One source date June 2010 The Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam PANCE and Physician Assistant National Recertifying Exam PANRE are exams that must be taken by all physician assistant s PAs . Both tests are given by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants . The exams are computerized and consist of practical medical and surgical questions. PANCE The PANCE includes 360 questions ref cite web url http www.nccpa.net Pance.aspx title PANCE publisher NCCPA date accessdate 2011 03 15 ref and must be taken before a PA can be licensed for the first time upon graduation from an accredited program. PANRE The PANRE includes 300 questions and must be taken by all PAs every 6 years to continue to practice as a PA. The PANRE can be retaken if failed, but there is a 90 day waiting period ref cite web url http www.nccpa.net Panre.aspx title PANRE & 124 PANRE Test PANRE Test Preparation publisher NCCPA date accessdate 2011 03 15 ref between tests and it can only be taken twice in one year. See also United States Medical Licensing Examination USMLE References reflist med stub Category Healthcare law Category Professional titles and certifications ... more details
forum category1.html USMLE & US careers zone u Exams, Residency and International Medical Graduate IMG Community u Forums in USMLE & US Careers Zone USMLE 1, USMLE 2 CK, USMLE 2 CS, USMLE 3, After USMLE , GRE, TOEFL , USMLE Visa forums. http www.rxpgonline.com forum category3.html Canadian medical ... more details
firstaid cite book author Deepak A. Rao Le, Tao Bhushan, Vikas title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 First Aid for the Usmle Step 1 publisher McGraw Hill Medical location year 2007 pages isbn 0 ... more details
the basic sciences program, students take the USMLE Step 1 examination. Upon completion of the program, students take the USMLE step 2 examination and or the PLAB . ref http www.gmc uk.org doctors ... more details
Medical Education Credentials Last update September 15, 2010 ref Completion of USMLE Step 1 , USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills A medical diploma of medical education taken ..., regular graduates from medical schools in the United States need to complete USMLE Steps 1 and 2 as well ... program. Those IMGs who have successfully passed the necessary USMLE exams and obtained the ECFMG ... more details
refimprove date October 2008 Infobox disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 24070 ICD10 L53.8 ILDS L53.840 ICD9 ICD9 695.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Palmar erythema is reddening of the hand palm s at the thenar and hypothenar eminences. ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 . Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology . 10th ed. . Saunders. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref rp 139 Causes It is associated with various physiological as well as pathological changes, the principal one of which is portal hypertension . It is also seen in patients with liver dysfunction, such as chronic liver disease chronic hepatitis ref Basic pathology 8th edition p 646 ref , in pregnant women and in patients with polycythemia . Palmar erythema may also be the result of thyrotoxicosis and dermatoses such as eczema or psoriasis, and is related to deep telangiectasias . It may also be a normal finding. Because circulating levels of estrogen increase in both cirrhosis and pregnancy, estrogen was thought to be the cause for the increased vascularity. More recently, nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenesis of palmar erythema Citation needed date May 2011 . Palmar erythema occurs in about 30 of patients with rheumatoid arthritis especially those with elevated hemoglobin levels ref Citation author Saario R, Kalliomaki JL month Dec year 1985 title Palmar erythema in rheumatoid arthritis periodical Clin Rheumatol. volume 4 issue 4 pages 449 51 pmid 3830522 doi 10.1007 BF02031898 ref . Palmar erythema can also be seen in Coxsackievirus A infection hand, foot and mouth disease , Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and secondary Syphilis. ref citation author Le T, Bhushan V, Vasan N year 2010 title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 page 156 MHID 0 07 163340 ref . See also Toxic erythema List of cutaneous conditions References reflist med sign stub Cutaneous condition stub Urticaria and erythema Category Erythemas ar de ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Splenic flexure Latin flexura coli sinistra GraySubject 249 GrayPage 1180 Image Illu colorectal anatomy.jpg Caption Colorectal anatomy. Splenic flexure labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray1098.png Caption2 Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver, stomach, and great intestine. The duodenum and pancreas. Left colic flexure labeled at upper right. Precursor Midgut hepatic , hindgut splenic System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The splenic or left colic flexure is a sharp bend between the Transverse colon transverse and the Descending colon descending Colon anatomy colon in the left upper quadrant of humans. The left colic flexure is near the spleen , and hence called the splenic flexure. There are two colic flexures in the transverse colon &mdash the other being the hepatic flexure , as it is next to the liver , in the right upper quadrant abdomen right upper quadrant . The splenic flexure is a watershed region as it receives dual blood supply from the terminal branches of the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery , thus making it prone to ischemic damage in cases of hypotension because it does not have its