MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a moleculartrigonal plana nl Trigonaal planaire moleculaire geometrie ja sv Trigonal ... s through a transition state that is trigonalplanar. Pyramidalization is a distortion of this molecular shape towards a tetrahedral moleculargeometry . One way to observe this distortion is in pyramidal alkene s. ref name March See also AXE method Moleculargeometry VSEPR theory References references ...Image AX3E0 3D balls.png thumb left 200px Idealized structure of a compound with trigonalplanar coordination geometry. Image Boron trifluoride 3D vdW.png thumb right 200px Structure of boron trifluoride , an example of a molecule with trigonalplanargeometry. In chemistry , trigonalplanar is a moleculargeometry model with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle, called peripheral atoms, all in one plane. ref name March Jerry March Advanced Organic Chemistry 3rd Ed. ref In an ideal trigonalplanar species, all three ligands are identical and all bond angles are 120 . Such species belong to the point group D sub 3h sub . Molecules where the three ligands are not identical, such as formaldehyde H sub 2 sub CO , deviate from this idealized geometry. Examples of molecule s with trigonalplanargeometry include boron trifluoride BF sub 3 sub , formaldehyde H sub 2 sub CO , phosgene COCl sub 2 sub , and sulfur trioxide SO sub 3 sub . Some ions with trigonalplanargeometry include nitrate NO sub 3 sub sup sup , carbonate ion CO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup , and guanidine guanidinium C NH sub 2 sub sub 3 sub sup sup . In organic chemistry, planar, three connected carbon centers that are trigonalplanar are often described as having orbital hybridisation sp sup 2 sup ... Indiana University Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry ... more details
3 sub , phosphorus trichloride PCl sub 3 sub In chemistry , a trigonal pyramid is a moleculargeometry with one atom at the Apex geometry apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base. When all three atoms at the corners are identical, the molecule belongs to Molecular symmetry point group C sub 3v sub . One example of a molecule with a trigonal pyramidal geometry is ammonia NH sub 3 sub . Some molecules and ions with trigonal pyramidal geometry include the xenon trioxide molecule, XeO ... Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular piramidal trigonal nl Trigonaal piramidale moleculaire geometrie ja pl Piramida trygonalna ...Image Phosphine 3D vdW.png thumb left 200px Phosphine , an example of a molecule with a trigonal pyramidal geometry. Infobox moleculargeometry Image File Pyramidal 3D balls.png Symmetry group Cyclic symmetries ... 2008 Trigonal pyramidal geometry in ammonia The nitrogen molecule in ammonia has 5 valence electron s and bonds with three hydrogen atoms to complete the octet rule octet . This would result in the geometry ... VSEPR theory AXE method Moleculargeometry References reflist External links http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular ... ion, PO sub 3 sub sup 3 sup . In organic chemistry, molecules which have a trigonal pyramidal geometry are sometimes described as orbital hybridisation sp sup 3 sup hybridized . The AXE ... sup 109.5 . However, the three hydrogen atoms are repelled by the electron lone pair in a way that the geometry is distorted to a trigonal pyramid regular 3 sided pyramid with bond angles of 107 . In contrast, boron trifluoride is flat, adopting a trigonalplanargeometry because the boron does not have a lone pair of electrons. In ammonia the trigonal pyramid undergoes rapid nitrogen inversion . ref ... more details
Infobox moleculargeometry Image File Trigonal bipyramidal 3D balls.png Symmetry group Dihedral symmetry in three dimensions D sub 3h sub Electron direction 5 Atom direction 5 Bond angle 90 , 120 , 180 mu 0 Examples PF5 PF sub 5 sub In chemistry a trigonal bipyramid formation is a moleculargeometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular dipyramid . This is one of the few cases where bond angles surrounding an atom are not identical see also pentagonal dipyramid , which is simply because there is no geometrical arrangement which can result in five equally sized bond angles in three dimensions. Behavior Isomers with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry are able to interconvert through a process known as Berry mechanism Berry pseudorotation . Pseudorotation is similar in concept to the movement of a conformational diastereomer, though no full revolutions are completed. In the process of pseudorotation, two equatorial ligands both of which have a shorter bond ... right 200px Structure of phosphorus pentafluoride , an example of a molecule with the trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. See also AXE method Moleculargeometry External links http www.3dchem.com ... in simple molecules such as PF5 PF sub 5 sub . Examples Phosphorus pentachloride is a molecule with a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The phosphorus atom shares a plane with three chlorine atoms which ... the plane apical or axial positions . The triiodide ion is also based upon a trigonal bipyramid ... Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group Symmetry Interactive Examples http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular bipiramidal trigonal nl Trigonaal bipiramidale moleculaire geometrie ja sv Trigonal bipyramidal geometri ... more details
