more footnotes date March 2012 Image Johann Caspar Bluntschli alt.jpg Johann Kaspar Bluntschli right thumb Johann Caspar also Kaspar Bluntschli March 7, 1808 &ndash October 21, 1881 was a Switzerland Swiss jurist and politician . Biography He was born in Zurich to a soap and candle manufacturer. From school he passed into the Politische Institut a seminary of law and political science in his native town, and proceeding thence to the universities of Berlin and Bonn , took the degree of doctor juris in the latter in 1829. Returning to Zurich in 1830, he threw himself with ardour into the political strife which was at the time unsettling all the cantons of the Confederation, and in this year published ber die Verfassung der Stadt Z rich On the Constitution of the City of Zurich . This was followed by Das Volk und der Souver n 1830 , a work in which, while pleading for constitutional government, he showed his bitter repugnance of the growing Swiss radicalism. Elected in 1837 a member of the Great Council lang de Grosser Rath , he became the champion of the moderate conservative party. Fascinated by the metaphysics metaphysical views of the philosopher Friedrich Rohmer 1814 1856 , a man who attracted little other attention, he endeavoured in Psychologische Studien der Staat und Kirche 1844 to apply them to political science generally, and in particular as a panacea for the constitutional troubles of Switzerland. Bluntschli, shortly before his death, remarked, I have gained renown as a jurist, but my greatest desert is to have comprehended Rohmer. This philosophical essay, however, coupled with his uncompromising attitude towards both Radicalism historical radicalism and ultramontanism , brought him many enemies, and rendered his continuance in the council, of which he had been elected president, impossible. He resigned his seat, and on the overthrow of the Sonderbund in 1847, perceiving that all hope of power for his party was lost, took leave of Switzerland with the pa ... more details
Image YoungTrudeauNemnilivre.jpg thumb Young Trudeau 1919 1944 Son of Quebec, Father of Canada short title Young Trudeau is the intellectual biography of the former Prime Minister of Canada , Pierre Trudeau that deals with his parents, childhood, and education in the province of Quebec from his birth in 1919 until November 1944 when he left to study at Harvard University . Published in 2006 by McClelland and Stewart Douglas Gibson Books ISBN 0 7710 6749 6 , the book was written by retired professor s Max Nemni Max and Monique Nemni , friends and admirers of Pierre Trudeau whom he had convinced to take over as editors of Cit Libre . Max and Monique Nemni spent most of their working lives in the province of Quebec . The authors have both had numerous writings published in academic publications in both the English language English and French language s. Young Trudeau is based on the large collection of private papers and personal diaries of Pierre Trudeau which he gave the authors in 1995 to write his intellectual biography and which had never before been made public. The book s back cover states that what Trudeau was taught at College Jean de Brebeuf and the University of Montreal , was that democracy was bad and that fascism as represented by Benito Mussolini Mussolini and Philippe P tain P tain was good. Thus, even as a young man of twenty three, Trudeau was ignoring the World War II war in Europe and plotting a revolution to take Quebec out of Canada. The picture that emerges is of a Quebec elite that was raised to be pro fascist, and where Nazi atrocities were dismissed as English Canada English Canadian propaganda . Studies at College Jean de Brebeuf The Quebec government abolished the Ministry of Education Quebec Ministry of Education in 1875 to submit to the Ultramontanism ultramontane Roman Catholic clergy which considered education the domain of the family and the Church, not the state. p. 31 The result was that only private secondary schools gave acces ... more details
About regulations in Germany regulations in Russia May Laws File Die Gartenlaube 1872 b 141.jpg thumb 240px Education minister Falk, Die Gartenlaube , 1872 The May Laws or Falk Laws after education minister Adalbert Falk of 1873 were legislative bills enacted in the German Kingdom of Prussia during the Kulturkampf conflict with the Catholic Church . Background During the Italian unification affecting the Papal States Papal State , Pope Pope Pius IX Pius IX in 1864 had published his Syllabus Errorum of 80 thesis statement s denounced as false teaching and the encyclical Quanta Cura against freedom of religion and separation of church and state . In summer 1870 the First Vatican Council had affirmed the jurisdictional authority of the Pope and proclaimed his Papal infallibility infallibility as a dogma . These developments were suspiciously viewed as ultramontanism by Liberalism in Germany liberal circles in the newly established German Empire , dominated by the mainly Protestantism Protestant Prussian state, while the forces of Political catholicism political catholicism organised themselves in the Centre Party Germany Centre Party . Chancellor Otto von Bismarck especially noted their patronage of the Catholic Poles in Germany Polish population in the Prussian Province of Posen , in West Prussia and in Upper Silesia as well as of the French people French in Alsace Lorraine . In 1871 Bismarck had the Pulpit Law implemented into the German Strafgesetzbuch Penal Code, prohibiting any public statement of priests in political affairs. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno Gniezno archbishop Mieczys aw Halka Led chowski was sentenced to two years in prison for violation. The Jesuits Law of 1872 banned any branch establishment of the Society of Jesus on the territory of the German Reich . On 11 March 1872, Minister Adalbert Falk by law abolished any Catholic or Protestant administration of school s in Prussia and assigned the supervision solely to the ministry of educat ... more details
