200 ImageName Skeletal formula of the L isomer ImageFile1 L Tyrosine zwitterion 3D balls.png ImageSize1 200px ImageName1 Ball and stick model of the L isomer as a zwitterion IUPACName S Tyrosine OtherNames ... Tyrosine abbreviated as Tyr or Y ref cite web author IUPAC IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature .... It is a non essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word tyrosine is from the Greek language ... ce6 sci A0849873.html title Tyrosine author authorlink coauthors year 2007 work The Columbia ... cite web url http www.etymonline.com index.php?term tyrosine title Tyrosine author Douglas Harper ... group or side chain. Functions Aside from being a proteinogenic amino acid, tyrosine has a special ... kinase s so called receptor tyrosine kinase s . Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group changes the activity of the target protein. A tyrosine residue also plays an important role in photosynthesis ... reduced in the photosystem II by the four core manganese clusters. Dietary sources Tyrosine ... , and sesame seed s. ref cite web title Tyrosine url http www.umm.edu altmed articles tyrosine 000329.htm work University of Maryland Medical Center accessdate 2011 03 17 ref Tyrosine can also be obtained through supplementation. Biosynthesis Image Tyrosine biosynthesis2.png thumb center 400px Plant biosynthesis of tyrosine from shikimic acid . In plants and most microorganisms, tyr is produced ... source to give tyrosine and Alpha Ketoglutaric acid ketoglutarate . Mammals synthesize tyrosine from the essential amino acid phenylalanine phe , which is derived from food. The conversion ... ring of phenylalanine , such that it becomes tyrosine. Metabolism Image Tyrosine metabolism.png thumb center 500px Catecholamine hormone s produced from tyrosine metabolism. Phosphorylation and sulfation Some of the tyrosine residues can be tagged with a phosphate group phosphorylation phosphorylated by protein kinase s. In its phosphorylated state, it is referred to as phosphotyrosine . Tyrosine ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 enzyme Name tyrosine decarboxylase EC number 4.1.1.25 CAS number 9002 09 9 IUBMB EC number 4 1 1 25 GO code 0004837 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine decarboxylase EC number 4.1.1.25 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L tyrosine math rightleftharpoons math tyramine CO sub 2 sub Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , L tyrosine , and two product chemistry products , tyramine and carbon dioxide . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the carboxy lyases, which cleave carbon carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L tyrosine carboxy lyase tyramine forming . Other names in common use include L tyrosine decarboxylase , L tyrosine apodecarboxylase , and L tyrosine carboxy lyase . This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and alkaloid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . References Reflist 1 cite journal author McGilvery RW and Cohen PP date 1948 title The decarboxylation of L phenylalanine by Streptococcus faecalis R journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 174 pages 813&ndash 816 pmid 18871240 issue 3 Category EC 4.1.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure 4.1 enzyme stub ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine 2,3 aminomutase EC number 5.4.3.6 CAS number 9073 38 5 IUBMB EC number 5 4 3 6 GO code 0050368 image width caption Orphan date April 2009 Refimprove date April 2009 In enzymology , a tyrosine 2,3 aminomutase EC number 5.4.3.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L tyrosine math rightleftharpoons math 3 amino 3 4 hydroxyphenyl propanoate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , L tyrosine , and one product chemistry product , 3 amino 3 4 hydroxyphenyl propanoate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular transferase s transferring amino groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L tyrosine 2,3 aminomutase . This enzyme is also called tyrosine alpha,beta mutase . This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism . It employs one cofactor, 5 methylene 3,5 dihydroimidazol 4 one MIO which is formed autocatalytic rearrangement of the internal tripeptide Ala Ser Gly. Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 2OHY . References reflist 1 cite journal author Kurylo Borowska Z, Abramsky T date 1972 title Biosynthesis of tyrosine journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 264 pages 1&ndash 10 pmid 5021987 issue 1 Category EC 5.4.3 Category Enzymes of known structure isomerase stub ... more details
Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification where a sulfate group is added to a tyrosine residue of a protein molecule. Secreted proteins and extracellular parts of membrane proteins that pass through the Golgi apparatus may be sulfated. Sulfation was first discovered by Frederick Bettelheim Bettelheim in bovine fibrinopeptide B in 1954 ref Tyrosine O sulfate in a peptide from fibrinogen. F. R. Bettelheim, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1954, 76 10 , pp 2838 2839, doi 10.1021 ja01639a073 ref and later found be present in animals and plants but not in prokaryote s or in yeast. Function Sulfation plays role in strengthening protein protein interactions. Types of human proteins known to undergo tyrosine sulfation include adhesion molecules, G protein coupled receptors, coagulation factors, serine protease inhibitor s, extracellular matrix proteins, and hormones. Tyrosine O sulfate is a stable