Image Square planar 3D balls.png thumb right 200px Idealized structure of a compound with square planar coordination geometry. Image Cisplatin 3D vdW.png thumb right 200px Structure of cisplatin , an example of a molecule with the square planar coordination geometry. The square planarmoleculargeometry ... and complex ions MolecularGeometry DEFAULTSORT Square PlanarMolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular cuadrada plana nl Vierkant planaire moleculaire ... Image Xenon difluoride 3D vdW.png thumb left 80px XeF sub 2 sub , with a linear moleculargeometry linear geometry, which can gain two fluorine atoms to form... Image Xenon tetrafluoride 3D vdW.png thumb left 80px XeF sub 4 sub , with a square planargeometry, which can gain two fluorine atoms to form... Image Xenon hexafluoride 3D vdW.png thumb left 80px XeF sub 6 sub , with an octahedral moleculargeometry octahedral geometry. Linear The addition of two ligands to linear compounds, ML sub 2 sub , can afford square planar complexes. For example, XeF sub 2 sub adds fluorine to give square planar XeF sub 4 sub . Tetrahedral moleculargeometry In principle, square planargeometry can be achieved by flattening a tetrahedron. As such, the interconversion of tetrahedral and square planar geometries ... planargeometry can thus be derived from the octahedral diagram. The removal of the two ligands stabilizes ... s stabilize this geometry. See also AXE method Moleculargeometry References reflist External ... chemical compound s. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms positioned ... triphenylphosphine PPh sub 3 sub sub 2 sub , undergo this change reversibly. Octahedral geometry Removal ... 6 ref Examples Numerous compounds adopt this geometry, examples being especially numerous for transition ... as predicted by VSEPR theory . The geometry is prevalent for transition metal complexes with d ... homogeneous catalysts are square planar in their resting state, such as Wilkinson s catalyst and Crabtree ... more details
Cleanup reason the article is muddled and incomplete. Molecular structure covers more than moleculargeometry . date January 2011 Image Water molecule dimensions.svg thumb 200px Geometry of the water molecule water molecule Moleculargeometry or molecular structure is the three dimension al arrangement ... , magnetism , and biological activity . ref McMurray ref ref Cotton&Wilkinson6th ref Moleculargeometry determination The moleculargeometry can be determined by various spectroscopy spectroscopic ... be computed by ab initio quantum chemistry methods to high accuracy. The moleculargeometry can be different ... of the chemical bond s by which it is connected to its neighboring atoms. The moleculargeometry can ... zero. As stated above, rotation hardly influences the moleculargeometry. But, as a quantum mechanical ... end vmatrix math Moleculargeometry is determined by the quantum mechanics quantum mechanical behavior ... most common types of bonds are sigma bond s and pi bond s. The geometry can also be understood by molecular ... shape. Trigonalplanar Just from its name, it can easily be said that molecules with the trigonalplanar shape are somewhat triangular and in one Plane geometry plane meaning a flat surface . Consequently .... An example of an octahedral moleculargeometry octahedral molecule is sulfur hexafluoride SF sub 6 ... and trigonalplanar shapes but similar to the tetrahedral orientation, pyramidal shapes requires ... center center 3 center trigonalplanar center 120 center center Boron trifluoride BF sub 3 sub center ... Geometry Polar Or Nonpolar.html MolecularGeometry & Polarity Tutorial 3D visualization of molecules to determine polarity. MolecularGeometry DEFAULTSORT MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry ... spectroscopy can give information about the molecule geometry from the details of the vibrational ... and electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance ... sup 3 sup J coupling constants angles, and connectivity. Molecular geometries are best determined ... more details
Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular piramidal cuadrada .... issue 11 ref As a transition state in Berry Pseudorotation As a trigonal bipyramidal molecule undergoes Berry pseudorotation , it proceeds via an intermediary stage with the square planargeometry. Thus even though the geometry is rarely seen as the ground state, it is accessed by a low energy distortion from a trigonal bipyramid. Pseudorotation also occurs in square pyramidal molecules. Molecules with this geometry, as opposed to trigonal bipyramidal, exhibit heavier vibration. The mechanism used is similar to the Berry mechanism. Examples Some molecular compounds that adopt square pyramidal geometry are XeOF sub 4 sub , ref Square Pyramidal MolecularGeometry . VSEPR. http www.up.ac.za ... pyramid Hypervalent molecule Moleculargeometry References reflist External links http www.3dchem.com .... ref Square Pyramidal Geometry . http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 5BP1LP.html ref ... Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group ... more details
Image Bent 3D balls.png thumb left 200px Idealised structure of a molecule with the bent coordination geometry. Image Oxygen difluoride 3D vdW.png thumb right 200px Oxygen difluoride , an example of a molecule with the bent coordination geometry. In chemistry , the term bent can be applied to certain molecule s to describe their molecular geometry . H sub 2 sub O is an example of a bent molecule. The bond angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.45 . ref G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr Inorganic Chemistry 3rd Ed, Pearson Prentice Hall publisher, ISBN 0 13 035471 6. ref Nonlinear triatomic molecules and ions are common for compounds containing only main group elements, prominent examples being nitrogen dioxide , Sulfur dichloride SCl sub 2 sub , and the Carbene CH sub 2 sub . This geometry is almost always consistent with VSEPR theory . See also AXE method Molecular geometry References reflist External links http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu Indiana University Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group Symmetry Interactive Examples http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated Trigonal Planar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Molecular geometry es Geometr a molecular angular nl Gebogen moleculaire geometrie ja sv B jd geometri ... more details
Image T shaped 3D balls.png thumb left 200px Idealised structure of a compound with T shaped coordination geometry. Image Chlorine trifluoride 3D vdW.png thumb right 200px Structure of chlorine trifluoride , an example of a compound with T shaped coordination geometry. In chemistry, T shaped molecular geometry describes the structures adopted by some compounds where a central atom has three ligand s. Ordinarily, three coordinated compounds adopt trigonal planar or pyramidal geometries. Example of a T shaped molecules are the halogen trifluorides, such as ClF3 ClF sub 3 sub . ref Greenwood, N. N. & Earnshaw, A. 1997 . Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edn. , Oxford Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 3365 4. ref According to VSEPR theory T shaped geometry results from three ligands and two lone pairs of electrons bonded to the central atom. The three atoms bond at 90 angles on one side of the central atom, producing the T shape. ref Chemistry Dictionary and Glossary. 2005. http www.ktf split.hr glossary no en o.php?def T shaped 20molecular 20shape ref AXE Type AX sub 3 sub E sub 2 sub . According to Valence Bond Theory, T shaped molecules are assigned sp sup 3 sup d hybridization. It is generally accepted that d orbitals do not contribute to the bonding in such molecules, which can be more simply described using Molecular Orbital Theory . See also AXE method References references External links http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group Symmetry Point Group Symmetry Interactive Examples http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated Trigonal Planar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Molecular geometry es Geometr a molecular en forma de T nl T vormige moleculaire geometrie ja T sv T formad geometri ... more details
Infobox moleculargeometry Image File seesaw 3D balls.png Symmetry group Cyclic symmetries C sub 2V sub Electron direction 5 Atom direction 4 Bond angle 90 , 120 , 180 mu 0 Examples Sulfur tetrafluoride SF sub 4 sub Seesaw is a type of moleculargeometry where there are four bond to a central central atom with overall C sub 2v sub symmetry group symmetry . Most commonly, four bonds to a central atom result in tetrahedral or, less commonly, square planargeometry, so the seesaw geometry is unusual. Structure Compounds with seesaw geometry have two ligands of ligand, one pair related by 180 often called axial ligands. A separate pair of ligands is situated orthogonal to the axial ligands. Typically the bond distance to the apical ligands is longer than to the equatorial ligands. Seesaw molecules, like trigonal bipyramidal ones, are subject to Berry pseudorotation . Thus, the sup 19 sup F NMR spectrum of SF sub 4 sub like that of PF sub 5 sub consists of single resonance near room temperature. ref Walter G. Klemperer, Jeanne K. Krieger, Michael D. McCreary, E. L. Muetterties, Daniel D. Traficante, George M. Whitesides Dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance study of fluorine exchange in liquid sulfur tetrafluoride J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, volume 97, pp 7023 7030. DOI 10.1021 ja00857a012 ref ... with the seesaw moleculargeometry see image at upper right . The following compounds and ions have seesaw geometry ref Seesaw MolecularGeometry, AX4E1 . 25 Dec 2007 http www.up.ac.za academic chem ... See also Moleculargeometry AXE method References reflist External references http www.3dchem.com ... Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F00 Lecture Chapter10 VSEPR.html MolecularGeometry DEFAULTSORT Seesaw MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry chemistry stub es Geometr a molecular ... Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group ... more details