theory In the French context, Catholic resistance theory grew on the ultramontanism of the time, and developed ... claimed by the Gallican Church, and defenders of ultramontanism. ref Burns, p. 231 http books.google.co.uk ... more details
in New Brunswick for many years. ref name Acheson 2000 refDCBOKing Acheson 2000 . ref Ultramontanism ... the authority of the Pope over secular governments. The doctrine of ultramontanism asserted that the Pope ... of opposing the act for ultramontanism ultramontanist reasons as part of a long term Roman Catholic ... more details
File Migne.jpg thumb upright Jacques Paul Migne, engraving by E. Tailland Jacques Paul Migne 25 October 1800 &ndash 24 October 1875 was a France French priest who published inexpensive and widely distributed editions of theological works, encyclopedias and the texts of the Church Father s, with the goal of providing a universal library for the Catholic priesthood. ref Claude Langlois and Fran ois Laplanche, eds. La Science catholique L Encyclop die Th ologique de Migne 1844 1873 entre apolog tique et vulgarisation Paris Cerf 1992. ref He was born at Saint Flour, Cantal and studied theology at Orl ans . He was ordained in 1824 and placed in charge of the parish of Puiseaux, in the diocese of Orl ans , where his uncompromisingly Catholic and royalist sympathies did not coincide with local patriotism and the new regime of the Louis Philippe of France Citizen King . In 1833, after falling out with his bishop over a pamphlet he had published, he went to Paris , and on 3 November started a journal L Univers religieux , which he intended to keep free of political influence it quickly collected 1800 subscribers. He edited it for three years. It afterwards became his co editor Louis Veuillot s ultramontanism ultramontane organ, L Univers . A complete edition of patrology Migne had become convinced of the power of the press and the sheer value of raw information widely distributed. In 1836 he opened his great publishing house, Imprimerie Catholique, at Petit Montrouge, in the outlying XIVe arrondissement 14th arrondissement of Paris. There he brought out in rapid succession numerous religious works meant for the use of the lesser clergy at popular prices that insured a wide circulation. The best known of these are Scripturae sacrae cursus completus complete course in sacred scripture which assembled a wide repertory of commentaries on each of the books of the Bible, and Theologiae cursus , each of them in 28 vols, 1840 5 Collection des auteurs sacr s 100 vols., 1846 8 Encyclo ... more details
Image Marcelino Men ndez y Pelayo cph.3b31730.jpg thumb upright Marcelino Men ndez y Pelayo, reproduction of painting by Joaqu n Sorolla Marcelino Men ndez y Pelayo November 3, 1856 &ndash May 19, 1912 ref http hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com preview 1912 05 21 pagina 11 33360231 pdf.html?search marcelino Fallecimiento de Marcelino Men ndez y Pelayo Hemeroteca de La Vanguardia. Edici n del martes, 21 mayo 1912, p gina 11 in Spanish ref was a Spanish scholar, historian and literary critic . Even though his main interest was the History of ideas , and Hispanic philology in general, he also cultivated poetry , translation and philosophy . He was born at Santander, Cantabria Santander where he showed that he was an infant prodigy. Only 15 years old, he studied under Manuel Mil i Fontanals at the University of Barcelona 1871 1872 , then proceeded to the central Complutense University of Madrid University of Madrid . His academic success was unprecedented a special law was passed by the Cortes to enable him to become a professor at the age of twenty two. Three years later he was elected a member of the Real Academia Espa ola but by this time he was well known throughout Spain. His first volume, Estudios cr ticos sobre escritores monta eses 1876 , had attracted little notice, and his scholarly Horacio en Espa ol 1877 appealed only to students. He became famous, through his Ciencia espa ola 1878 , a collection of polemical essays defending the national tradition against the attacks of political and religious reformers. The unbending orthodoxy of this work is even more noticeable in the Historia de los heterodoxos espa oles 1880 1886 , and the writer was hailed as the champion of the ultramontanism ultramontane party. As the Catholic Encyclopedia 1908 10 described his work Every page of his writings reveals a wealth of strong common sense, clear perception, and a vein of wonderful and ever varying erudition. Thoroughly Catholic in spirit, he found his greatest delight, he decla ... more details