molecule and is excreted in urine in animals. No enzymatic mechanism of tyrosine sulfate desulfation is known to exist. By knock out of TPST genes in mice, it may be observed that tyrosine sulfation has effects on the growth of the mice, such as body weight, fecundity, and postnatal viability. Mechanism Sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase TPST in Golgi apparatus . The reaction ... phosphosulfate PAPS to the side chain hydroxyl group of a tyrosine residue. Sulfation sites are tyrosine ... genes are subject to transcriptional regulation and tyrosine O sulfate is very stable and cannot be easily degraded by mammalian sulfatases. Tyrosine O sulfation is an irreversible process in vivo . Antibody for detection of tyrosine sulfated epitopes In 2006, an article was published in the Journal ... and enzymology of protein tyrosine O sulfation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 issue 27 pages 24243 ... 24243 cite journal author Hoffhines AJ title Detection and purification of tyrosine sulfated proteins ... Tyrosine Sulfation Category Posttranslational modification ja ... more details
PBB geneid 7054 Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3 monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L tyrosine small L small tyrosine to L DOPA small L small 3,4 ... Tyrosine hydroxylase journal Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. volume 70 issue pages 103 220 year ... Tyrosine hydroxylase human isoforms, structure and regulation in physiology and pathology journal ... neurotransmitters norepinephrine noradrenaline and epinephrine adrenaline . Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines . In humans, tyrosine ... nervous system CNS , peripheral symphatic neurons and the adrenal medulla . ref name pmid8822146 Tyrosine ... table align left tr td Infobox enzyme Name tyrosine 3 monooxygenase EC number 1.14.16.2 CAS number 9036 22 0 IUBMB EC number 1 14 16 2 GO code 0004511 image Tyrosine to L DOPA reaction TH.svg width caption Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes conversion of tyrosine to L DOPA small L small DOPA using Fe sup 2 sup , O sub 2 sub and BH sub 4 sub td td td tr table Tyrosine hydroxylase catalysis catalyzes the reaction where small L small tyrosine is hydroxylation hydroxylated in the Meta ... atoms in O sub 2 sub is used to hydroxylate the tyrosine molecule to obtain small L small ... AAAHs , tyrosine hydroxylase use the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin BH sub 4 sub under normal conditions, although other similar molecules may also work as a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase. ref ... subunits in tyrosine hydroxylase is coordinated with an iron II atom presented in the active site. The oxidation ... and adrenaline, tyrosine hydroxylase is therefore found in the cytosol of all cells containing these catecholamines . This initial reaction catalyzed by tyrosine hydroxylase has been shown to be the rate ... of catecholamines do. Tryptophan is a poor substrate for tyrosine hydroxylate, however it can hydroxylate small L small phenylalanine to form small L small tyrosine and small amounts of 3 ... more details
enzyme Name Tyrosine transaminase EC number 2.6.1.5 CAS number 9014 55 5 IUBMB EC number 2 6 1 5 GO code 0080130 image 3DYD.png width caption Human tyrosine aminotransferase rainbow colored, N terminus ... 3DYD cite journal author Karlberg T, Moche M, Andersson J, et al. title Human tyrosine aminotransferase ... tyrosine aminotransferase caption image width 275 HGNCid 11573 Symbol TAT AltSymbols EntrezGene ... 22.1 LocusSupplementaryData Tyrosine aminotransferase or tyrosine transaminase is an enzyme present in the liver and catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine to 4 hydroxyphenylpyruvate . ref name pmid1349265 cite journal author Dietrich JB title Tyrosine aminotransferase a transaminase among others? journal ... doi url issn ref In humans, the tyrosine aminotransferase protein is encoded by the TAT gene . A deficiency ... of tyrosine as a result of tyrosine failing to undergo an aminotransferase reaction ... H, Scherer G title Isolation and characterization of the human tyrosine aminotransferase gene ... in chemical reaction catalyzed by the tyrosine aminotransferase enzyme are shown below the amino acid tyrosine , the prosthetic group pyridoxal phosphate , and the resulting product 4 hydroxyphenylpyruvic ... diagram of the tyrosine aminotransferase protein dimer dimer . The prosthetic group PLP is visible in both ... pyridoxal pyruvate PLP bonded to the Lys280 residue of the tyrosine aminotransferase molecule. The amine group of tyrosine attacks the alpha carbon of the imine bonded to Lys280, forming a tetrahedral ... as the base that attacks the tyrosine in transimination. The electrons left behind from the loss ... orientation Tyrosine Aminotransferase as a dimer has two identical active sights. Lys280 is attached ... TATActivesite.jpg Pathology Tyrosinemia is the most common metabolic disease associated with tyrosine aminotransferase. The disease results from a deficiency in hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase ... mutations in the tyrosine aminotransferase gene in tyrosinemia type II journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... more details