Image Pentagonal bipyramidal 3D balls.png thumb left 200px Idealized structure of a molecule with pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. Image Iodine heptafluoride 3D vdW.png thumb right 200px Structure of iodine heptafluoride , an example of a molecule with the pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry. In chemistry , a pentagonal bipyramid or dipyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the centre with seven ligand s at the corners of a pentagonal dipyramid . A perfect pentagonal bipyramid belongs to the molecular point group D sub 5h sub . The pentagonal bipyramid is a case where bond angles surrounding an atom are not identical see also Trigonal bipyramid molecular geometry . ref Cotton, F. Albert Wilkinson, Geoffrey Murillo, Carlos A. Bochmann, Manfred 1999 . Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th Edn. New York Wiley Interscience. ISBN 0 471 19957 5. ref Other seven coordinate geometries include the mono capped octahedron and mono capped trigonal prism. A variety of transition metal complexes adopt heptacoordination, but the symmetry is usually lower than D sub 5h sub . Examples Iodine heptafluoride IF sub 7 sub with 7 bonding groups Peroxo Cr IV complexes, e.g. Cr O sub 2 sub sub 2 sub NH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub where the peroxo groups occupy four of the planar positions. References Reflist External links http www.ch.ic.ac.uk rzepa bpr Figure 5.html Images of IF sub 7 sub http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular Structure Center MolecularGeometry Category Stereochemistry Category Molecular geometry es Geometr a molecular bipiramidal pentagonal ja ... more details
Image Linear 3D balls.png 200px thumb left Idealised structure of a compound with linear geometry. Image Beryllium fluoride 3D vdW.png 200px thumb right Structure of beryllium fluoride , a compound with a linear geometry. In chemistry , the Linear moleculargeometry describes the arrangement of three or more atoms placed at an expected bond angle of 180 . Linear organic molecules, e.g. acetylene, are often described by invoking sp orbital hybridization for the carbon centers. Many linear molecules exist, prominent examples include CO2 CO sub 2 sub , Hydrogen cyanide HCN , and xenon difluoride . Linear anions include azide N sub 3 sub sup nowiki &minus nowiki sup and thiocyanate SCN sup nowiki &minus nowiki sup . Linear cations include Nitronium ion NO sub 2 sub sup sup . ref Greenwood, N. N. & Earnshaw, A. 1997 . Chemistry of the Elements 2nd Edn. , Oxford Butterworth Heinemann. ISBN 0 7506 3365 4. ref See also VSEPR theory AXE method AXE method Moleculargeometry References references External links http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular Structure Center http www.phys.ncl.ac.uk staff njpg symmetry Molecules l3d.html Point Group Symmetry Point Group Symmetry Interactive Examples http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular lineal nl Lineaire moleculaire geometrie ja sv Linj r geometri zh ... more details
compound, at least two carbon centers are required. Trigonal prismatic geometry For compounds with the formula MX sub 6 sub , the chief alternative to octahedral geometry is a trigonal prismatic geometry , which has symmetry group symmetry D sub 3h sub . In this geometry, the six ligands are also equivalent. There are also distorted trigonal prisms, with C sub 3v sub symmetry a prominent example is Hexamethyl ... geometry was developed by Alfred Werner to explain the stoichiometries and isomerism in coordination ... slow, is proposed to proceed via a trigonal prismatic intermediate, a process called the Bailar ... complex back to the chloride, via an anation process. See also Octahedral cluster s AXE method Moleculargeometry Bailar twist References references External links http www.3dchem.com 3D Chem Chemistry, Structures, and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular Structure ... Group Symmetry Interactive Examples http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling http intro.chem.okstate.edu 1314F97 Chapter9 3BP.html Animated TrigonalPlanar Visual MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry Category Coordination chemistry es Geometr a molecular octa drica nl Octa drische moleculaire geometrie ja pt Geometria molecular octa drica sv Oktaedrisk ... more details