The Minister of Education, Recreation and Sports in Quebec French French Minist re de l ducation, du Loisir et du Sport is the individual who has the political responsibility for the regulation and oversight of educational services offered in the province of Quebec as well as for the Ministry of Education. The Quebec government abolished the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1875 to submit to the Ultramontanism ultramontane Roman Catholic clergy which considered education the domain of the family and the Church, not the state. ref Nemni, Max and Monique. Young Trudeau 1919 1944 Son of Quebec, Father of Canada . p. 31 McClelland and Stewart Douglas Gibson Books . ISBN 978 0 7710 6749 5 ref Under the new provincial government of Premier of Quebec Premier Jean Lesage , in 1964 a Ministry of Education was established with Paul G rin Lajoie appointed the first Minister of Education since 1875. ref Nemni, Max and Monique. Young Trudeau 1919 1944 Son of Quebec, Father of Canada . p. 46 McClelland and Stewart Douglas Gibson Books . ISBN 978 0 7710 6749 5 ref For the majority of the time since the creation of the position, the minister has been responsible for both for lower and post secondary education. The following people have served as Quebec s Minister of Education border 1 cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style border collapse collapse border color 444444 bgcolor darkgray Name Took Office Left Office Party Canadian politics party colours Liberal row Paul G rin Lajoie May 13, 1964 June 16, 1966 Quebec Liberal Party Liberal Canadian politics party colours Progressive Conservatives row Jean Jacques Bertrand June 16, 1966 October 31, 1967 Union Nationale Canada Union Nationale Canadian politics party colours Progressive Conservatives row Jean Guy Cardinal October 31, 1967 May 12, 1970 Union Nationale Canada Union Nationale Canadian politics party colours Liberal row Guy Saint Pierre May 12, 1970 February 2, 1972 Parti lib ral du Qu bec Liberal Canadian politics party col ... more details
Use dmy dates date June 2011 File Cardinal Pie.jpg thumb 220px Louis douard Fran ois Desir Pie. Louis douard Fran ois Desir Pie 26 September 1815 18 May 1880 , also referred to as Cardinal Pie , was a French Catholic bishop of Poitiers and Cardinal Catholicism cardinal , known for his ultramontanism and defence of the Christ the King social reign of Christ the King . Early life and seminary Pie was born in Pontgouin in the diocese of Chartres on 26 September 1815, just after the Napoleonic Wars , between the Battle of Waterloo 18 June 1815 and the Treaty of Paris 1815 Treaty of Paris 20 November 1815 . In 1835, Pie entered the seminary of St. Sulpice , where he remained for four years. He then continued his theological studies in Paris. While developing a reputation for arguing the ultramontane cause against Gallican professors, the young priest developed a friendship with Abb Lecomte , pastor of the Cathedral of Chartres . Abb Lecomte, who had repeatedly refused episcopal appointment, was an ultramontane defender of papal infallibility , and a great admirer of the thought of Joseph de Maistre . Increasingly taking on the role of protector and spiritual father to Pie, Lecomte s death which occurred on 31 December 1850 was a very painful episode for Pie, who had risen at his relatively young age to occupancy of the see of Poitiers . He wrote the same day the brother of his deceased friend, Gabriel Lecomte I have no words, sir, and worthy friend, to express my excessive pain ... I loved as a father, as a brother, as a unique friend, he for whom death came knocking. I can not stop the course of my tears, and yet still they are insufficient to unload my heart. Another man who played a leading role in the life of Abb Pie was his bishop, who knew him as a seminarian and later as a young priest and vicar of Chartres. Bishop Clausel Montale was the chaplain of Marie Th r se of France Madame la Dauphine, Duchesse d Angoul me , before being named bishop of Chartres. Pi ... more details
File Sprachen Provinz Posen 1910.svg thumb 280px Posen districts according to falsified 1910 Prussian census German soldiers stationed in the region were counted as local population legend lightblue percentage of Polish speaking population legend pink German speaking population The Germanisation of the Province of Posen was a policy of the Kulturkampf measures enacted by German Empire German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck , whose goal was to encourage the cultural assimilation of Polish speaking areas in the Prussian Province of Posen , as well as to reduce the influence of the Ultramontanism ultramontanist Catholic Church Roman Catholic clergy in those regions. Background Since the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 the former Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth had ceased to exist as a state with its territory annexed by the surrounding great powers Habsburg Monarchy Austria , Kingdom of Prussia Prussia which in turn became part of the German Empire in 1871 and Russian Empire Russia . Within the Prussian share were large parts of the historic Greater Poland region around Pozna