Space Invaders is an arcade video game designed by Tomohiro Nishikado in 1978. Space Invaders may also refer to Space Invaders , an instrumental by the English American rock band Pretenders band Pretenders on the 1980 album Pretenders album Pretenders Spaced Invaders , a 1990 science fiction comedy by Patrick Read Johnson Prize Space Invaders , a skill with prizes machine released in 1990 by BWB Space Invaders Extreme , a 2008 remake of the original arcade game for the Nintendo DS Space Invaders Get Even , a 2008 spin off of the original arcade game for the Wii Space Raiders video game Space Invaders Invasion Day , a 2003 video game developed by Taito Space Invaders , a three episode story arc in the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series SPACE INVADERS biology a set of DNA transposon families described by Pace et al in 2008. Space Invaders , a song by scandinavian Eurodance group Hit n Hide See also Invaders from Space , a 1964 film The Invaders disambiguation Alien invasion disambiguation disambig da Space invaders ... more details
For the group of transposon s biology Helitron biology Helitron is a mixed choir operating in Tallinn and originally set up to cater to employees of Tondi Elektroonika . Of the employment related choirs established during Soviet occupation of Estonia , Helitron was one of the most famous ones, and is one of the few ones who have outlived the USSR . A number of people who participated in the Singing Revolution in musical r les have at some point in their life been involved with Helitron, as either a singer in it, or as a conductor or arranger. Repertory The choir has been singing baroque music baroque and religious music and is also known for its chamber music performances. Before dissolution of USSR , it also performed Soviet music . On 1 May 1975, Helitron was the first choir to perform M istatused Estonian language Estonian for Puzzles , an orchestral piece based on Estonian folk songs by Ester M gi . ref http www.emic.ee teosed.php?id 22 Estonian Music Information Centre Ester M gi ref This performance was conducted by Harald Siiak . ref name virumaa http www.virumaa.ee discuss msgReader 2668 www.virumaa.ee 25. aprill ref Conductors In 1964, Harald Siiak became the chief conductor of Helitron. ref name virumaa In 1998&ndash 2004, the chief Conducting conductor of Helitron was Veronika Portsmuth . ref http www.concert.ee index.php?sisu rep&mid 300&lang eng&kat &etendus 338&aid 743 Eesti Kontsert Abrahami j rglased ref References reflist Category Estonian musical groups Estonia stub Europe band stub ... more details
no footnotes date April 2012 Image Inverse PCR.png thumb right 250px Summary of the inverse PCR process. Inverse polymerase chain reaction Inverse PCR is a variant of the polymerase chain reaction that is used to amplify DNA with only one known sequence. One limitation of conventional PCR is that it requires primer molecular biology primers complementary to both Directionality molecular biology termini of the target DNA, but this method allows PCR to be carried out even if only one sequence is available from which primers may be designed. Inverse PCR is especially useful for the determination of Insert molecular biology insert locations. For example, various retrovirus es and transposon s randomly integrate into genomic DNA . To identify the sites where they have entered, the known, internal viral or transposon sequences can be used to design primers that will amplify a small portion of the flanking, external genomic DNA. The amplified product can then be sequenced and BLAST compared with DNA databases to locate the sequence which has been disrupted. The inverse PCR method involves a series of restriction digest s and DNA ligase ligation , resulting in a looped fragment that can be primed for PCR from a single section of known sequence. Then, like other polymerase chain reaction processes, the DNA is amplified by the temperature sensitive DNA polymerase A target region with an internal section of known sequence and unknown flanking regions is identified Genomic DNA is digested into fragments of a few kilobase s by a usually low moderate frequency 6 8 base cutting restriction enzyme . Under low DNA concentrations, self ligation is induced to give a circular DNA product. PCR is carried out as usual, with primers complementary to sections of the known internal sequence. Finally the sequence is compared with the sequence available in the data base. Note although the figure suggests that the circularized ligation product is digested prior to PCR, this is not the case. PC ... more details
