insertion sequences, there are a number of genes, including one conferring resistance to the antibiotic , tetracycline . This phenotype makes tn10 convenient as a genetic tool. A gene of interest is inserted into the transposon and the transposon is then transferred to new host cells. The gene of interest is then selected for by exposing these cells to tetracycline, thus eliminating any cells that did not successfully take up the transposon. Category Mobile genetic elements Genetics stub ru Tn10 ... more details
Ty2 may refer to PKP class Ty2 , a German made steam locomotive which was used by Polish State Railways Ty2 retrotransposon , a Saccharomyces cerevisiae transposon family. Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2 Bush Rescue , a video game See also Ty21a Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 infobox biodatabase title TranspoGene and microTranspoGene logo File Database.png description Transposon transposed elements influence on the transcriptome scope organism center laboratory author Asaf Levy pmid Levy & al. 2008 ref name pmid17986453 released 2007 standard format url http transpogene.tau.ac.il download http transpogene.tau.ac.il download.html download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version TranspoGene is a database of Transposon transposed elements located inside Translation biology protein coding genes of seven species. ref name pmid17986453 cite journal quotes yes last Levy first Asaf authorlink coauthors Sela Noa, Ast Gil year 2008 month Jan title TranspoGene and microTranspoGene transposed elements influence on the transcriptome of seven vertebrates and invertebrates journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 36 issue Database issue pages D47 52 publisher location England issn pmid 17986453 doi 10.1093 nar gkm949 bibcode oclc id url pmc 2238949 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref See also Transposon References references External links http transpogene.tau.ac.il Category Biological databases Category Mobile genetic elements Biodatabase stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Signature tagged mutagenesis STM is a Genetics genetic technique used to study gene function. Recent advances in genome sequencing have allowed us to catalogue a large variety of organisms genomes, but the function of the genes they contain is still largely unknown. Using STM, a scientist may infer what function the product of a particular gene has by disabling it and observing the effect on the organism. The original and most common use of STM is to discover which genes in a pathogen are involved in virulence in its host, so that better medical treatments can be designed. Basic Premise The gene in question is inactivated by insertional mutation a transposon is used which inserts itself into the gene sequence. When that gene is transcribed and translated into a protein, the insertion of the transposon affects the protein structure and in theory prevents it from functioning. In STM, mutants are created by random transposon insertion and each transposon contains a different tag sequence that uniquely identifies it. If an insertional mutant bacterium exhibits a phenotype of interest, such as susceptibility to an antibiotic it was previously resistant to, then the scientist will sequence its genome and run a search on a computer for any of the tags used in the experiment. When a tag is located, the gene that it disrupts is also thus located It will reside somewhere between a start and stop codon which mark the boundaries of the gene . Scientists may use STM to discover which genes are critical to a pathogen s virulence by injecting a pool of different random mutants into an animal model such as a mouse and observing which of the mutants survive and proliferate in the host. Those mutant pathogens that didn t survive in the host must have had an inactivated gene that was needed for virulence. This is hence an example of a negative selection method. References Henri L Saenz and Christoph Dehio , 2005 , Signature tagged mutagenesis technical advanc ... more details
Transposase is an enzyme that binds to the ends of a transposon and catalyzes the movement of the transposon to another part of the genome by a cut and paste mechanism or a replicative transposition mechanism ... of the Tn3 transposon. ref Cell. 1979 Dec 18 4 1153 63. ref The existence of transposons ... 