own primary source of blood. ref First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2011 Edition, p.311 ref Additional images gallery Image illu intestine.jpg Intestines Image DCBE.jpg Double Contrast Barium Enema Using Positive and Negative Contrast gallery See also Splenic flexure syndrome References references External links SUNYCrossSection ThoraxF03 20 eMedicineDictionary left colic flexure SUNYAnatomyLabs 37 13 02 03 Digestive tract Category Colon anatomy Digestive stub it Flessura splenica pl Zagi cie ledzionowe okr nicy ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General visceral efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent. BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Parasympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The term general visceral efferent fibers GVE or visceral efferent or autonomic efferent refers to the efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system that provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands contrast with Special visceral efferent SVE fibers ref cite book last Drake, Vogl, Mitchell title Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition year 2010 publisher Elsevier ref . GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic ref cite book last Drake, Vogl, Mitchell title Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition year 2010 publisher Elsevier ref . The cranial nerves containing GVE fibers include the oculomotor nerve , the facial nerve , the glossopharyngeal nerve , and the vagus nerve . ref Mehta, Samir et al. Step Up A High Yield, Systems Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Baltimore, MD LWW, 2003. ref Additional images gallery Image Gray840.png Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. gallery See also Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Gray s Nervous tissue References reflist Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox university name Avalon University School of Medicine image name established 2003 closed type For profit school For profit chancellor Shokat Fatteh, MD president dean Sireesha Bala Arja, MD director head label head academic staff students undergrad postgrad doctoral other city Willemstad country Cura ao coor campus former names Xavier University School of Medicine 2003 2010 colors website url http avalonu.org Avalon University School of Medicine AUSOM previously Xavier University School of Medicine in Bonaire is a for profit school for profit medical school located in Willemstad , Cura ao , in the Caribbean . AUSOM confers upon its graduates the Doctor of Medicine MD degree. Administrative offices for the university are located in Youngstown , Ohio . History AUSOM was founded in 2003 in Bonaire in the Netherlands Antilles now known as the Caribbean Netherlands as Xavier University School of Medicine. In 2010, the university relocated to Curacao and changed its name to Avalon University School of Medicine to differentiate itself from other universities with the same name. ref cite web title Xavier University School of Medicine Bonaire Announces Name Change and Relocation url http www.prlog.org 10745937 xavier university school of medicine bonaire announces name change and relocation.html accessdate 2010 07 07 ref Curriculum The curriculum for the Doctor of Medicine degree spans four years. First and second year students study basic science courses on the Curacao campus. Third year students attend an 8 week course at the admissions office in Youngstown, Ohio for orientation in clinical studies, preparation for the USMLE Step 1 examination and an overview of US residency application. Students who pass the USMLE exam spend the final 18 months in medical clerkship clinical clerkships in the United States, including 24 weeks of elective clerkships for fourth year students. Citation needed date August 2011 Accreditation Avalon University School of Medicine states th ... more details
take step one of the medical licensing boards, the USMLE Step 1 USMLE , or the COMLEX . The clinical ... Step 2 of the medical licensing boards USMLEUSMLE Step 2 CK Clinical Knowledge & USMLE Step 2 Clinical ... independently until completing at least an internship medicine internship and also Step 3 of the USMLE Step 3 USMLE for M.D. or COMLEX for D.O. . Doctors of medicine and doctors of osteopathic medicine ... more details
the U.S. Medical Licensing Examinations USMLE and compete for Family Medicine Residency program positions ... ref Parts of the Program Program A USMLE Step 1 Preparation Pasadena, CA Entails a time ... and question banks with the expectation that the USMLE 1 examination will be completed within 6 months of starting the program. Program B USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge and Clinical Skils Preparation ... Observership Applicants with competitive scores on the USMLE 1 and USMLE 2 CK and CS will be invited ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Infobox Brain Name Third ventricle Latin ventriculus tertius cerebri GraySubject 189 GrayPage 813 Image Gray734.png Caption Scheme showing relations of the ventricles to the surface of the brain. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 429 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre v 06 DorlandsSuf 12853453 The third ventricle ventriculus tertius is one of four connected fluid filled cavities comprising the ventricular system within the human brain . It is a median cleft between the two Thalamus thalami , and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF . It is in the midline, between the left and right lateral ventricle s. Running through the third ventricle is the Interthalamic adhesion , fibers which connect the two thalami. Communication It communicates with the lateral ventricle s anteriorly by the interventricular foramina neural anatomy interventricular foramina of Monro . It communicates with the fourth ventricle posteriorly by the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius . Development The third ventricle, similarly to other parts of the ventricular system of the brain, develop from the central canal of the neural tube. Specifically, the third ventricle originates from the portion of the tube that is present in the developing prosencephalon, and subsequently in the developing encephalopathy. ref Cite book last1 Le first1 Tao first2 Vikas last2 Bhushan first3 Neil last3 Vasan title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2010 20th Anniversary Edition location USA publisher The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. year 2010 pages 126 isbn 978 0 07 163340 6 ref Boundaries It is bounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus on both the left and right sides. The lamina terminalis forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle. Protrusions There are two protrusions on the front of the third ventricle the supra optic recess above the optic chiasma the infundibular recess above the pituitary stalk . In casts of the ventricular system, a small ho ... more details
one source date March 2012 Infobox Brain Name Cerebral aqueduct Latin aqueductus mesencephali cerebri GraySubject 188 GrayPage 806 Image cn3nucleus.png Caption Section through superior colliculus showing path of oculomotor nerve . Image2 Gray736.png Caption2 Drawing of a cast of the ventricular cavities, viewed from the side. IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 500 MeshName Cerebral Aqueduct MeshNumber A08.186.211.132.659.822.187 The mesencephalic duct , also known as the aqueductus mesencephali , aqueduct of Franciscus Sylvius Sylvius or the cerebral aqueduct , contains cerebrospinal fluid CSF , is within the mesencephalon or midbrain and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon , located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum . Development The cerebral aqueduct, similarly to other parts of the ventricular system of the brain, develops from the central canal of the neural tube. Specifically, the duct originates from the portion of the neural tube that is present in the developing mesencephalon, hence the name mesencephalic duct. ref Cite book last1 Le first1 Tao first2 Vikas last2 Bhushan first3 Neil last3 Vasan title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2010 20th Anniversary Edition location USA publisher The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. year 2010 pages 126 isbn 978 0 07 163340 6 ref Pathology A blockage in this duct is a cause of hydrocephalus . See also List of regions in the human brain References Reflist External links UMichAtlas n2a3p2 Additional images gallery Image Gray710.png Transverse section through mid brain number 2 indicates the cerebral aqueduct. Image Gray711.png Transverse section of mid brain at level of inferior colliculi. Image Gray712.png Transverse section of mid brain at level of superior colliculi. Image Periaqueductal MRI.PNG MRI section of mid brain. Image Gray720.png Median sagittal section of brain. Image Gr ... more details
Refimprove date March 2011 In genetics , a missense mutation a type of nonsynonymous mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid ref MedTerms Medical Dictionary http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 4396 ref mutations that change an amino acid to a stop codon are considered nonsense mutations , rather than missense mutations . ref First Aid for the USMLE Step 1, 2011 ref This can render the resulting protein nonfunctional. Such mutations are responsible for diseases such as Epidermolysis bullosa , sickle cell disease , and Superoxide dismutase SOD1 mediated Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS Harv Boill e 2006 p 39 . For example, in the most common variant of sickle cell disease, the 20th nucleotide of the gene for the beta chain of hemoglobin found on chromosome 11 is erroneously changed from the codon GAG for glutamic acid to GUG which codes valine , so the 6th amino acid is incorrectly substituted after the initial methionine amino acid is removed . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov omim 141900 141900Variants0243 OMIM 141900.0243 ref Not all missense mutations lead to appreciable protein changes. An amino acid may be replaced by an amino acid of very similar chemical properties, in which case, the protein may still function normally this is termed a neutral, quiet , or conservative mutation. Alternatively, the amino acid substitution could occur in a region of the protein which does not significantly affect the protein secondary structure or function. When an amino acid may be encoded by more than one codon so called degenerate coding a mutation in a codon may not produce any change in translation this would be a synonymous mutation a form of silent mutation and not a missense mutation. genetics stub References Reflist See also Citation last Boill e first S verine title ALS A Disease of Motor Neurons and Their Nonneuronal Neighbors journal Neuron volume 52 issue 1 year 2 ... more details
