Unreferenced date March 2008 A truebreedingorganism , sometimes also called a pure bred, is an organism having certain Trait biological biological traits which are passed on to all subsequent generations when bred with another truebreedingorganism for the same traits. In other words, to breed true means that two organisms with a particular, inheritable phenotype produce only offspring with that same phenotype. In the case of a gene with multiple different alleles in the population, the genotype of a truebreedingorganism is homozygous . For example, a pure bred variety of cat, such as Siamese cat Siamese , only produce kittens with Siamese characteristics because their ancestors were inbreeding inbred until they were homozygous for all of the genes that produce the physical characteristics and temperament associated with the Siamese breed. Truebreeding is also used to refer to plants that produce only offspring of the same variety when they self pollinate. For example, when a truebreeding plant with pink flowers is self pollinated, all its seeds will only produce plants that also have pink flowers. Gregor Mendel cross pollinated truebreeding peas in his experiments on patterns of inheritance of traits. The definition of truebreeding is Pertaining to an individual all of whose offspring produced through self fertilization are identical to the parental type. Truebreeding individuals are homozygous for a given trait. See also Inbreeding Homozygous Category Classical genetics da Ren linje fr Souche pure id Galur pertanian he mk ru simple Pure bred uk ... more details
Breeding is the reproduction , that is, producing of offspring, usually animals or plants Breeding in the wild , the natural process of reproduction in the animal kingdom Animal husbandry , through selected specimens such as dogs, horses, and rabbits Plant breeding , through selected specimens such as trees Breeding may also refer to Science Breeding back , a breeding effort to re assemble extinct breed genes Breeding pair , bonded animals who cooperate to produce offspring Breeding program , a planned breeding of animals or plants Breeding season , the period during each year when a species reproduces Captive breeding , raising plants or animals in zoos or other controlled conditions Cooperative breeding , the raising of the young using non parental care givers Crop breeding in Nepal Crossbreed ing, the process of breeding an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations Preservation breeding , a selection practice to preserve bloodlines Selective breeding , an animal selection practice to encourage chosen qualities Smart breeding , a plant selection practice to encourage chosen qualities In physics and technology, breeding refers to the way in which ... Breeding , U.S. Congressman from Kansas Marv Breeding , 1960s U.S. Major League Baseball player Media Breeding EP Breeding EP , 2007 album by Dirty Little Rabbits Breeding Death , 2000 album by Bloodbath Breeding the Spawn , 1993 album by Suffocation Dust Breeding , 2001 Doctor Who television series audio play Locations Breeding, Kentucky , a town in the United States Pornography In gay pornography , breeding is a slang term for creampie sexual act . See also wiktionarypar breeding Good breeding disambiguation Inbreeding , is breeding between close relatives Manners , the unenforced standards of human conduct Outbreeding depression , reduced fitness from breeding of unrelated individuals Purebred , cultivars of a species disambig de Breeding id Pemuliaan ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on biology Organism ... more details
, true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cell ... to highlight the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organism s that consist of more than one cell biology cell , in contrast to single cell organism s. To form a multicellular organism, these cells ... cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what ... fulltext S0960 9822 10 01095 X?large figure true Multicellular development in a choanoflagellate ... leading to the incorporation into one multicellular organism of their genome. ref cite book author Margulis ...?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism would become a separate lineage of differentiated cells ... extinct. However, the problem with this theory is that it is still not known how each organism ... one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed endomembrane internal membrane partitions around each ... serves the organism s needs, while the micronucleus is used for sexual like reproduction ..., this theory needs a demonstrable example and mechanism of generation of a multicellular organism ... of different species led to a multicellular organism. At least some, it is presumed land evolved ... protist s from true multicellular organisms, as the two concepts are not distinct although the former .... Advantages of Multicellularity Allows an organism to grow larger than would be otherwise possible ... cellular lineages within an organism. See also Cellular differentiation Organogenesis Embryogenesis ... of Life Eukaryotes Evolution DEFAULTSORT Multicellular Organism Category Developmental biology Category ... cs Mnohobun nost cy Organeb amlgellog de Vielzeller et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu Zelulanitz ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Category Hypothetical life forms Biology stub ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related An analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . If global society can be seen as a super organism, then the Internet can be viewed as that organism ... R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic ... Rawie, Henry title The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher ...? http www.gwu.edu asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http www.brocku.ca MeadProject Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http ... the essay The Social Organism in volume 1 Category Superorganisms Category Sociological paradigms ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