and piRNAs in Germ Cell Maintenance and Transposon Silencing in Zebrafish. Cell, 2007. 129 1 p. 69 82 ... siRNA Pathway to Suppress Tc3 Transposon Mobility in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline. Molecular ... ref name Brennecke Brennecke, J., et al., An Epigenetic Role for Maternally Inherited piRNAs in Transposon ..., J., et al., Discrete Small RNA Generating Loci as Master Regulators of Transposon Activity in Drosophila ... involved in the ping pong cycle directs its attacks on transposon transcripts, the ping pong cycle ... are thought to be involved in gene silencing , ref name Molecular specifically the silencing of transposon s. The majority of piRNAs are antisense RNA antisense to transposon sequences, ref name Malone ... in transposon silencing is most important during the development of the embryo , ref name Aravin2 ... been found to be essential for spermatogenesis in mice. piRNAs direct the piwi proteins to their transposon ... small interfering RNA endo siRNA may have comparable and even redundant functionality in transposon ... more details
Not to be confused with the book The Selfish Gene . Selfish DNA refers to those sequences of DNA which, in their purest form, have two distinct properties 1 the DNA sequence spreads by forming additional copies of itself within the genome and 2 it makes no specific contribution to the reproductive success of its host organism . This idea was sketched briefly by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene and was explicitly exposed in two 1980 articles in Nature magazine. According to one of these articles quotation The theory of natural selection, in its more general formulation, deals with the competition between replicating entities. It shows that, in such a competition, the more efficient replicators increase in number at the expense of their less efficient competitors. After a sufficient time, only the most efficient replicators survive. L.E. Orgel & F.H.C. Crick Selfish DNA the ultimate parasite The selfish DNA can be considered an efficient replicator that follows another way of increasing in number. Examples Transposon s copy themselves to different locus genetics loci inside the genome. These elements constitute a large fraction of eukaryotic genome size s C value s about 45 of the human genome is composed of transposons and their defunct remnants. Homing endonuclease gene s cleave DNA at its own site on the homologous chromosome , triggering the DNA repair Double strand breaks DNA double stranded break repair system, which repairs the break by copying the HEG onto the homologous chromosome. HEGs have been characterized in yeast , and can only survive by passing between multiple isolated populations or species. Supernumerary B chromosome s are essential chromosomes that are transmitted in higher than expected frequencies, which leads to their accumulation in progenies. See also Intragenomic conflict Gene centered view of evolution References Richard Dawkins Dawkins, R. 1976 The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Doolittle, W.F & Sapienza, C ... more details
TOC right Tn or TN may refer to Organizations Air Tahiti Nui , a French Polynesian airline with the IATA airline designation TN Texas and Northern Railway , an American railway with the reporting mark TN Todo Noticias , an Argentine cable news network Places Tamil Nadu , a state in southern India, whose ISO abbreviation is IN TN Tennessee , a state in the United States, whose postal abbreviation is TN Tonbridge , a region in England with the postcode TN Tunisia , ISO 3166 1 country code .tn , the country code top level domain ccTLD for Tunisia Trentino Province of Trento , a province in Italy, whose ISO abbreviation is IT TN the code for North Tipperary , Ireland Scientific terms Neel Temperature , the temperature at which an antiferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic represented as T sub N sub Trigeminal neuralgia , a neuropathic disorder Transposon when immediately followed by a number , a DNA sequence that can change positions Twisted nematic field effect, the technology that made LCD displays practical Other TN C TN networks TN network , a type of earthing system for protection in electricity network TN status Treaty national , or Trade NAFTA , an immigration status of a Canadian or Mexican citizen working in the USA under the NAFTA agreement Tetraodon , a genus of pufferfish The number trillion disambiguation TN or tn Telescope Nut, a nickname for an Amateur telescope making amateur telescope maker Telephone number Telephone Number , an abbreviation used in the telecommunications industry disambiguation ca TN cs TN de TN et TN es TN eo Tn fa TN fr TN ko TN id TN it TN sw TN lv TN lt TN ja TN no TN pl Tn pt TN ro TN ru TN sl TN fi Tn sv TN vi TN ... more details