Infobox moleculargeometry Examples Image File Pentagonal pyramidal 3D balls.png Symmetry group Electron direction Atom direction Bond angle mu In chemistry , pentagonal pyramidal moleculargeometry describes the shape of compounds where in six atoms or groups of atoms or ligand s are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a pentagonal pyramid . It is one of the few Moleculargeometrymolecular geometries with uneven bond angle s. Image AX6E1 2D.png thumbnail 100px Examples XeOF sub 5 sub sup sup IOF sub 5 sub sup 2 sup References http mathworld.wolfram.com PentagonalPyramid.html MolecularGeometry DEFAULTSORT Pentagonal Pyramidal MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular piramidal pentagonal nl Pentagonaal piramidale moleculaire geometrie ja ... more details
http chemlab.truman.edu CHEM121Labs MolecularModeling1.htm Molecular Modeling MolecularGeometry DEFAULTSORT Tetrahedral MolecularGeometry Category Moleculargeometry es Geometr a molecular tetra drica ... metal chemistry Again the geometry is widespread, particularly so for complexes where the metal ... of inversion at carbon. Nitrogen inversion in ammonia also entails transient formation of planar NH sub 3 sub . Inverted tetrahedral geometry Geometrical constraints in a molecule can cause a severe distortion of idealized tetrahedral geometry. In compounds featuring inverted carbon, for instance ... Journal of Molecular Structure THEOCHEM volume 423 issue 3 year 1998 pages 173 188 doi 10.1016 ..., and 3D Molecules http www.iumsc.indiana.edu IUMSC Indiana University Molecular Structure Center ... more details
Planar may refer to Wiktionary Planar computer graphics , computer graphics pixel information from several bitplanes Planar graph , graph that can be drawn so that no edges intersect or that can be embedded in the plane Plane geometry , a name for something made up of flat planes or pertaining to planes Planar Systems , U.S. digital display manufacturing corporation based in Hillsboro, Oregon Zeiss Planar , photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph at Carl Zeiss in 1896 Planar device, computer hardware circuit in conventional PCI integrated into a motherboard See also Planer , tool disambig de Planarit t ... more details
border 1 bgcolor ffffff cellpadding 5 align right style margin left 10px width 250 bgcolor e7dcc3 colspan 2 Trigonal trapezohedron align center colspan 2 Image Trigonal trapezohedron.png 240px Trigonal trapezohedron br Click on picture for large version. bgcolor e7dcc3 Type trapezohedra bgcolor e7dcc3 Faces 6 rhombus rhombi bgcolor e7dcc3 Edges 12 bgcolor e7dcc3 Vertices 8 bgcolor e7dcc3 Face configuration 3,3,3,3 bgcolor e7dcc3 List of spherical symmetry groups Symmetry group D sub 3d sub , 2 ,6 , 2 3 bgcolor e7dcc3 Dual polyhedron trigonal antiprism bgcolor e7dcc3 Properties convex, face transitive Image Hexahedron.jpg thumb right A cube is a special case with square faces In geometry , the trigonal trapezohedron or deltohedron is the first in an infinite series of face uniform polyhedra which are dual polyhedron dual to the antiprism s. It has six faces which are congruence geometry congruent rhombus rhombi . Trigonal trapezohedrons are a subset of the rhombohedron s. The cube is a special case with square faces. External links mathworld urlname Trapezohedron title Trapezohedron Polyhedron navigator DEFAULTSORT Trigonal Trapezohedron Category Space filling polyhedra Category Zonohedra Category Polyhedra Polyhedron stub eo Triangula kajtopluredro fr Trap zo dre trigonal ta ... more details
views Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three dimensional space to points on a two dimensional projection plane . The projected point on the plane is chosen such that it is Line geometry collinear with the corresponding three dimensional point and the centre of projection . The lines connecting these points are commonly referred to as projectors . The centre of projection can be thought of as the location of the observer while the plane of projection is the surface on which the two dimensional projected image of the scene is recorded or from which it is viewed e.g., photographic negative, photographic print, computer monitor . When the centre of projection is at a finite distance from the projection plane, a Perspective graphical perspective projection is obtained. When the centre of projection is at infinity, all the projectors are parallel, and the corresponding subset of planar projections are referred to as parallel projections . Mathematical formulation Mathematically, planar projections are linear transformations acting on a point in three dimensional space math mathbf a x,y,z math to give a point math mathbf b u,v math on the projection plane. These transformations consist of various function composition compositions of the five transformations orthographic projection , rotation mathematics rotation , Shear mapping shear , Translation geometry translation and Projective transformation perspective . Map uses It is also used in maps to show the planet Earth and other planets or objects in space. This is good for maps of close up areas. Category Graphical projections geometry stub ... more details