dablink Tyrosine kinases are a subclass of protein kinase , see there for the principles of protein phosphorylation Pfam box Symbol Pkinase Tyr Name Protein tyrosine kinase image PDB 1m61 EBI.jpg width caption Tyrosine protein kinase zap 70 Pfam PF07714 InterPro IPR001245 SMART TyrKc Prosite PDOC00629 SCOP 1apm TCDB CDD cd00192 OPM family 207 OPM protein 2k1k PDB A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can ... tyrosine on the protein. Tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of the larger class of protein kinase s which ... , are often effective cancer treatments. Most tyrosine kinases have an associated protein tyrosine ... specific and tyrosine specific this domain . ref name pmid3291115 cite journal author Hanks SK, Quinn ... donor, such as ATP, to an acceptor molecule. ref name Lehninger 2008 Tyrosine kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins. ref name Lehninger 2008 cite book author Cox, Michael ... oclc doi url accessdate ref The phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in turn cause a change in the function of the protein that they are contained in. ref name Lehninger 2008 Phosphorylation at tyrosine ..., and interaction between molecules. ref name Radha 1996 Furthermore tyrosine kinases function ... tyrosine kinase with the nuclear matrix and cell cycle dependent changes in matrix associated tyrosine ... pmid 8612602 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1996.00352.x url issn ref Finally mutations can cause some tyrosine ... or progression of cancer. Tyrosine kinases function in a variety of processes, pathways, and actions, and is responsible for key events in the body. The receptor tyrosine kinases function in transmembrane signaling, whereas tyrosine kinases within the cell function in signal transduction to the nucleus ... a possible role for protein tyrosine kinase journal Br. J. Pharmacol. volume 122 issue 1 pages 59 70 year 1997 month September pmid 9298529 pmc 1564904 doi 10.1038 sj.bjp.0701345 url issn ref Tyrosine ... s. ref name Radha 1996 In this way, in fact, tyrosine kinase activity is involved in mitogenesis ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine phenol lyase EC number 4.1.99.2 CAS number 9059 31 8 IUBMB EC number 4 1 99 2 GO code 0050371 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine phenol lyase EC number 4.1.99.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L tyrosine H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math phenol pyruvate NH sub 3 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L tyrosine and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are phenol , pyruvate , and ammonia NH sub 3 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically in the catch all class of carbon carbon lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L tyrosine phenol lyase deaminating pyruvate forming . Other names in common use include beta tyrosinase , and L tyrosine phenol lyase deaminating . This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and nitrogen metabolism . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1C7G , PDB link 1TPL , PDB link 2EZ1 , PDB link 2EZ2 , and PDB link 2TPL . References reflist 1 cite journal author Kumagai H, Yamada H, Matsui H, Ohkishi H, Ogata K date 1970 title Tyrosine phenol lyase. I. Purification, crystallization, and properties journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 245 pages 1767&ndash 72 pmid 4908868 issue 7 cite journal author Kumagai H, Yamada H, Matsui H, Ohkishi H, Ogata K date 1970 title Tyrosine phenol lyase. II. Cofactor requrements journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 245 pages 1773&ndash 7 pmid 4908869 issue 7 4.1 enzyme stub Category EC 4.1.99 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine ester sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.9 CAS number 9055 56 5 IUBMB EC number 2 8 2 9 GO code 0017067 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine ester sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate L tyrosine methyl ester math rightleftharpoons math adenosine 3 ,5 bisphosphate L tyrosine methyl ester 4 sulfate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate and L tyrosine methyl ester , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine 3 ,5 bisphosphate and L tyrosine methyl ester 4 sulfate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate L tyrosine methyl ester sulfotransferase . Other names in common use include aryl sulfotransferase IV , and L tyrosine methyl ester sulfotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Duffel MW, Jakoby WB date 1981 title On the mechanism of aryl sulfotransferase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 256 pages 11123&ndash 7 pmid 6945304 issue 21 cite journal author Mattock P, Jones JG date 1970 title Partial purification and properties of an enzyme from rat liver that catalyses the sulphation of L tyrosyl derivatives journal Biochem. J. volume 116 pages 797&ndash 803 pmid 5441369 issue 5 pmc 1185501 cite journal author Sekura RD, Jakoby WB date 1981 title Aryl sulfotransferase IV from rat liver journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 211 pages 352&ndash 9 pmid 6946725 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 81 90464 1 issue 1 transferase stub Category EC 2.8.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name tubulin tyrosine ligase EC number 6.3.2.25 CAS number 60321 03 1 IUBMB EC number 6 3 2 25 GO code 0004835 image width caption In enzymology , a tubulin tyrosine ligase EC number 6.3.2.25 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP detyrosinated alpha tubulin L tyrosine math rightleftharpoons math alpha tubulin ADP phosphate The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , detyrosinated alpha tubulin , and L tyrosine , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are alpha tubulin , adenosine diphosphate ADP , and phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon nitrogen bonds as acid D amino acid ligases peptide synthases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha tubulin L tyrosine ligase ADP forming . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wehland J, Schroder HC, Weber K date 1986 title Isolation and purification of tubulin tyrosine ligase journal Methods Enzymol. volume 134 pages 170&ndash 9 pmid 3821560 doi 10.1016 0076 6879 86 34086 2 cite journal author Rudiger M, Wehland J, Weber K date 1994 title The carboxy terminal peptide of detyrosinated alpha tubulin provides a minimal system to study the substrate specificity of tubulin tyrosine ligase journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 220 pages 309&ndash 20 pmid 7510228 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1994.tb18627.x issue 2 ligase stub Category EC 6.3.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine arginine ligase EC number 6.3.2.24 CAS number 116036 78 3 IUBMB EC number 6 3 2 24 GO code 0050367 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine arginine ligase EC number 6.3.2.24 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L tyrosine L arginine math rightleftharpoons math AMP diphosphate L tyrosyl L arginine The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , L tyrosine , and L arginine , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and L tyrosyl L arginine . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon nitrogen bonds as acid D amino acid ligases peptide synthases . The systematic name of this enzyme class is L tyrosine L arginine ligase AMP forming . Other names in common use include tyrosyl arginine synthase , kyotorphin synthase , kyotorphin synthesizing enzyme , and kyotorphin synthetase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Ueda H, Yoshihara Y, Fukushima N, Shiomi H, Nakamura A, Takagi H date 1987 title Kyotorphin tyrosine arginine synthetase in rat brain synaptosomes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 262 pages 8165&ndash 73 pmid 3597366 month Jun first1 H first2 Y first3 N first4 H first5 A first6 H issue 17 issn 0021 9258 url http www.jbc.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 3597366 format Free full text ligase stub Category EC 6.3.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine 3 monooxygenase kinase EC number 2.7.11.6 CAS number 103537 12 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 11 6 GO code 0050369 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine 3 monooxygenase kinase EC number 2.7.11.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP tyrosine 3 monooxygenase math rightleftharpoons math ADP phospho tyrosine 3 monooxygenase Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and tyrosine 3 monooxygenase , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and phospho tyrosine 3 monooxygenase . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the sidechain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues in protein s protein serine threonine kinase s . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP tyrosine 3 monoxygenase phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase associated kinase , STK4 , and tyrosine 3 monooxygenase kinase phosphorylating . This enzyme participates in mapk signaling pathway and non small cell lung cancer . References reflist 1 cite journal author Pigeon D, Drissi Daoudi R, Gros F, Thibault J date 1986 title Copurification of tyrosine hydroxylase from rat pheochromocytoma by protein kinase journal C. R. Acad. Sci. III. volume 302 pages 435&ndash 8 pmid 2872947 issue 12 cite journal author Pigeon D, Ferrara P, Gros F, Thibault J date 1987 title Rat pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase is phosphorylated on serine 40 by an associated protein kinase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 262 pages 6155&ndash 8 pmid 2883182 issue 13 Category EC 2.7.11 Category Enzymes of unknown structure enzyme stub ... more details
enzyme Name non membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase EC number 2.7.10.2 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 7 10 2 GO code 0004715 image width caption Non receptor tyrosine kinases or non specific protein tyrosine kinases are enzyme s that can transfer a phosphate group from Adenosine triphosphate ATP to a tyrosine residue in a protein . Non receptor tyrosine kinases are a subgroup of the larger class of tyrosine kinase s. Phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is an important mechanism in signal transduction for regulation of enzyme activity. Structural studies As of late 2007, 37 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2DM0 , PDB link 2DQ7 , PDB link 2E2B , PDB link 2E6I , PDB link 2EKX , PDB link 2GQG , PDB link 2H8H , PDB link 2HDA , PDB link 2HIW , PDB link 2HK5 , PDB link 2HWO , PDB link 2HWP , PDB link 2HYY , PDB link 2HZ0 , PDB link 2HZ4 , PDB link 2HZI , PDB link 2HZN , PDB link 2IJM , PDB link 2IN6 , PDB link 2IO6 , PDB link 2J0J , PDB link 2J0K , PDB link 2J0L , PDB link 2J0M , PDB link 2O88 , PDB link 2OF2 , PDB link 2OF4 , PDB link 2OFU , PDB link 2OFV , PDB link 2OG8 , PDB link 2OI3 , PDB link 2OIQ , PDB link 2OQ1 , PDB link 2OZO , PDB link 2QOH , PDB link 2V7A , and PDB link 2Z60 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Robinson DR, Wu YM, Lin SF date 2000 title The protein tyrosine kinase family of the human genome journal Oncogene. volume 19 pages 5548&ndash 57 pmid 11114734 doi 10.1038 sj.onc.1203957 issue 49 cite journal author Roskoski R Jr date 2004 title Src protein tyrosine kinase structure and regulation journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 324 pages 1155&ndash 64 pmid 15504335 doi 10.1016 j.bbrc.2004.09.171 issue 4 enzyme stub Tyrosine kinases Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins Category EC 2.7.10 Category Enzymes of known structure sr Nereceptorska tirozinska kinaza ... more details