Posen , cradle of the first Polish state, which since 1848 were incorporated into the Provinces of Prussia province of Posen. Especially in the western parts, Germans had settled over the past centuries in the course of the Ostsiedlung , and constituted a predominantly Protestantism Protestant minority of about one third of the total population, while the majority of the inhabitants identified as Catholic ethnic Poles . In the predecessing Grand Duchy of Posen established in 1815 under stadtholder Antoni Radziwi , the Polish speaking population had yet enjoyed a certain amount of autonomy, which however was decisively restricted already upon the 1830 November Uprising in neighboring Russian Congress Poland . Radziwi , whose brother Micha Gedeon Radziwi Micha Gedeon had taken a leading part in the revolt, was dismissed by King Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William III and the act ... more details
to his liberal version of ultramontanism , that is, the adherence to the absolute universal authority ..., the journal sought to synthesize ultramontanism and liberalism to reconcile democratic aspirations ... more details
globalize date January 2012 Monarchism expanded all Monarchism is the advocacy of the establishment, preservation, or restoration of a monarchy as a form of government in a nation. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government out of principle, independent from the person, the monarch . In this system, the Monarch may be the person who sits on the throne, a pretender , or someone who would otherwise inhabit the throne but has been deposed. In 1687 88, the Glorious Revolution and the overthrow of King James II of England James II established the principles of constitutional monarchy , which would later be worked out by Montesquieu and other thinkers. However, absolute monarchy , theorized by Hobbes in the Leviathan book Leviathan 1651 , remained a dominant principle. In the 18th century, Voltaire and others encouraged enlightened absolutism , which was embraced by the Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II and Catherine II of Russia . Absolute monarchy Absolutism continued to be the dominant political principle of sovereignty until the 1789 French Revolution and the regicide against Louis XVI , which established the concept of popular sovereignty upheld by Jean Jacques Rousseau . Monarchy began to be contested by the Republicanism Republican principe . Counterrevolutionaries , such as Joseph de Maistre or Louis de Bonald , sought the restoration of the Ancien R gime , divided in the three estates of the realm , and the Divine Right of Kings divine right of kings . Following the ousting of Napoleon I in 1814, the Coalition Bourbon Restoration restored the Bourbon Dynasty in pushing Louis XVIII to the French throne. The ensuing period, called the Bourbon Restoration Restoration , was characterized by a sharp Conservatism conservative reaction and the re establishment of the Roman Catholic Church , supported by the ultramontanism movement, as a power in France French politics. After the 1830 July Revolution and the overthrow of C ... more details
Use dmy dates date June 2011 Infobox Christian leader type Pope English name Gregory XVI image Gregory XVI.jpg birth name Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari term start 2 February 1831 term end 1 June 1846 predecessor Pope Pius VIII Pius VIII successor Pope Pius IX Pius IX ordination 1787 ordinated by consecration 6 February 1831 consecrated by Bartolomeo Pacca cardinal 13 March 1826 birth date birth date df yes 1765 9 18 birth place Belluno , Republic of Venice death date death date and age df yes 1846 6 1 1765 9 18 death place Rome , Papal State other Gregory Pope Gregory XVI 18 September 1765 1 June 1846 , born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , was Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1831 to 1846. He had adopted the name Mauro upon entering the religious order of the Camaldolese . Strongly conservative and Traditionalist Catholic traditionalist , he opposed democracy democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States and throughout Europe, seeing them as fronts for revolutionary left wing politics leftism , and he sought to strengthen the religious and political authority of the papacy see Ultramontanism . Early life Cappellari was born at Belluno on 18 September 1765, to an Nobility of Italy Italian noble family . His parents were from a small village named Pesariis, in Friuli . At an early age he joined the order of the Camaldolese part of the Benedictine monastic family and entered the Monastery of St. Michael Murano Monastery of San Michael in Murano , near Venice . As a Camaldolese monk , Cappellari rapidly gained distinction for his Christian theology theological and linguistic skills. In 1799 he published a polemic against the Italian Jansenism Jansenists titled II Trionfo della Santa Sede The Triumph of the Holy See , which passed through various editions in Italy and was translated into several European languages. In 1800 he became a member of the Academy of the Catholic Religion, founded by Pope Pius VII 1800 23 , to which he contributed memoirs on theol ... more details
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