, br Au in AuI ref name Greenwood style text align center 3 style text align center trigonalplanarmoleculargeometrytrigonalplanar Image Trigonal 3D balls.png 100px Cu CN sub 3 sub sup 2 sup .... Other common coordination geometries are tetrahedral moleculargeometry tetrahedral and square planarmoleculargeometry square planar . br Crystal field theory may be used to explain the relative stabilities of transition metal compounds of different coordination geometry, as well as the presence ... text align center square planarmoleculargeometry square planar Image Square planar 3D balls.png ... center 5 style text align center trigonal bipyramidal moleculargeometrytrigonal bipyramidal Image ...The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry physics. Molecules main Moleculargeometry The coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical ... is octahedral moleculargeometry octahedral , where six ligands are coordinated to the metal in a symmetrical ... style text align center 2 style text align center linear moleculargeometry linear Image Linear 3D balls.png ... 5 style text align center square pyramidal moleculargeometry square pyramidal Image Square pyramidal ... Greenwood style text align center 6 style text align center octahedral moleculargeometry octahedral ... text align center pentagonal bipyramidal moleculargeometry pentagonal bipyramidal Image Pentagonal ... moleculargeometry square antiprismatic Image SqrAntiprismP2.png 100px TaF sub 8 sub sup 3 sup ... Moleculargeometry VSEPR Ligand field theory The cis effect Addition to pi ligands References reflist ... geometry. An example of a coordination geometry is that of a organometallic ligand, Photochemical Generation of Fp Fp , which is triganol planar. Crystallography usage In a crystal structure the coordination geometry of an atom is the geometrical pattern of coordinating atoms where the definition ... salt ionic structure each sodium atom has six near neighbour chloride ions in an octahedral geometry ... more details
Infobox lens design scheme Planar 1896.png author Paul Rudolph physicist Paul Rudolph year 1896 elements 6 groups 4 aperture f 4.5 The Zeiss Planar is a photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph physicist Paul Rudolph at Carl Zeiss AG Carl Zeiss in 1896 . Rudolph s original was a six element symmetrical design. While very sharp, the lens suffered from Lens flare flare due to its many air to glass surfaces. Before the introduction of Anti reflective coating lens coating technology the four element Tessar , with slightly inferior image quality, was preferred due to its better contrast. In the 1950s, when effective anti reflective lens coatings became available, coated Planars were produced with much improved flare. These lenses used the Zeiss T coating system, which had been invented in 1935. ref http www.zeiss.com C12567A100537AB9 Contents Frame CBE2C3659882006AC1256D01002B5E45 Zeiss.de New Visual Glasses Better Objectives ref They performed very well as normal and medium long focus lenses for small and medium format cameras. One of the most notable Planar lenses is the high speed f 2.0 110 mm lens for the 2000 and 200 series medium format Hasselblad cameras. File Planar lenses 7050.jpg thumb left Carl Zeiss T Planar 50 1.4, 50 1.7 Image Planar 50 1.4.png thumb center Carl Zeiss T Planar 50 1.4 lens. See also Photographic lens design References references Carl Zeiss lenses http www.sony mea.com microsite dslr 09 carlZeissLens index.html?HPID carlZeissLensMicrosite DSLR Thumbnails Carl Zeiss SLR Lenses Planar T 1,4 50 http www.propix.in carl zeiss planar 14 50.html Category Zeiss lenses Planar photography stub de Planar Objektiv fr Planar ja pl Zeiss Planar ru zh ... more details
Infobox company company name Planar Systems, Inc. company logo Image PlanarArcLogo std NoTag Sml.gif ... data 722392 000119312510254224 dex991.htm title Planar Announces Fiscal Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2010 Financial Results date November 9, 2010 publisher Planar Systems accessdate 2009 11 09 ref operating ... phoenix.zhtml?c 111133&p irol reports title Planar Financial Reports Transcripts date November 2011 publisher Planar Systems accessdate 2011 11 29 ref net income loss 2.1 million United ... & Projectors industry Technology homepage http www.planar.com www.planar.com Planar Systems, Inc. NASDAQ ... EL digital displays. Planar also makes a variety of other specialty displays. The company ... K. Perkel. History 1980s Planar was founded in 1983 by Jim Hurd, Chris King, John Laney and others as a spin ... ref In 1986, a division spun off from Planar to work on projection technology, InFocus . ref http ... Hobbled by Japan s Lead New York Times , December 18, 1990 Section D page 1 ref Planar s executives took the company public in 1993, listing the stock on the NASDAQ boards ref Planar Systems gets in step with area trend to go public . The Oregonian , October 30, 1993 ref Planar acquired Tektronix s avionics display business, creating the short lived Planar Advance in 1994. ref Planar Inc. maps ... LCDs in Lake Mills, Wisconsin, was sold to Planar in 1997. ref Standish of Lake Mills Sold to LCD ... manufacturing shifted to East Asian countries. 