12 Page1.htm ref The transposon codes for antibiotic resistance to kanamycin and other aminoglycoside ... of a transposon often needs only three pieces the transposon, the transposase enzyme, and the target DNA for the insertion of the transposon. ref name MM This is the case with Tn5, which uses a cut and paste ... a DDE motif, which is the active site that catalyzes the movement of the transposon. Aspartate 97 ... the movement of the transposon. ref name BC The glutamate is transformed into an aspartate and the two ... right thumb There are several steps which catalyze the movement of the transposon, including Tnp .... Transposase then binds to the DNA strand and creates a clamp over the transposon end of the DNA and inserts into the active site. Once the transposase binds to the transposon, it produces a synaptic complex in which two transposases are bound in a cis trans relationship with the transposon. ref ... a hairpin formation, which separates the transposon from the donor DNA. ref name MM Next, the transposase moves the transposon to a suitable location. Not much is known about the target capture ..., the transposase attacks the target DNA nine base pairs apart, resulting in the integration of the transposon ... SB transpose is the recombinase that drives the Sleeping Beauty transposon system . ref Ivics, Z ... like transposon from fish and its transposition in human cells. Cell 91 501 510. ref SB transposase ... Ivics, Z., Izsvak, Z. 2005 A whole lotta jumpin goin on new transposon tools for vertebrate functional ... 2011 . The Sleeping Beauty transposon system A non viral vector for gene therapy. Hum. Mol. Genet ... The recently engineered SB100X is an especially powerful enzyme that directs the highest levels of transposon ... more details
Triparental mating is a form of Bacterial conjugation where a conjugative plasmid present in one bacterial strain assists the transfer of a mobilizable plasmid present in a second bacterial strain into a third bacterial strain. Plasmid s are introduced into bacteria for such purposes as transformation genetics transformation , cloning , or transposon mutagenesis. Triparental matings can help overcome some of the barriers to efficient plasmid mobilization. For instance, if the conjugative plasmid and the mobilizable plasmid are members of the same incompatibility group they do not need to stably coexist in the second bacterial strain for the mobilizable plasmid to be transferred. Process Requirements A helper strain , Carrying a conjugative plasmid such as the F plasmid that codes for genes required for Bacterial conjugation conjugation and DNA transfer. A donor strain , Carrying a mobilizable plasmid that can utilize the transfer functions of the conjugative plasmid. A recipient strain , you wish to introduce the mobilizable plasmid into. Five to seven days are required to determine if the plasmid was successfully introduced into the new bacterial strain and confirm that there is no carryover of the helper or donor strain. In contrast, Electroporation does not require a helper or donor strain. This helps avoid possible contamination with other strains. The introduction of the plasmid can be verified in the recipient strain in two days, making electroporation a faster and more efficient method of transformation. See also Bacterial conjugation plasmid transposon Applications transposon applications bacteriophage External links http www.mun.ca biochem courses 4103 topics plasmids.html Basic plasmid information http www.cmdr.ubc.ca bobh methods TRIPARENTALMATING1.html Protocol for P. aeruginosa References Unreferenced date January 2007 Category Molecular biology pt Conjuga o triparental ... more details
merge to Haemolysin date June 2011 haemolysin A HlyA is an exotoxin belonging to the Gram negative bacterial RTX toxin family found in Escherichia coli . It is an important virulence factor for extra intestinal infection and can be associated with increased severity of infection. Synthesis and export of HlyA is directed by a 4 gene operon hly , shown by classical transposon mutagenesis and then complementation. 2 genes are needed for synthesis and 2 for secretion, confirmed by DNA sequencing and protein expression. An outer membrane protein TolC encoded elsewhere is also required for secretion. HlyA is unrelated to haemolysin E . References reflist Category Bacterial toxins ... more details
cancer. In this case a transposon, e.g. Sleeping Beauty transposon system Sleeping Beauty , is designed to interrupt a gene in such a way that it causes maximal genetic havoc. Specifically, the transposon ... tagged mutagenesis Site directed mutagenesis Transposon mutagenesis References reflist External ... more details
S, Tosaka K, Takahashi R, Ueda M, Keng VW, Horie K, Takeda J Transposon tagged mutagenesis in the rat ... Image PB lifecycle2.jpg thumb right 400px em piggyBac em transposon technology em piggyBac em PB ... , encoded by the transposon itself, excises and re integrates the transposon at other sites within the genome. PB transposase specifically recognizes PB inverted terminal repeats ITRs that flank the transposon it binds to these sequences and catalyzes excision of the transposon. PB then integrates ... is supplied in trans on one plasmid and is co transfected with a plasmid containing donor transposon, a recombinant transposon comprising a gene trap flanked by the binding sites for the transposase ITRs . The transposase will catalyze the excision of the transposon from the plasmid and subsequent ... PB transposon in mammalian cells and mice. Cell, 2005. 