File 3CS9 Abl1 Nilotinib.png 300px right thumb Crystal structure of the second generation Bcr Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib red in complex with an Abl gene Abl kinase domain blue . Nilotinib is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia CML , a hematological malignancy . A tyrosine kinase inhibitor TKI is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinase s, enzyme s responsible for the activation of signal transduction cascades through phosphorylation of various proteins . TKIs are typically used as anti cancer drugs. They are also called tyrphostins , the short name for tyrosine phosphorylation Enzyme inhibitor inhibitor , originally coined in a 1988 publication, ref cite journal author Yaish P, Gazit A, Gilon C, Levitzki A. title Blocking of EGF dependent cell proliferation by EGF receptor kinase inhibitors. year 1988 journal Science volume 242 issue 4880 pages 933 935 pmid ... demonstration of a systematic search and discovery of small molecular weight inhibitors of tyrosine ... . It was further shown that in spite of the conservation of the tyrosine kinase domains one can design and synthesize tyrphostins that discriminate between even closely related protein tyrosine kinases ... tyrphostins as potent inhibitors of EGF receptor and ErbB2 neu tyrosine kinases ... at various tyrosine kinases have been generated by the originators of these compounds and proven ... M, Gazit A, Zehavi A, Ben Neriah Y, Levitzki A. title Tyrphostin induced inhibition of p210bcr abl tyrosine ... GM, Fanning S, Zimmermann J, Lydon NB. title Effects of a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine ... author Posner I, Engel M, Gazit A, Levitzki A. title Kinetics of inhibition by tyrphostins of the tyrosine ... conditions. ref cite journal author Levitzki A, Mishani E. title Tyrphostins and other tyrosine kinase ... of such conditions. See also Bcr Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor Protein kinase inhibitor References reflist Extracellular chemotherapeutic agents Enzyme inhibition Category Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ... more details
enzyme Name tyrosine tRNA ligase EC number 6.1.1.1 CAS number 9023 45 4 IUBMB EC number 6 1 1 1 GO code 0004831 image width caption In enzymology , a tyrosine tRNA ligase EC number 6.1.1.1 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L tyrosine RNA math rightleftharpoons math AMP triphosphate L tyrosyl tRNATyr The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , L tyrosine , and RNA , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , triphosphate , and L tyrosyl tRNA Tyr . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, to be specific those forming carbon oxygen bonds in aminoacyl tRNA and related compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L tyrosine tRNATyr ligase AMP forming . This enzyme participates in phenylalanine , tyrosine biosynthesis tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and aminoacyl trna biosynthesis . Structural studies As of late 2007, 34 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1H3E , PDB link 1J1U , PDB link 1JH3 , PDB link 1JII , PDB link 1JIJ , PDB link 1JIK , PDB link 1JIL , PDB link 1N3L , PDB link 1NTG , PDB link 1Q11 , PDB link 1TYA , PDB link 1TYB , PDB link 1TYC , PDB link 1TYD , PDB link 1U7D , PDB link 1U7X , PDB link 1VBM , PDB link 1VBN , PDB link 1WQ3 , PDB link 1WQ4 , PDB link 1X8X , PDB link 1Y42 , PDB link 1ZH0 , PDB link 1ZH6 , PDB link 2AG6 , PDB link 2CYA , PDB link 2CYB , PDB link 2CYC , PDB link 2DLC , PDB link 2HGZ , PDB link 2J5B , PDB link 2TS1 , PDB link 3TS1 , and PDB link 4TS1 . References reflist 1 cite journal author ALLEN EH, GLASSMAN E, SCHWEET RS date 1960 ..., SAAD F, WILLIAMS HH date 1961 title Partial purification of the threonine and tyrosine activating enzymes from rat liver, and the effect of patassium ions on the activity of the tyrosine enzyme journal ... EH date 1958 title Purification and properties of tyrosine activating enzyme of hog pancreas journal ... more details
Expert subject date May 2010 Protein tyrosine phosphatases PTPs are a group of enzymes that remove phosphate groups from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on proteins. Protein tyrosine pTyr phosphorylation ..., maintaining an appropriate level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for many cellular functions. Tyrosine specific protein phosphatases PTPase EC number 3.1.3.48 catalyse the removal of a phosphate group attached to a tyrosine residue, using a cysteinyl phosphate enzyme ... JM title Protein tyrosine phosphatases mechanisms of catalysis and regulation journal Curr Opin Chem ... S, Lombroso PJ title Receptor and nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatases in the nervous system ... 