Forward genetics is an approach that encompasses several means of identifying the gene or set of genes that are responsible for a particular phenotype within an organism. Initially, this entailed the generation of random mutations in an organism, often through radiation or insertional mutagenesis ex. Sleeping Beauty transposon system Sleeping Beauty , and then through a series of breeding of subsequent generations, isolating individuals with an aberrant phenotype. Today there are many different means of following the general path of altering the genotype to observe the phenotype, several of which within the genomic era can be useful in the study of functional genomics . Forward genetics can be thought of as a counter to reverse genetics , which seeks to alter genes in order to illuminate their multiple phenotypes. Classical forward genetics By the classical genetics approach, a researcher would then locate map the gene on its chromosome by crossbreeding with individuals that carry other unusual traits and collecting statistics on how frequently the two traits are inherited together. Classical geneticists would have used phenotypic traits to map the new mutant alleles. Eventually the hope is that such screens would reach a large enough scale that most or all newly generated mutations would represent a second hit of a locus, essentially saturating the genome with mutations. This type of saturation mutagenesis within classical experiments was used to define sets of genes that were a bare minimum for the appearance of specific phenotypes. ref Greg Gibson and Spencer V. Muse. 2009. A Primer of Genome Science, Third Edition . Sinauer Press. ref However, such initial screens were either incomplete as they were missing redundant loci and epigenetic effects, and such screens were difficult to undertake for certain phenotypes that lack directly measurable phenotypes. Additionally a classical genetics approach takes significantly longer. References Reflist See also Reverse gen ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 Royal Alexander Brink 16 September 1897 2 October 1984 , also known as R. A. Brink , was a Canada Canadian born plant geneticist and plant breeder at the University of Wisconsin Madison . Professional background Brink was instrumental to the beginning of the Wisconsin maize breeding program during the 1920s. He also served as chair of the Department of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin Madison from 1939 through 1951. His scientific achievements include the discovery of paramutation in maize and the study of transposon s. Brink was also very interested in agriculture , creating new varieties of clover and alfalfa during his career. Brink was awarded many honors during his lifetime. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences in 1947. He was also an editor of the Genetics Society of America s journal, Genetics journal Genetics , from 1952 through 1957 and served as president of the society in 1957. Brink is the subject of a posthumous biographical memoir by his fellow geneticists Oliver E. Nelson, Jr., and Ray D. Owen and published by the National Academy of Sciences. ref cite web url http www.nap.edu readingroom books biomems rbrink.html title Royal Alexander Brink, September 16, 1897 October 2, 1984 & 124 By Oliver E. Nelson, Jr., and Ray D. Owen & 124 Biographical Memoirs publisher Nap.edu date 1984 10 02 accessdate 2011 02 09 ref References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Brink, Royal Alexander ALTERNATIVE NAMES Brink, R.A. SHORT DESCRIPTION geneticist DATE OF BIRTH 16 September 1897 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2 October 1984 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Brink, R.A. Category 1897 births Category 1984 deaths Category Geneticists Category University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign alumni Category University of Wisconsin Madison faculty ... more details
Dynamical genetics concerns the study and the interpretation of those phenomena in which physiological Enzyme enzymatic protein complex es alter the DNA , in a more or less sophisticated way. The study of such mechanisms is important firstly since they promote useful functions, as for example the V D J recombination immune system recombination on Ontogeny individual scale and the Chromosomal crossover crossing over on Evolution evolutionary scale secondly since they may sometimes become harmful because of some malfunctioning, causing for example Neurodegenerative disease neurodegenerative disorders . Typical examples of dynamical genetics subjects are The Sherman paradox dynamic mutations , term introduced by Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland ref name pmid9397685 cite journal author Richards RI, Sutherland GR title Dynamic mutation possible mechanisms and significance in human disease journal Trends Biochem. Sci. volume 22 issue 11 pages 432 6 year 1997 pmid 9397685 doi 10.1016 S0968 0004 97 01108 0 ref to indicate mutation s caused by other mutations this phenomenon often involves the Variable number tandem repeats Variable Number Tandem Repeats , closely related to many neurodegenerative disease s, as the trinucleotide repeat disorders interpreted by Anita Harding . dynamic genome, term introduced by Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein to indicate the Transposon transposition discovered by Barbara McClintock . V D J recombination immune V D J recombination discovered by Tonegawa Susumu Susumu Tonegawa and Antibody isotype class switching , terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies. horizontal DNA transfer discovered by Frederick Griffith that indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms. Chromosomal crossover crossing over discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan mediated by formation and unwinding by means of peculiar enzymatic complexes such as helicase of uncommon fou ... more details