122 3 p. 473 83. ref Sleeping beauty SB transposons Image Sleeping Beauty transposon.jpg thumb right 400px Sleeping Beauty transposon technology The sleeping beauty SB transposon is a derivative of the Tc1 mariner superfamily of DNA ... from this family are completely inactive in vertebrate genomes. An active Tc1 mariner transposon ... to form the transposon named Sleeping Beauty. ref Ivics, Z., et al., Molecular reconstruction of Sleeping Beauty, a Tc1 like transposon from fish, and its transposition in human cells. Cell, 1997 ... whereby a transposase enzyme, encoded by the transposon itself, excises and re integrates the transposon ... repeats ITRs that flank the transposon it binds to these sequences and catalyzes excision of the transposon ... of transposon integration in mammals. Mol Cell Biol, 2005. 25 6 p. 2085 94. ref There is also a simple .... Trends Genet, 1999. 15 8 p. 326 32. ref The SB transposon is a powerful tool for insertional ... as a result of transposon mobilization from chromosomal concatemers. PLoS Genet, 2006. 2 9 ... al., Region specific saturation germline mutagenesis in mice using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system ... more details
Image Composite transposon.svg thumb right 400px A bacterial DNA transposon A transposable element TE ... ends , cuts out the DNA transposon and ligates it into the target site. A DNA polymerase fills ... and paste mechanism. In some cases a replicative transposition is observed in which transposon replicates ... Ivics Z., Izsvak Z. year 2005 title A whole lotta jumpin goin on new transposon tools for vertebrate ... sequence s. The most common form of transposon in human s is the Alu sequence . It is approximately ... humans. The Mariner transposon was first discovered by Jacobson and Hartl in Drosophila . ref Jacobson ... of the Mariner transposon have inspired the science fiction novel titled, The Mariner ... For better or worse, in sickness and in health ref a transposon or a retroposon that inserts itself into a functional gene will most likely disable that gene after a DNA transposon leaves a gene ... transposons are inactive. As a result the first DNA transposon used as a tool for genetic purposes, the Sleeping Beauty transposon system , was a Tc1 mariner like transposon that was resurrected from .... year 1997 title Molecular reconstruction of Sleeping Beauty , a Tc1 like transposon from fish, and its ... transposon restores gene function. This produces plants in which neighboring cells have different ... of most experimentally tractable organisms. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system has been used extensively ... class of TEs Sleeping Beauty transposon system , awarded as the Molecule of the Year 2009 ref cite ... AL title PiggyBac transposon mediated gene transfer in human cells journal Mol. Ther. volume ... journal author Hackett P.B., Largaespada D.A., Cooper L.J.N. year 2010 title A transposon and transposase ... cgi content full 2009 8 pdb.prot5270 Use of the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System for Stable Gene ... biology Category Mobile genetic elements ar bg ca Transpos cs Transpozon da Transposon de Transposon et Transponeeruvad elemendid es Transpos n fr l ment transposable gl Transpos n ... more details
Image Bacterial mobile elements.svg thumb 400px right Mobile genetic elements in the Cell left and in what ways they can be acquired right . Mobile genetic elements MGE are a type of DNA that can move around within the genome . They include Transposon s also called transposable elements Retrotransposons Transposon Class II DNA transposons DNA transposons Insertion sequences Plasmids Bacteriophage elements, like Mu phage Mu , which integrates randomly into the genome Group II intron s The total of all mobile genetic elements in a genome may be referred to as the mobilome . Barbara McClintock was awarded the List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1983 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her discovery of mobile genetic elements . ref name nobel med 1983 cite web title The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983 url http nobelprize.org nobel prizes medicine laureates 1983 publisher nobelprize.org accessdate 14 July 2010 ref See also Horizontal gene transfer Classification of mobile genetic elements References citation editor1 last Miller editor1 first W. J. editor2 last Capy editor2 first P. year 2004 title Mobile genetic elements protocols and genomic applications publisher Humana Press isbn 1 58829 007 7 . citation editor last Shapiro editor first J.A. editor link James A. Shapiro year 1983 title Mobile genetic elements publisher Academic Press isbn 0 12 638680 3 . reflist Genetic recombination Category Genetics Category Mobile genetic elements ar ca Element m bil gen tic gl Elemento m bil it Elementi trasponibili ru simple Mobile genetic elements uk ... more details