3123 7 ref Functions Together with tyrosine kinase s, PTPs regulate the phosphorylation state of many ... components of signal transduction cascades, despite less study and understanding compared to tyrosine ... cite journal author Sun JP, Zhang ZY, Wang WQ title An overview of the protein tyrosine phosphatase ... cite journal author Alonso A, Sasin J, et al. title Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the human genome ... ref Links to all 107 members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family can be found in the template Protein tyrosine phosphatases template at the bottom of this article. Class I The class I PTPs ... PTPs 21 receptor tyrosine phosphatase 17 nonreceptor type PTPs 61 VH 1 like or dual specific phosphatases ... dual specificity protein tyrosine phosphatases. Ser Thr and Tyr dual specificity phosphatases are a group of enzymes with both Ser Thr EC number 3.1.3.16 and tyrosine specific protein phosphatase EC number 3.1.3.48 activity able to remove the serine threonine or the tyrosine bound phosphate group from ... with PTPN11 . Class II LMW low molecular weight phosphatases, or acid phosphatases act on tyrosine ... structure of human receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa phosphatase domain 1 journal Protein ... N, Johnson MR, Perkins LA, Melnick MB title The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase corkscrew ... more details
PBB geneid 1445 C src tyrosine kinase , is a human membrane anchored tyrosine kinase protein encoded by the CSK gene. It includes an SH2 domain , an SH3 domain , and a tyrosine kinase domain. This protein specifically phosphorylate s Tyr 504 residue on human Lck leukocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase , which acts as a negative regulatory site . It may also act on the LYN and FYN kinases. Palmitoylating c Src by mutation activates it constitutively. The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Interactions C src tyrosine kinase has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with LYP . YTHDC1 , ref name pmid15175272 cite journal last Rafalska first Ilona authorlink coauthors Zhang Zhaiyi, Benderska Natalya, Wolff Horst, Hartmann Annette M, Brack Werner Ruth, Stamm Stefan date August 2004 title The intranuclear localization and function of YT521 B is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation journal Hum. Mol. Genet. volume 13 issue 15 pages 1535 49 publisher location England issn 0964 6906 pmid 15175272 doi 10.1093 hmg ddh167 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref DAB2 , ref name pmid12473651 cite journal last Zhou first Jian authorlink coauthors Scholes Jessica, Hsieh Jer Tsong date February 2003 title Characterization ... coauthors Lee H, Bedford M T, Petrucci T, Sudol M, Lisanti M P date December 2001 title Tyrosine ... April 2000 title Transmembrane phosphoprotein Cbp regulates the activities of Src family tyrosine ... expressed transmembrane adaptor protein, binds the protein tyrosine kinase csk and is involved in regulation ... laysource laydate quote doi 10.1084 jem.191.9.1591 pmc 2213442 ref See also Src gene Tyrosine ... pmc 1223257 References Reflist refend PDB Gallery geneid 1445 Tyrosine kinases The PBB Controls template ... citations yes DEFAULTSORT C Src Tyrosine Kinase Category EC 2.7.10 Category Tyrosine kinases gene 15 ... more details
PBB geneid 4058 Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LTK gene . ref name pmid2320375 cite journal author Maru Y, Hirai H, Takaku F title Human ltk gene structure and preferential expression in human leukemic cells journal Oncogene Res volume 5 issue 3 pages 199 204 year 1990 month May pmid 2320375 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene LTK leukocyte tyrosine kinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch ... by this gene is a member of the ALK LTK receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinases RTKs whose ... receptor family of RTKs. Tyrosine specific phosphorylation of proteins is a key to the control ... tyrosine kinase binds to PLC gamma 1, PI3 K, GAP and Raf 1 in vivo journal Oncogene volume 9 issue ... for the survival signal of leukocyte tyrosine kinase journal Oncogene volume 14 issue 25 pages ... R title The ltk gene encodes a novel receptor type protein tyrosine kinase. journal Embo J. volume ... R, et al. title Identification and chromosomal mapping of new human tyrosine kinase genes. journal ... spliced cDNAs of human leukocyte tyrosine kinase receptor tyrosine kinase predict receptor proteins with and without a tyrosine kinase domain and a soluble receptor protein. journal Proc. Natl. Acad ... receptor tyrosine kinase binds to PLC gamma 1, PI3 K, GAP and Raf 1 in vivo. journal Oncogene volume ... and survival signals transmitted via two distinct NPXY motifs within leukocyte tyrosine kinase, an insulin receptor related tyrosine kinase. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 271 issue 44 pages 27707 14 ... VH, et al. title A lymphocyte specific Ltk tyrosine kinase isoform is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum .... title The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase pathway is required for the survival signal of leukocyte tyrosine ... technique as a tool for studying protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate specificities. journal Protein ... 13 issue 2 pages 171 9 year 2004 pmid 14695357 doi 10.1093 hmg ddh020 refend Tyrosine kinases The PBB ... more details