2000s File Planar headquarters 1195 Compton.JPG thumb Company headquarters On April 23, 2002, DOME Imaging Systems was purchased by Planar and became ... Planar Systems Acquires DOME Imaging Systems Photonics.com May 1, 2002 ref Planar acquired Clarity ... 17 daily17.html Planar buys Clarity for 46M Portland Business Journal July 19, 2006 ref On May 23, 2007, Planar acquired Runco International , a leading brand in the high end, custom home theater market. ref http www.cepro.com article planars acquisition of runco no end to the party Planar s Acquisition ... more details
Planar chirality is the special case of Chirality mathematics chirality for two dimension s. Most fundamentally, planar Chirality mathematics chirality is a Mathematics mathematical term, finding use in chemistry , physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy , optics and metamaterials . Recent occurrences in latter two fields are dominated by microwave applications and micro and nanostructure d planar interfaces for visible and infrared light . Planar chirality in chemistry Image Planar chiral ferrocene derivative.svg thumb right An planar chiral derivative of ferrocene , used for kinetic resolution of some racemic secondary alcohol s ref cite journal last1 Ruble first1 J. C. last2 Latham first2 H. A. last3 Fu first3 G. C. year 1997 title Effective Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with a Planar Chiral Analogue of 4 dimethylamino pyridine. Use of the Fe C sub 5 ... dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the simplest example of this case. Planar chirality is also exhibited ... paracyclophane s. Nature rarely provides planar chiral molecules, cavicularin being an exception. Assigning the configuration of planar chiral molecules To assign the configuration of a planar chiral ... ref Planar chirality in optics and metamaterials The study of planar chiral metamaterial s has revealed that planar chirality is associated with an optical effect the directionally asymmetric transmission reflection and absorption of Circular polarization circularly polarized waves. Planar chiral ... is referred to as circular conversion dichroism. Like the twist of a planar chiral pattern appears reversed for opposite directions of observation, planar chiral metamaterials have interchanged ... Asymmetric propagation of electromagnetic waves through a planar chiral structure journal Physical ..., N. I. title Planar metamaterial with transmission and reflection that depend on the direction ... issue 13 ref References reflist Chiral synthesis DEFAULTSORT Planar Chirality Category Stereochemistry ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image Antenna flat panel.png thumb 400px A planar array fractal antenna In telecommunication s and radar , a planar array is an antenna electronics antenna in which all of the elements, both driven element active and passive radiator parasitic , are in one plane. A planar array provides a large aperture antenna aperture and may be used for directional Light beam beam control by varying the relative phase waves phase of each element. A planar array may be used with a reflecting screen behind the active plane. ref FS1037C MS188 ref A planar array with a reflecting screen is related to a Radar absorbent material radar absorber . Both are supposed not to reflect incoming radiation of the desired wavelength. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they can use magnetic materials to avoid reflections at the interface to air at least for some frequencies. For antennas to be broadband, the transition from air vacuum to the metal of the screen has to be a gradual one. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they do not have to collect the received energy. The antenna needs a Three dimensional space 3D tree of twin lead s and choke electronics chokes to connect a single cable to a large number of micro antennas. Micro dipole antennas are only resonant at a single high frequency, to be broadband the arms of adjoining antennas have to be connected. Footnotes reflist Category Radio frequency antenna types electronics stub ... more details