A fastidious organism is any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement. In other words, a fastidious organism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet. The more restrictive term fastidious microorganism is often used in the field of microbiology to describe microorganism s that will only grow if special nutrients are present in their culture medium . ref cite web last Rao P.N. first Sridhar title Culture Media url http www.microrao.com micronotes culture media.pdf accessdate 23 March 2012 ref See also Growth medium References Reflist Microbiology stub Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichen s and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut , may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. seealso Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession ecology stub Category Ecological succession Category Population ecology ... more details
, but they are anaerobic organism anaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor ... aerobes, which require oxygen. Most anaerobic organism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being .... However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore ... anaerobic organism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar ... pl Aerob pt Aerobiose ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming ... cleaner and easier to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun ... condition. See also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial ... 457 464. evolution DEFAULTSORT Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology ca Per ode juvenil d un organisme de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
prokaryote prokaryotic model organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ... from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism Models are those organisms with a wealth ..., the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being ... . When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Among ... This common, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular ... differentiation . Mycoplasma genitalium a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence ... ref cite book author Davis, Rowland H. title Neurospora contributions of a model organism publisher ... biology Mimulus is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. This specie ... sequence of Poplar Populus trichocarpa sequence is publicly available. See also Model organism ... was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona intestinalis , a sea ... organism to understand the processes of Regeneration biology regeneration and morphogenesis ..., a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function, and the evolution ... first4 R title A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital microscopy ... Ecological genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic ... organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination . class wikitable Organism ... organism Yes Yes See also Animal model Ensembl genome database of model organisms History ... Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer Generic Model Organism Database History of animal ... more details
In agriculture and gardening , a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insect s, arachnid s, other animal s, plant s, bacteria , fungus fungi , virus es, and nematode s. Benefits include pest control , pollination , and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pest animal pest s, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process. Beneficial or pest The distinction between beneficial and pest is arbitrary, subjectively determined by examining the effect of a particular organism in a specific growing situation. Insects Beneficial insects can include predators such as ladybug s of pest insects, and pollinators such as bee s, which are an integral part of the growth cycle of many crops . Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature. Nematodes Certain microscopic nematodes worms are beneficial in destroying and controlling populations of larvae that are damaging or deadly to crops and other plants. They are commonly used in organic gardening for their ability to kill various kinds of harmful larvae fungus gnat s, flea larvae, spidermite s, weevil s, Larva grub s, rootworm s, cutworm s, etc. Microorganisms Many different soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient recycling for one, through decomposing plant residues and other soil building and maintaining activities. Mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus sp. , yeast saccharomyces sp. and fermenting fungi ref Higa and Wididana, 1991 Higa and Parr, 1994 ref can positively improve the soil fertility as well as plant productivity. Productive Microbes as an effective alternative tool for manipulation and managing the overall microbial ecology of complex and diverse systems. Animals Bird s and other animals ... more details
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts , occurring in some strains of Paramecium . Paramecium stains possessing the particles Killers liberate into the culture medium a substance lethal to Paramecium not containing kappa particles. Kappa particles are Feulgen positive, stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2 0.5 . ref C. H. Brown, Elimination of kappa particles from killer strains of paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin . Nature 166, 527 23 September 1950 DOI 10.1038 166527A0 ref The particles are considered to be intracellular symbionts, occupying a position between viruses , bacteria , and organelles , ref http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?t 66078 Kappa Particles in mediLexicon ref mere nucleoprotein ref http www.answers.com topic kappa particle Kappa Particles in McGraw Hill Science & Technology Dictionary ref or, by another sources bacterium Caenobacter taenospiralis . References reflist External links The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1972 PMID 5076362 Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1974 PMID 4599970 Category Cell anatomy Category Ciliates Biology stub ... more details
Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria , such as E. coli , in surface water is a common indicator of Water quality Measurement fecal contamination . Coliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number MPN method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off the Coliform Index , fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such as the Eijckman test are conducted. Citation needed date December 2007 Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms. Indicator organisms need not be pathogenic. ref cite web url http des.nh.gov organization commissioner pip factsheets wwt documents web 18.pdf title Fecal Coliform as an Indicator Organism accessdate 2007 11 30 last first coauthors date 2003 work Wastewater treatment environmental fact sheet publisher New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ref Non coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of fecal contamination. ref cite book last Gerardi first Michael H. authorlink coauthors Mel C. Zimmerman editor Michael H. Gerardi title Wastewater Pathogens url edition series Wastewater Microbiology Series date year 2005 month January publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location Hoboken, NJ isbn 9780471206927 pages 147 ref See also Coliform bacteria Coliform Index E. coli References Reflist nothing kn Category Bacteria ... more details
unreferenced date December 2008 Breeding pair is a pair of animal s which cooperate over time to produce offspring with some form of a bond between the individuals. For example, many bird s mate for a breeding season or sometimes for life. They may share some or all of the tasks involved building a nest, incubating the egg biology egg s and feeding and protecting the young. The term is not generally used when a male has a harem zoology of female s, such as with mountain gorilla s. Truebreeding pairs are usually found only in vertebrate s, but there are notable exceptions, such as the Lord Howe Island stick insect . Truebreeding pairs are rare in amphibians or reptiles, but fairly common with fish e.g. Discus fish discus and especially bird s. Breeding pair arrangements are rare in mammal s, where the prevailing patterns are either that the male and female only meet for copulation e.g. brown bear or that dominant males have a harem zoology of females e.g. walrus . Category Breeding Category Mating Category Reproduction eo Reproduktanta paro ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Intraspecific breeding is the act of breeding two variety biology varieties within the same species . The breeding of intraspecific organisms produce Hybrid biology hybrids that often show hybrid vigour heterosis , growing more vigorously and yielding more than in bred lines. Intraspecific offspring are usually fertile , but will not breed true , although they share the same gene pool . Intraspecific interactions do not generally lead to the extinction of a species although their offspring will be highly variable, some resembling one parent, some the other, and others showing a whole range of characteristics and combinations between the two. Intraspecific offspring, should not be confused with Interspecific hybrids Interspecific hybrids interspecific hybrids such as the mule which are generally not Fertility fertile . In natural environments, intraspecific organisms are much more likely to show pronounced territorial and aggressive behaviour in competition for resources, compared with interspecific organisms. See also Reproduction Breeding Hybrid biology DEFAULTSORT Intraspecific Breeding Category Reproduction Biology stub ... more details
Molecular breeding is the application of molecular biology tools, often in plant breeding . ref Voosen P 2009 http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id molecular breeding crops genetics rice soy corn wheat Molecular Breeding Makes Crops Hardier and More Nutritious Markers, knockouts and other technical advances improve breeding without modifying genes, Scientific American ref ref http www.plantphysiol.org content 147 3 969.full Stephen P. Moose and Rita H. Mumm 2008 Molecular Plant Breeding as the Foundation for 21st Century Crop Improvement, Plant Physiology 147 969 977 ref The areas of molecular breeding include QTL mapping or gene discovery Marker assisted selection and genomic selection ref Jannink J L, Lorenz AJ, Iwata H 2010 Genomic selection in plant breeding from theory to practice. Brief Funct Genomics 9 166 177 ref ref Heffner EL, Sorrells ME, Jannink JL 2009 Genomic selection for crop improvement. Crop Sci 49 1 12 ref Genetic engineering Genetic transformation Steps Marker assisted breeding Genotyping and creating molecular maps genomics The commonly used markers include Simple sequence repeats or Microsatellite genetics microsatellites , single nucleotide polymorphisms SNP . The process of identification of plant genotypes is known as genotyping . Development of SNPs has revolutionized the molecular breeding process as it help to create dense markers. The another ... assisted breeding selection Marker assisted selection or genetic selection Once genes or markers ... data when available in an attempt to increase the accuracy of the prediction of breeding ... journal Journal of animal breeding and genetics Zeitschrift fur Tierzuchtung und Zuchtungsbiologie ... transfer of genes from one organism to another. Thus plants can receive genes from humans or algae or any other organism. This provides limitless opportunity in breeding crop plants. References references ? BAKERR, . J., 1986 