Retroposons are repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosome s after they had been reverse transcription reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule. In contrast to retrotransposon s, they never encode Reverse Transcriptase RT . Therefore, they are non autonomous elements with regard to transposition genetics transposition activity. compare Transposon s Non Long terminal repeat LTR retrotransposons such as the human L1 elements are sometimes falsely referred to as retroposons. Retroposition accounts for approximately 10,000 gene duplication events in the human genome, of which approximately 10 are functional. Such genes are called retrogene s and represent a certain type of retroposons. A classical event is the retroposition of a spliced pre mRNA molecule of the c src gene into the proviral ancestor of the Rous Sarcoma Virus RSV . The retroposed c src pre mRNA still contained a single intron and within RSV is now referred to as v src gene. References Emerson JJ, Kaessmann H, Betran E, Long M 2004 Extensive gene traffic on the mammalian X chromosome. Science 303 537 540 Category Mobile genetic elements genetics stub de Retroposon uk ... more details
Cleanup date February 2009 In the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, Genome Survey Sequences GSS are primary structure nucleotide sequences similar to expressed sequence tag EST s, with the exception that most of them are Genome genomic in origin, rather than mRNA . The name comes from the homonym National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI GenBank division, which contains but is not limited to the following types of data random single pass read genome survey sequences cosmid BAC YAC end sequences exon trapped genomic sequences Alu Polymerase chain reaction PCR sequences transposon tagged sequences Genome Survey Sequences are typically generated and submitted to NCBI by labs performing genome sequencing and are used, amongst other things, as a framework for the mapping and sequencing of genome size pieces included in the standard GenBank divisions. References http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov dbGSS The Genome Survey Sequences Database homepage ftp ftp.ncbi.nih.gov genbank release.notes gb96.release.notes GenBank Flat File 96.0 Release Notes Category Bioinformatics ... more details
Space Invaders is an arcade video game designed by Tomohiro Nishikado in 1978. Space Invaders may also refer to Spaced Invaders , a 1990 science fiction comedy by Patrick Read Johnson Prize Space Invaders , a skill with prizes machine released in 1990 by BWB Space Invaders Extreme , a 2008 remake of the original arcade game for the Nintendo DS Space Invaders Get Even , a 2008 spin off of the original arcade game for the Wii Space Raiders video game Space Invaders Invasion Day , a 2003 video game developed by Taito Space Invaders , a three episode story arc in the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series SPACE INVADERS biology a set of DNA transposon families described by Pace et al in 2008. Space Invaders , a song by scandinavian Eurodance group Hit n Hide See also Invaders from Space , a 1964 film The Invaders disambiguation Alien invasion disambiguation disambig da Space invaders ... more details
A helitron is a transposon found in eukaryotes that is thought to replicate by a rolling circle mechanism. This category of transposons was discovered by Vladimir Kapitonov and Jerzy Jurka in 2001. References cite journal last Kapitonov first V. V. authorlink coauthors Jurka, J. year 2001 month title Rolling circle transposons in eukaryotes journal Heredity journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. volume 98 issue 15 pages 8714 8719 doi 10.1073 pnas.151269298 url accessdate pmc 37501 quote pmid 11447285 cite pmid 17850916 cite journal last Lal first S. K. authorlink coauthors Hannah, L. C. year 2005 month title Plant genomes Massive changes of the maize genome are caused by Helitrons journal Heredity journal Heredity volume 95 issue 6 pages 421 422 doi 10.1038 sj.hdy.6800764 url accessdate quote pmid 16222326 cite doi 10.1073 pnas.0910273106 references Category Molecular biology Category Mobile genetic elements ... more details
Taxobox color violet name Mavirus virophage virus group i ordo familia subfamilia genus type species subdivision ranks Species subdivision Mavirus virophage Mavirus virophage is a double stranded DNA virus that infects the marine phagotropic flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis in the presence of a second virus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus . ref name Fischer2011 Fischer MG, Matthias G. and Curtis A. Suttle 2011 A virophage at the origin of large DNA transposons. Science 332 6026 231 234 ref The name is derived from Maverick virus. The virophage was discovered by Fischer while he was working on Cafeteria roenbergensis virus as part of his PhD. Virology The genome is 19,063 bases in length and encodes 20 predicted coding sequences. Seven have homology to the Maverick transposons Maverick Polinton family of transposon s. The genome encodes a retroviral integrase , an adenosine triphosphatase ATPase , a cysteine protease and a protein primed DNA polymerase B. References reflist Category DNA viruses Category Virophages ... more details
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