Franc Guben ek 31 october 1937 17 August 2010 was a Slovenes Slovene biochemist and academic , notable for his work on toxin s in snake venom . Guben ek s research focused on Neurotoxicity neurotoxic phospholipase s. With his colleagues at the Jo ef Stefan Institute , he was one of the first Slovene scientists to determine Protein primary structure primary structure of those proteins, later focusing on their Receptor biochemistry receptors and developing a hypothesis about the mechanism of their activity. In later years, he studied molecular evolution of snake venom toxins. He co discovered a novel Transposon mobile element of DNA and demonstrated horizontal gene transfer of this element between snakes and Ruminantia ruminants in evolutionary history which attracted significant attention of the scientific community. Apart from his scientific work, Guben ek chaired the biochemistry department at the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana , organized several scientific conferences and served in the editorial boards of the journals Acta Chimica Slovenica and Toxicon . He was elected as a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization as the first scientist from Slovenia, and a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts . References cite web author Anderluh, Gregor title Profesor Franc Guben ek url http www.sbd.si sl novice 8 1 profesor franc gubensek date 2010 08 20 publisher Slovene Biochemical Society language Slovene accessdate 2011 07 25 cite journal author Kri aj, Igor title Obituary of Franc Guben ek, 1937 2010 journal Toxicon volume 57 year 2011 pages 186 188 doi 10.1016 j.toxicon.2010.10.004 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Gubensek, Franc ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1937 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2010 08 17 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Gubensek, Franc Category 1937 births Category 2010 deaths Category Slovenian biologists Category Slovenian chemists Category Slovenian acad ... more details
element transposon in Drosophila Bingham, et al., 1982 . This work revolutionized the retrieval of genes ... genetics. He and his collaborators were the first to propose the use of P element transposon tagging ... Cloning of Sequences from a Drosophila Rna Polymerase Ii Locus by P Element Transposon Tagging url ... Basis of P M Hybrid Dysgenesis the Role of the P Element, a P Strain Specific Transposon Family url ... more details
. Transposon mediated Long interspersed element LINE 1 File L1 retransposition mechanisms for exon ... to a composite transposon. The RC terminator in the new transposon is formed de novo by a terminator ... gene is copied to a novel chimeric transposon. c In the FDNA model, two genes residing in different ... more details
ref name rasirna . Transposon repression is not affected by the loss of Dicer within the germline ... as master regulators of transposon activity in Drosophila. Cell 128, 1089 1103 ref . References reflist ... more details
and the use of transposon mutagenesis to identify non essential regions. Molecular Microbiology ... publication described the use of an in vitro transposon system for inserting DNA randomly into the His2 ... more details
Refimprove date September 2011 Pathogenicity islands PAIs are a distinct class of genomic island s acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer . They are incorporated in the genome of pathogenic organisms, but are usually absent from those nonpathogenic organisms of the same or closely related species. These mobile genetic elements may range from 10 200 Kilo base pair kb and encode gene s which contribute to the virulence of the respective pathogen. Typical examples are adherence factors, toxin s, iron uptake systems, invasion factors and secretion systems. Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic units flanked by direct repeats, insertion sequences or tRNA genes, which act as sites for recombination into the DNA. Cryptic mobility genes may also be present, indicating the provenance as transduction. One species of bacteria may have more than one PAI i.e. Salmonella has at least 5 . They are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid , bacteriophage phage , or conjugative transposon . An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island. Properties Pathogenicity islands PAIs carry genes encoding one or more virulence factors, including, but not limited to, adhesin s, toxins, or invasins. They may be located on a bacterial chromosome or may be transferred within a plasmid . The GC content of pathogenicity islands often differs from that of the rest of the genome ref Hacker J, Kaper JB., Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol . 2000 54 641 79 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 11018140?dopt Abstract ref , potentially aiding in their detection within a given DNA sequence. PAIs are flanked by direct repeats the sequence of bases at two ends of the inserted sequence are the same. They carry functional genes, such as integrase s, transposase s, or part of insertion sequence s, to enable insertion into host DNA. PAIs are often associated with tRNA genes, which target s ... more details
Walter Jakob Gehring born 20 March 1939 in Zurich is Professor at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel , Switzerland . He obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Zurich in 1965 and after two years as a research assistant of Professor Ernst Hadorn he joined Professor Alan Garen s group at Yale University in New Haven as a postdoctoral fellow. In 1969 he was appointed as an associate professor at the Yale Medical School and 1972 he returned to Switzerland to become a professor of developmental biology and genetics at the Biozentrum of the University of Basel. He was Secretary General of the European Molecular Biology Organization , President of the International Society for Developmental Biologists , a Foreign Member of the National Academy of the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany and Sweden. In 1997 he was awarded the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology . In 2000 he received the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science . In 2002 he received the Balzan Prize for Developmental Biology. Walter Gehring has mainly been involved in studies of Drosophila genetics and development, particularly in the analysis of cell determination in the embryo and transdetermination of imaginal disc s. He has made significant contributions to the study of the Heat shock protein heat shock gene s, various transposon s and the homeotic gene s which are involved in the genetic control of development. In 1983 he and his group discovered the homeobox , a DNA segment characteristic for homeotic genes which is not only present in arthropod s and their ancestors, but also in vertebrate s including man. He has been involved in the development and application of Enhancer genetics enhancer trapping methods. He and his collaborators have identified PAX6 as a master control gene for eye development, which led to a new theory about the monophyletic origin of the eyes in evolution. Further reading Niklaus Walter From Transdetermination to the Homeodomain at Atomic Resolution An interview with Walter ... more details
Italics title Taxobox name Rhodnius prolixus image Rhodnius prolixus.jpg image width 240px regnum Animalia phylum Arthropoda classis Insecta ordo Hemiptera familia Reduviidae subfamilia Triatominae genus Rhodnius species R. prolixus binomial Rhodnius prolixus binomial authority Carl St l St l , 1859 Rhodnius prolixus is the second most important triatominae triatomine vector of the Chagas parasite due to its efficient adaptation to the human domicile in northern South America , where sylvatic populations also exist, and in Central America where it is exclusively domestic. It has a wide range of ecotopes, mainly savanna and foothills 500 to 1500 m above sea level at different ranges of humidity between 16 and 28 C. Sylvatic R. prolixus , as virtually all Rhodnius spp., is primarily associated with palm tree habitats, and has a wide range of hosts, including bird s, rodent s, marsupial s, sloth s and reptile s. The insect was used by Sir Vincent Wigglesworth for the detection of insect hormones. It has been implicated in the transmission of transposon s between it and some of its vertebrate hosts, squirrel monkey s and oppossum s. ref cite journal last1 Cl ment first1 Gilbert last2 Schaack first2 Sarah last3 Pace II first3 John K. last4 Brindley first4 Paul J. last5 Feschotte first5 C dric year 2010 title A role for host parasite interactions in the horizontal transfer of DNA transposons across animal phyla journal Nature publisher pmid 20428170 volume 464 issue 7293 pages 1347 50 url doi 10.1038 nature08939 pmc 3004126 ref Rhodnius prolixus is also known as the kissing bug because it feeds on people s faces. As disease vector Chagas disease is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi . Infection with Chagas disease occurs after Rhodnius releases protozoans in its feces immediately following a blood meal. The parasite enters the victim through the bite wound after scratching the bite. Infection may also occur via blood transfusion and ingestion of food cont ... more details