Infobox Book name Planar Handbook image Image Planar HandbookCover.jpg image caption author Bruce R. Cordell , and Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel genre Role playing game publisher Wizards of the Coast release date July 2004 media type Print Hardback pages 192 isbn 0 7869 3429 8 congress GV1469.62.D84 D836 2000 oclc 56338980 Planar Handbook is an optional supplemental source book for the Editions of Dungeons & Dragons Dungeons & Dragons v3.5 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game . Contents It contains updates for the 3.5 edition of the fictional Dungeons & Dragons universe for some material from the Planescape campaign setting, along with new races, equipment, spells and feats for characters adventuring on the Plane Dungeons & Dragons Planes . Publication history The Planar Handbook was written by Bruce R. Cordell and Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel , and was published in July 2004. Cover art was by Matt Cavotta , with interior art by Brent Chumley , Emily Fiegenschuh , David Hudnut , Dana Knutson , Doug Kovacs , David L. Martin David Martin , Dennis Cramer Dennis Crabapple Martin , James Pavelec , Steve Prescott artist Steve Prescott , Vinod Rams , and David Roach comics David Roach . Reception Reviews References reflist D&D Books Category Dungeons & Dragons books Category Article Feedback 5 D&D stub ... more details
Infobox mtgset Expansion Name Planar Chaos Expansion Symbol File Planar Chaos symbol.svg 96px common expansion symbol Symbol Description tilted hourglass , merging plane Magic The Gathering planes , stylized letters PC , or M bius strip Release Date February 2, 2007 Mechanics Spellshapers, Rebels, Split Cards Keywords Echo, Flanking, Flash, Kicker, Madness, Morph, Shadow, Split Second, Suspend, Vanishing Size 165 cards 60 common, 55 uncommon, 50 rare Expansion Code PLC Development Code Rice Krispies The snap, crackle, pop sound Crackle Designers Bill Rose lead , Matt Place, Mark Rosewater, Paul Sottosanti Developers Devin Low, Zvi Mowshowitz, Brian Schneider, Henry Stern, Mike Turian Last Set Time Spiral Next Set Future Sight Block Name Time Spiral Set Position Second First Set Time Spiral Second Set Planar Chaos Third Set Future Sight Planar Chaos is an expansion set, codenamed Crackle, from ... for Planar Chaos is a M bius strip . Storyline The temporal stresses being applied to Dominaria ... and Mike Turian, Planar Chaos was tasked with representing the present in a set focused on the cycle of time. ref cite web url http wizards.com default.asp?x mtgcom arcana 1073 title Announcing Planar ... in Planar Chaos appear in an altered version of the modern card frame with standard set symbols. Timeshifted cards in Planar Chaos are also distributed differently. In each pack, three common cards ... 01 07 accessdate 2007 01 23 ref Keyword and Mechanics The only Planar Chaos specific keyword mechanic ... Second all returned in Planar Chaos , alongside the timeshifted mechanics of Echo, Flanking, Kicker, Madness, Morph and Shadow. Planar Chaos marked the first appearance of spells with Echo costs that did ... Planar Chaos Product Information http www.wizards.com default.asp?x magic cardlist planarchaos Official Planar Chaos Spoiler List http www.wizards.com default.asp?x magic planarchaos home Official Planar Chaos Minisite clear MTG navbox sets Category Magic The Gathering expansion sets it Caos Dimensionale ... more details
The planar process is a manufacturing process used in the semiconductor industry to build individual components of a transistor , and in turn, connect those transistors together. It is the primary process by which modern integrated circuit s are built. The process was developed ref patent US 3025589 Hoerni, J. A. Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices filed May 1, 1959 ref ref patent US 3064167 Hoerni, J. A. Semiconductor device filed May 15, 1960 ref by Jean Hoerni , one of the Traitorous Eight , while working at Fairchild Semiconductor . The key concept was to view a circuit in its two dimensional projection a plane , thus allowing the use of photographic processing concepts such as film negatives to mask the projection of light exposed chemicals. This allowed the use of a series of exposures on a substrate Silicon to create silicon oxide insulators or doped regions conductors . Together with the use of metallization to join together the integrated circuits , and the concept of p n junction isolation from Kurt Lehovec , the researchers at Fairchild were able to create circuits on a single silicon crystal slice a wafer from a monocrystalline silicon boule. The process involves the basic procedures of silicon dioxide SiO sub 2 sub oxidation, SiO sub 2 sub etching and heat diffusion. The final steps involves oxidizing the entire wafer with an SiO sub 2 sub layer, etching contact vias to the transistors, and depositing a covering metal layer over the oxide, thus connecting the transistors without manually wiring them together. References reflist Other http web.archive.org web 20070509230914 http nobelprize.org nobel prizes physics articles lecuyer planar.html The Planar Process http www.computerhistory.org semiconductor timeline 1959 invention of the planar manufacturing process 24.html Invention of the Planar Manufacturing Process DEFAULTSORT Planar Process Category Semiconductor device fabrication de Planartechnik it Processi planari kk ... more details
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