Selection Indices in Plant Breeding. CRC Press, Bocd Raton, Florida. Category ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 cleanup date April 2012 The Breeding of Strawberries is a long story that starts ..., breeding, and physiology 1st edition ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ref The most commonly consumed ... have employed many plant breedingbreeding techniques, starting with traditional plant breeding and then moving on to molecular breeding and genetic engineering in the 20th century. File StrawberryWatercolor.jpg ... The History of the Breeding of Strawberries Early Breeding European Breeding before American Contact ... holdings in North America, F. virginiana s genetic home. The English work with breeding was centered on breeding F. virginiana into new varieties and crossing it with F. chiloensis . ref name ... resistance to the climate of England. The English breeding of early F. virginiana x F. chiloensis ... breeding experiment, he was mistaken in his belief that all inter fertile large fruited strawberries ... flavor up until the 20th century. ref name darrow Modern Breeding In the modern age, strawberry breeding ... diseases United States In 1920 a large shift in the breeding of strawberries occurred. Breeding ... department of Agriculture stated to fund strawberry breeding. ref name darrow The early objectives of the breeding stations were to develop new varieties to better satisfy the American demand for better ... became an objective of breeding, particularly to red stele root disease. ref name darrow The 1937 ... and the United States, France allowed strawberry breeding to remain a largely private study for the early ... bearing strawberries. ref name darrow Private Sector Funded Breeding As part of research and development ... ref name darrow F. virginiana native to Eastern North America ref name darrow The Breeding Techniques Traditional Breeding Traditional breeding refers to the process of allowing certain chosen plants ... put, traditional breeding takes plants with favorable characteristics and breeds them. Then the offspring ... developed by Andrew Knight as a result of his 1817 breeding experiment. ref name darrow The mother ... more details
About selective breeding in the context of colloquial, everyday usage a more detailed treatment within ... accelerated lean muscle growth Selective breeding is the process of breeding plant breeding plants and animal breeding animals for particular traits. Typically, strains that are selectively bred are domesticated , and the breeding is sometimes done by a professional breeder . Bred animals are known ... biology hybrids . The term selective breeding is synonymous with artificial selection . In animal breeding techniques such as inbreeding , linebreeding , and outcrossing are utilized. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful ... selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeon s, cats , cattle , and dogs . Selective breeding was used by Darwin as a springboard to introduce the theory of natural selection , and to support ... year 2004 publisher CRW Publishing Limited location London isbn 1 904633 78 1 ref Animal breeding Main Animal breeding Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known ... of several breeds, often unknown. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain ... before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended. Purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By breeding the best ... chart pedigree s and or stud book s. However, single trait breeding, breeding for only one trait ... breeding of crossbred or Hybrid biology hybrid animals may also result in degradation of quality. Plant breeding Main Plant breeding Image Carrots of many colors.jpg thumb 100px right Researchers at the USDA have selectively bred carrots with a variety of colors. Plant breeding has been used ... more details
Service USFWS staff with two red wolf pups bred in captivity Captive breeding is the process of breeding ... to include release of individual organism s to the wild, when there is sufficient natural habitat to support new individuals or when the threat to the species in the wild is lessened. Captive breeding ... also reduce genetic diversity and species fitness. History Captive breeding has been used with success for some species for some time, with probably the oldest known instances of captive breeding being ... . This species was successfully saved through captive breeding programs after almost being hunted to extinction ... , its native habitat. Captive breeding coordination The breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators, who evaluate ... East Asia Conservation activities of South East Asian Zoos Association SEAZA Challenges Captive breeding ... breeding population is too small, inbreeding may occur due to the reduced gene pool , which may lead ... is used by TKSSP to make annual breeding recommendations to preserve genetic diversity in small populations ... . Comparison of the genetic diversity of the captive breeding population to wild populations is done to evaluate how the captive breeding program is retaining the population s genetic diversity ... dendrolagus matschiei captive breeding program journal Zoo Biology year 2010 volume 30 issue ... 1853163811 ref Behaviour changes Impacts of captive breeding include behavioural problems in released ... 326. ref Domestication is another challenge that captive breeding faces. In a study done by Belyaev ... of breeding the domesticated silver fox es picked up behavioral traits seen in domesticated ... changes such as drooping ears, erect tails and two breeding periods per year. All of these characteristics ... Breeding in Endangered Species Recovery journal Conservation Biology date 1 April 1996 volume 10 ... with captive breeding is the habitat loss that occurs while they are in captivity being bred though ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