Infobox rfam Name ydaO yuaA leader image RF00379.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of ydaO yuaA Symbol ydaO yuaA AltSymbols Rfam RF00379 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The YdaO YuaA leader is a conserved sequence conserved Cis regulatory element RNA structure found upstream of the ydaO and yuaA genes in Bacillus subtilis and related genes in other bacteria. The ydaO yuaA element is thought to act as a genetic off switch for the ydaO and yuaA genes in its native state. It is believed that the element may be triggered during osmotic shock leading to activation of ydaO, a predicted amino acid transporter gene, and members of the yuaA yubG operon which code for KtrA and KtrB K transporters. ref name Barrick cite journal last Barrick first JE coauthors Corbino KA, Winkler WC, Nahvi A, Mandal M, Collins J, Lee M, Roth A, Sudarsan N, Jona I, Wickiser JK, Breaker RR year 2004 title New RNA motifs suggest an expanded scope for riboswitches in bacterial genetic control journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 101 pages 6421&ndash 6426 pmid 15096624 doi 10.1073 pnas.0308014101 issue 17 pmc 404060 ref Further work has established that the ydaO element is widespread and is associated with a diverse set of genes which it controls in a sequence and structure dependent fashion. The natural ligand is present in cells grown a defined media and transposon directed knockouts result in disregulation of associated genes. ref name pmid20511502 cite journal author Block KF, Hammond MC, Breaker RR title Evidence for Widespread Gene Control Function by the ydaO Riboswitch Candidate journal J Bacteriol volume 192 issue 15 pages 3983 9 year 2010 pmid 20511502 pmc 2916388 doi 10.1128 JB.00450 10 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00379 name ydaO yuaA leader Category Cis regulatory RNA elem ... more details
dablink Adoptation redirects here and should not be confused with adaptation Orphan date April 2012 Molecular drive is a term coined by Gabriel Dover in 1982 to describe evolution ary processes that change the genetic composition of a population through DNA turnover mechanisms. ref Dover GA 1982 Molecular drive A cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 299 111 117. ref Molecular drive operates independently of natural selection and genetic drift . The best known such process is the concerted evolution of gene s present in many tandem copies, such as those for ribosomal RNA s or Bombyx mori silk moth egg shell chorion proteins, in Sexual reproduction sexually reproducing species. The concept has been proposed to extend to the diversification of Protein family multigene families . ref Dover GA 1986 Molecular drive in multigene families how biological novelties arise, spread and are assimilated. Trends Genet 159 165. ref The mechanisms involved include gene conversion , unequal crossing over , Transposon transposition , slipped strand mispairing slippage replication and RNA mediated exchanges. Because mutation s changing the sequence of one copy are less common than Deletion genetics deletions , Gene duplication duplications and replacement of one copy by another, the copies gradually come to resemble each other much more than they would if they had been evolving independently. Concerted evolution can be unbiased, in which case every version has an equal probability of being the one that replaces the others. However, if the molecular events have any bias favouring one version of the sequence over others, that version will dominate the process and eventually replace the others. The name molecular drive reflects the similarity of the process with what was originally the better known process of meiotic drive . Molecular drive can also act in bacteria , where parasexual processes such as natural Transformation genetics transformation cause DNA turnover. TRAM According t ... more details
enzyme Name mercury II reductase EC number 1.16.1.1 CAS number 67880 93 7 IUBMB EC number 1 16 1 1 GO code 0016152 image width caption In enzymology , a mercury II reductase EC number 1.16.1.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Hg NADP sup sup H sup sup math rightleftharpoons math Hg sup 2 sup NADPH The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are Mercury element Hg , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , and hydrogen ion H sup sup , whereas its two product chemistry products are Hg2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those oxidizing metal ion with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is Hg NADP oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include mercuric reductase , mercurate II reductase , mercuric ion reductase , mercury reductase , reduced NADP mercuric ion oxidoreductase , and mer A . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1ZK7 and PDB link 1ZX9 . A low resolution 3.9 was solved in 1991. ref name pmid2067577 cite journal author Schiering N, Kabsch W, Moore MJ, Distefano MD, Walsh CT, Pai EF title Structure of the detoxification catalyst mercuric ion reductase from Bacillus sp. strain RC607 journal Nature volume 352 issue 6331 pages 168 72 year 1991 month July pmid 2067577 doi 10.1038 352168a0 url issn ref References reflist Further reading refbegin cite journal author Fox B, Walsh CT year 1982 title Mercuric reductase. Purification and characterization of a transposon encoded flavoprotein containing an oxidation reduction active disulfide journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 257 pages 2498&ndash 503 pmid 6277900 issue 5 cite journal author Fox, BS and Walsh CT year 1983 title Mercuric reductase homology to glutathione reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase iodoacetamide al ... more details
Marc Zabeau b. Lier, Belgium Lier , 1949 is a Belgium Belgian scientist and businessman. Biography Marc Zabeau graduated in 1971 as licentiate in zoology at the University of Ghent and obtained a PhD in 1974 on the genetics of Escherichia coli in the lab of Jeff Schell . In 1976, on an NFWO scholarship as a Fulbright Program Fullbright Hayes postdoctoral fellow, he went for two years to the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , New York , USA . From 1978 until 1983 he worked at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg , Germany . during his stay in Heidelberg, he was appointed as Professor of Genetic Engineering at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel . In 1983, he became Director Research of Plant Genetic Systems N.V. Ghent , Belgium and in 1986 Director Intellectual Property and Business Development. He founded several biotech companies, such as Helix CV. Ghent , 1988 , KeyeGene N.V. Wageningen , 1989 , GenScope Inc. USA , 1995 and Methexis Ghent, 1997 . In 1999, he succeeded Marc Van Montagu as scientific directory of the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Flanders Institute for Biotechnology VIB department of Department of Plant Systems Biology. In 2002, he was succeeded by Dirk Inz . In 1999, he was appointed as full time Professor Genome Biology and Functional Genomics at the University of Ghent. He is currently General Manager of Ghent University s TechTransfer http www.techtransfer.ugent.be and CEO of Trinean http www.trinean.com en about us management team References Mahillon J, Seurinck J, Delcour J, Zabeau M., Cloning and nucleotide sequence of different iso IS231 elements and their structural association with the Tn4430 transposon in Bacillus thuringiensis, Gene. 1987 51 2 3 187 96. Vuylsteke M, van Eeuwijk F, Van Hummelen P, Kuiper M, Zabeau M., Genetic analysis of variation in gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana, Genetics. 2005 Nov 171 3 1267 75. Zabeau M, Stanley KK., Enhanced expression of cro beta galactosidase fusion proteins under the co ... more details
Infobox scientist name Allan C. Spradling image image size caption Do you have a picture of Allan Spradling? Please, post here. birth date 1949 birth place death date death place residence citizenship nationality ethnicity fields Genetics workplaces Carnegie Institution for Science , Howard Hughes Medical Institute alma mater University of Chicago , Massachusetts Institute of Technology doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards George W. Beadle Medal 2003 ref name beadle cite pmid 15106662 ref religion signature footnotes Allan C. Spradling is an United States American scientist and principal investigator at the Carnegie Institution for Science and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute who studies egg development in the model organism , Drosophila melanogaster , a fruit fly. ref name HHMI cite web url http www.hhmi.org research investigators spradling bio.html title Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators Allan C. Spradling, Ph.D. accessdate 2009 10 25 ref He is considered a leading researcher in the Developmental biology developmental genetics of the fruit fly egg and has developed a number of techniques in his career that have led to greater understanding of fruit fly genetics including contributions to sequencing its genome. ref name HHMI He is also an adjunct professor at Johns Hopkins University and at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine . ref name HHMI Spradling obtained an A.B. in physics from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. in cell biology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . ref name HHMI Spradling and American fellow American geneticist Gerald M. Rubin are considered pioneers in the field of genetics for their work in the early 1980s with their idea to attach a gene to a Drosophila transposon , P elements ref cite doi 10.1126 science.6289435 ref , known to insert itself into fruit fly s chromosomes. ref name extreme scien ... more details
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