enzyme Name receptor protein tyrosine kinase EC number 2.7.10.1 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 7 10 1 GO ... Prosite SCOP TCDB CDD OPM family 207 OPM protein 2k1k PDB Receptor tyrosine kinases RTK s are the high ... growth factor s, cytokine s, and hormone s. Of the 90 unique tyrosine kinase gene s identified in the human genome , 58 encode receptor tyrosine kinase proteins. ref name robinson1 cite journal author Robinson DR, Wu YM, Lin SF. title The protein tyrosine kinase family of the human genome journal ... Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown not only to be key regulators of normal cellular processes ... name zwick cite journal author Zwick, E. Bange, J. Ullrich, A. title Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling ... 8 issue 3 pages 161 173 pmid 11566607 doi 10.1677 erc.0.0080161 ref Receptor tyrosine kinase classes ... Eph receptor family RTK class IX AXL receptor tyrosine kinase AXL receptor family RTK class X Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase LTK receptor family RTK class XI Angiopoietin Receptors Tie 1 & Tie 2 TIE receptor family RTK class XII Receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor ROR receptor family ... XV PTK7 KLG receptor family RTK class XVI related to receptor tyrosine kinase RYK receptor family ... ligands , e.g., a particular growth factor or hormone . ref name Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling ... tyrosine kinase signalling as a target for cancer intervention strategies journal Endocrine Related ..., which catalyses receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of RTK substrates. ref name Receptor tyrosine kinase signalling as a target for cancer intervention strategies . Kinase activity ... enzymes that specifically phosphorylate tyrosine amino acids are termed tyrosine kinases . center ... ATP center Image L tyrosine skeletal.png center Tyrosine center gallery center When a growth factor ... receptor as a result then becomes autophosphorylated on multiple specific intracellular tyrosine residue chemistry residue s. Signal transduction The phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues ... more details
PBB geneid 6259 The related to receptor tyrosine kinase RYK gene encodes the protein Ryk. The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is an atypical member of the family of growth factor receptor protein tyrosine kinases, differing from other members at a number of conserved residues in the activation and nucleotide binding domains. This gene product belongs to a subfamily whose members do not appear to be regulated by phosphorylation in the activation segment. It has been suggested that mediation of biological activity by recruitment of a signaling competent auxiliary protein may occur through an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. Two alternative splice ... Gene RYK RYK receptor like tyrosine kinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ... tyrosine kinase related molecule with unusual kinase domain motifs journal Proc. Natl. Acad ... tyrosine kinase family members, RYK is composed of three domains, an N terminal domain, an extracellular ... domain. However, in contrast to other receptor tyrosine kinase s the C terminal domain ... al. title Putative tyrosine kinases expressed in K 562 human leukemia cells. journal Proc. Natl. Acad ... genes encoding the protein tyrosine kinase receptor related protein RYK. journal Mamm. Genome volume ... KM, Spritz RA title A survey of protein tyrosine kinase mRNAs expressed in normal human melanocytes ... homologue of a receptor related to tyrosine kinases RYK . journal Oncogene volume 8 issue ... segments and a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. journal Oncogene volume 8 issue 7 pages 2009 2014 ... RB, Ganesan TS title Functional analysis of H Ryk, an atypical member of the receptor tyrosine ... pmc 84612 cite journal author Trivier E, Ganesan TS title RYK, a catalytically inactive receptor tyrosine ... year 2007 pmid 17672918 doi 10.1186 gb 2007 8 8 r154 pmc 2374985 refend Tyrosine kinases The PBB ... more details
PBB geneid 640 Tyrosine protein kinase BLK also known as B lymphocyte kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BLK gene . ref name pmid7845672 cite journal author Drebin JA, Hartzell SW, Griffin C, Campbell MJ, Niederhuber JE title Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the human homologue of a B lymphocyte specific protein tyrosine kinase blk journal Oncogene volume 10 issue 3 pages 477 86 year 1995 month Mar pmid 7845672 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene BLK B lymphoid tyrosine kinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 640 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Interactions The tyrosine protein kinase BLK has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with UBE3A . ref name pmid10449731 cite journal author Oda H, Kumar S, Howley PM title Regulation of the Src family tyrosine kinase Blk through E6AP mediated ubiquitination journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 96 issue 17 pages 9557 62 year 1999 month August pmid 10449731 pmc 22247 doi 10.1073 pnas.96.17.9557 ... author Dymecki SM, Niederhuber JE, Desiderio SV title Specific expression of a tyrosine kinase gene ... tyrosine kinase related to murine Blk. journal J. Immunol. volume 154 issue 3 pages 1265 72 year ... product of the c cbl protooncogene is the 120 kDa tyrosine phosphorylated protein in Jurkat cells ... of sites on the Src family protein tyrosine kinases p55blk, p59fyn, and p56lyn which interact with the effector ... P, et al. title In vivo and in vitro specificity of protein tyrosine kinases for immunoglobulin G ... of Src family tyrosine kinases regulates functional interaction with a B cell substrate. journal ... journal author Oda H, Kumar S, Howley PM title Regulation of the Src family tyrosine kinase Blk through ... 279 issue 19 pages 19512 22 year 2004 pmid 14970218 doi 10.1074 jbc.M309074200 refend gene 8 stub Tyrosine ... more details