COMLEX USA or The Comprehensive Osteopathy Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the United States is a series of three Osteopathic medicine in the United States osteopathic medical licensing examinations administered by the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners NBOME similar to the United States Medical Licensing Examination USMLE . COMLEX USA is the most common pathway by which Osteopathic medicine in the United States osteopathic physicians D.O. s apply for licensure, and is accepted in all 50 states. The 3 digit standard scores of COMLEX USA Level 1, Level 2 CE, and Level 3 have a range of 200 800 and a mean of 500. 400 is the lowest passing score for steps one and two 350 for step three. COMLEX USA Level 1 COMLEX USA Level 1 is taken after the second year of medical school . It is administered in one day and consists of two, four hour exam sessions separated by a 40 minute break. Each four hour session also includes a ten minute break. Candidates are expected to know the basic mechanisms of health and disease process. Specifically, level one covers basic medical sciences, including anatomy behavioral science biochemistry microbiology osteopathic osteopathic principles pathology pharmacology physiology COMLEX USA Level 2 Osteopathic medicine COMLEX USA Level 2, taken during the fourth year of medical school , consists of two parts Level 2 Cognitive Evaluation CE and Level 2 Performance Evaluation PE . Level 2 CE requires candidates to demonstrate knowledge of clinical concepts and medical decision making. It is problem based and symptoms based, integrating the clinical disciplines of emergency medicine family medicine internal medicine obstetrics gynecology osteopathic osteopathic principles pediatrics psychiatry surgery Level 2 PE was introduced in 2005. It is a one day, seven hour clinical skills examination and utilizes standardized patients actors trained to present clinical symptoms to test clinical skills. The only available testing site i ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Vitelline duct Latin ductus vitellinus GraySubject 10 GrayPage 54 Image Gray30.png Caption Fetus of about eight weeks, enclosed in the amnion . Vitelline duct labeled at lower right. Image2 Gray982.png Caption2 Sketches in profile of two stages in the development of the human digestive tube. Vitelline duct labeled on bottom image. System CarnegieStage Days 28 Precursor midgut , yolk sac GivesRiseTo MeshName Vitelline Duct MeshNumber A16.254.891 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf In the human embryo , the vitelline duct , also known as the omphalomesenteric duct, is a long narrow tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the developing fetus. ref name usmle1 122 Cite book last1 Le first1 Tao first2 Vikas last2 Bhushan first3 Neil last3 Vasan title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2010 20th Anniversary Edition location USA publisher The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. year 2010 pages 122 isbn 978 0 07 163340 6 ref It appears at the end of the fourth week, when the yolk sac presents the appearance of a small pear shaped vesicle the umbilical vesicle . Obliteration Generally, the duct fully obliterates narrows and disappears during the 5 6th week of fertilization age 9th week of gestational age , but a failure of the duct to close is termed a vitelline fistula. This results in discharge of meconium from the umbilicus. ref name usmle1 122 About two per cent of fetuses exhibit a type of vitelline fistula characterized by persistence of the proximal part of the vitelline duct as a diverticulum protruding from the small intestine , Meckel s diverticulum , which is situated about two feet above the ileocecal junction and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the Navel umbilicus . Afterbirth The vesicle can be seen in the afterbirth as a small, somewhat oval shaped body, the diameter of which varies from 1 mm to 5 mm. It is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta . So ... more details
Infobox Embryology Name Urachus Latin GraySubject 252 GrayPage 1213 Image Gray1156.png Caption Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra. Urachus is seen at top Image2 Illu quiz bladder 01.jpg Caption2 Urachus is 1 System CarnegieStage Days Precursor GivesRiseTo MeshName Urachus MeshNumber A16.254.835 DorlandsPre u 03 DorlandsSuf 12837658 The urachus is a fibrous remnant of the allantois , a canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord ref Larsen, Human Embryology, 3rd ed., pg. 258 ref . The fibrous remnant lies in the space of Retzius , between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly. Formation The vesico urethral portion of the urogenital sinus absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula , and these give rise to the trigone of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra . The remainder of the vesico urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra its apex is prolonged to the Navel umbilicus as a narrow canal, which later is obliterated as the urachus goes on to definitively form the median umbilical ligament urachus . Pathology Failure for the lumen of the urachus to be filled in leaves a patent open urachus. The telltale sign is leakage of urine through the umbilicus. A patent urachus needs to be surgically removed. There are four anatomical cases Urachal cyst there is no connection between the bladder and the umbilicus Urachal fistula there is free communication between the bladder and umbilicus Urachal diverticulum Vesicourachal diverticulum the bladder exhibits outpouching ref Cite book last1 Le first1 Tao first2 Vikas last2 Bhushan first3 Neil last3 Vasan title First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2010 20th Anniversary Edition location USA publisher The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc. year 2010 pages 122 isbn 978 0 07 163340 6 ref Urachal sinus the pouch opens toward the umbilicus Guray, Sogut, et al. Uracha ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