PBB geneid 558 Tyrosine protein kinase receptor UFO is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AXL ... primary human myeloid leukemia cells, encodes a novel receptor tyrosine kinase journal Mol Cell Biol ... cite web title Entrez Gene AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites ... title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily. Although it is similar to other receptor tyrosine kinases, the Axl protein represents a unique ... entrez cite web title Entrez Gene AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 558 accessdate ref Interactions AXL receptor tyrosine ... Bj rn year 2002 month Dec. title Interaction of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase with C1 TEN, a novel ... Neubauer A, Burchert A, Maiwald C, et al. title Recent progress on the role of Axl, a receptor tyrosine ... tyrosine kinase receptor with oncogenic potential journal Oncogene volume 6 issue 11 pages 2113 ... Putative tyrosine kinases expressed in K 562 human leukemia cells journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... tyrosine kinase, in normal and malignant hematopoiesis journal Blood volume 84 issue 6 pages ... The transforming receptor tyrosine kinase, Axl, is post translationally regulated by proteolytic cleavage ... cite journal author Lee ST, Strunk KM, Spritz RA title A survey of protein tyrosine kinase ... AS, et al. title Intracellular signaling of the Ufo Axl receptor tyrosine kinase is mediated mainly ... Expression profile of receptor type protein tyrosine kinase genes in the human thyroid journal Endocrinology ... R, Iwagaki S, et al. title Coexpression of growth arrest specific gene 6 and receptor tyrosine kinases ... of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase with C1 TEN, a novel C1 domain containing protein with homology ... al. title Expression of receptor type tyrosine kinase, Axl, and its ligand, Gas6, in pediatric thyroid ... doi 10.1089 105072502320908303 refend PDB Gallery geneid 558 gene 19 stub Tyrosine kinases The PBB ... more details
PBB geneid 695 Bruton s tyrosine kinase or Btk is a type of kinase enzyme implicated in the primary immunodeficiency disease X linked agammaglobulinemia Bruton s agammaglobulinemia . Its exact mechanism of action remains unknown, but it plays a crucial role in B cell maturation as well as mast cell activation through the high affinity IgE receptor. Patients with XLA have normal pre B cell populations ... antibodies offer some protection until that time . Bruton s tyrosine kinase was discovered in 1993 ... s tyrosine kinase has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with GNAQ , ref name pmid9770463 ... 1998 month October title Identification of the binding site for Gqalpha on its effector Bruton s tyrosine ... November title Bruton s tyrosine kinase Btk associates with protein kinase C mu journal FEBS Lett ... 1999 month October title Identification of the SH2 domain binding protein of Bruton s tyrosine kinase ... binding protein, Sab, which preferentially associates with Bruton s tyrosine kinase BtK journal ... T, Kishimoto T, Tsukada S year 1999 month May. title Bruton s tyrosine kinase activity is negatively ... March title Functional interaction of caveolin 1 with Bruton s tyrosine kinase and Bmx journal J. Biol ... Mechanism of Bruton s tyrosine kinase mediated recruitment and regulation of TFII I journal J. Biol ... of nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of TFII I by Bruton s tyrosine kinase journal ... Desiderio S year 1997 month January title BAP 135, a target for Bruton s tyrosine kinase in response ... Bruton s tyrosine kinase inhibitor References Reflist External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... UMichOPM protein pdbid 1bwn MeshName Bruton s tyrosine kinase Further reading refbegin ... 7907259 doi 10.1097 00008480 199312000 00008 cite journal author Uckun FM title Bruton s tyrosine ... refend PDB Gallery geneid 695 Tyrosine kinases The PBB Controls template provides controls ... Bruton s Tyrosine Kinase Category Peripheral membrane proteins enzyme stub membrane protein stub ... more details
section title summary text The TEK receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed almost exclusively in endothelial ... related to the TIE receptor tyrosine kinase. ref cite web title Entrez Gene TEK TEK tyrosine kinase ... entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7010 accessdate ref Interactions TEK tyrosine kinase ..., Nishio H, Yancopoulos G D, Suda T date August 1998 title Characterization of TEK receptor tyrosine ... TIE2 receptor tyrosine kinase. journal Oncogene volume 11 issue 10 pages 2097 103 year 1995 pmid ... phosphoproteins and the tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fyn, and Lck with the B cell molecule CD20. Evidence ... ML, Duncan AM title Assignment of the endothelial specific protein receptor tyrosine kinase gene TEK ... cloning and characterization of a novel receptor protein tyrosine kinase from human placenta. journal ... mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2. journal Cell volume 87 issue 7 pages 1181 ... specific receptor tyrosine kinase Tie2. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 29 pages ... receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligands, Angiopoietins, in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. journal ... endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase with the angiopoietin receptor Tie 2. journal Oncogene ... Gallery geneid 7010 NLM content Tyrosine kinases Clusters of differentiation The PBB Controls template ... yes DEFAULTSORT Tek Tyrosine Kinase Category Clusters of differentiation membrane protein stub ... more details
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