About the ancient language the modern Italian dialect Central Italian Infobox language name Umbrian states Roman Umbria Umbria region central Italy extinct Latest inscriptions 1st century BC familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Osco Umbrian languages Osco Umbrian fam4 Umbrian languages script Old Italic alphabet iso3 xum image Umbrian ikuvins.svg imagesize 150px imagecaption ikuvins map Iron Age Italy.svg mapcaption Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the 6th century BC Umbrian is an language death extinct Italic languages Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italy Italian region of Roman Umbria Umbria . Within the Italic languages it is closely related to the Oscan language Oscan group and is therefore associated with it in the group of Osco Umbrian languages . Since that classification was first formulated a number of other languages in ancient Italy were discovered to be more closely related to Umbrian. Therefore a group was devised to contain them, the Umbrian languages . Corpus Umbrian is known from about 30 inscriptions dated from the 7th through 1st centuries BC. The largest cache by far is the Iguvine Tables , nine inscribed bronze tablets found in an underground chamber at Gubbio ancient Iguvium in 1444. Two have since disappeared. The remaining seven contain notes on the ceremonies and religious law statute s for priest s of the ancient pagan religion in the region. Sometimes they are called the Eugubian ... UmbrianLanguage Category Osco Umbrian languages Category Ancient languages Category Umbria ie ..., the Umbrian alphabet, like other Old Italic alphabet s, was derived from the Etruscan alphabet ... called Old Umbrian and New Umbrian. The differences are mainly orthographic. ref harvnb Buck 1904 p ... Buck year 2007 origyear 1904 title A Grammar Of Oscan And Umbrian With A Collection Of Inscriptions ... 978 1 4326 9132 5 ref CITEREFBuck1904 External links cite web first JB last Hare title Umbrian year ... more details
Infobox language family name Umbrian altname region Ancient south and central Italy familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Umbrian languages Umbrian The Umbrian languages are a group of languages of the Italic languages Italic language family UmbrianlanguageUmbrian , Volscian language Volscian , Sabine language Sabine , South Picene language South Picene , Marsian language Marsian . Category Osco Umbrian languages ie lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Osco Umbrian altname Sabellian former region Ancient south and central Italy familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic child1 Oscan languages Oscan extinct child2 Umbrian languages Umbrian extinct map Iron Age Italy.svg mapcaption Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC The Osco Umbrian languages or Sabellic languages are a group of languages that belong to the Italic languages Italic language family of the Indo European languages . They were spoken in central and southern Italy before Latin replaced them as the power of the Ancient Rome Romans expanded. Quantities of text in Osco Umbrian have survived. The following languages belong to this group the Umbrian languages Umbrian group , and the Oscan languages . Past usage Sabellic was originally the collective ethnonym of the Italic people who inhabited central and southern Italy at the time of Roman expansion . The name was later used by Theodor Mommsen in his Unteritalische Dialekte to describe the pre Roman dialects of central Italy which were neither Oscan nor Umbrian. Nowadays, it is used to describe the Osco Umbrian languages as a whole. The North Picene language was once considered Sabellic it is now believed to be a non Indo European language. Citation needed date February 2011 External links Wikisource1911Enc Sabini Category Osco Umbrian languages ie lang stub es Lenguas osco umbras fr Langues sabelliques ko it Lingue osco umbre la Linguae Oscoumbricae nl Oskisch Umbrische talen ja pl J zyki oskijsko umbryjskie pt L nguas osco mbricas zh ... more details
Infobox Election election name Umbrian regional election, 2005 country Umbria type legislative ongoing no previous election Umbrian regional election, 2000 previous year 2000 next election Umbrian regional election, 2010 next year 2010 seats for election All 30 seats to the Regional Council of Umbria election date April 3, 2005 image1 leader1 Maria Rita Lorenzetti party1 Democrats of the Left alliance1 The Union political coalition last election1 20 seats, 56,4 seats1 19 seat change1 1 popular vote1 316,776 percentage1 63,0 swing1 6,6 image2 leader2 Pietro Laffranco party2 Forza Italia alliance2 House of Freedoms last election2 10 seats, 39,1 seats2 11 seat change2 1 popular vote2 169,176 percentage2 33,7 swing2 5,4 title President of Umbria President posttitle President of Umbria President elect before election Maria Rita Lorenzetti before party Democrats of the Left after election Maria Rita Lorenzetti after party Democrats of the Left The Umbrian regional election of 2005 took place on 3 4 April 2005. In the last regional election, which took place on 3 4 April 2005, incumbent Maria Rita Lorenzetti Democrats of the Left , then Democratic Party Italy Democratic Party defeated Pietro Laffranco National Alliance Italy National Alliance by a landslide. Results onlyinclude class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Candidates & parties votes votes seats br reg. list seats br prov. lists bgcolor pink Maria Rita Lorenzetti align right 316,770 align right 63.0 align right 3 align right 16 The Olive Tree political coalition The Olive Tree align right 207,417 align right 45.2 align right align right 12 Communist Refoundation Party align right 42,473 align right 9.3 align right align right 2 Party of Italian Communists align right 24,086 align right 5.3 align right align right 1 Federation of the Greens align right 10,664 align right 2.3 align right align right 1 UDEUR Populars align right 5,592 align right 1.2 align right align right bgcolor lightblue Pietro Laffranco ... more details
Infobox Election election name Umbrian regional election, 2000 country Umbria type legislative ongoing no previous election Umbrian regional election, 1995 previous year 1995 next election Umbrian regional election, 2005 next year 2005 seats for election All 30 seats to the Regional Council of Umbria election date April 16, 2000 image1 leader1 Maria Rita Lorenzetti party1 Democrats of the Left alliance1 The Olive Tree political coalition last election1 18 seats, 59,9 seats1 20 seat change1 2 popular vote1 286,588 percentage1 54,6 swing1 5,3 image2 leader2 Maurizio Ronconi party2 Christian Democratic Centre alliance2 House of Freedoms last election2 12 seats, 39,9 seats2 10 seat change2 1 popular vote2 199,215 percentage2 39,1 swing2 0,8 title President of Umbria President posttitle President of Umbria President elect before election Bruno Bracalente before party Democrats of the Left after election Maria Rita Lorenzetti after party Democrats of the Left politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000. Maria Rita Lorenzetti Democrats of the Left was elected President, defeating Maurizio Ronconi Christian Democratic Centre by a landslide. Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Candidates & parties votes votes seats br reg. list seats br prov. lists bgcolor pink Maria Rita Lorenzetti align right 286,588 align right 56.4 align right 6 align right 14 Democrats of the Left align right 154,461 align right 32.1 align right align right 8 Communist Refoundation Party align right 36,194 align right 7.5 align right align right 2 Italian People s Party 1994 2002 Italian People s Party Italian Republican Party PRI align right 24,863 align right 5.2 align right align right 1 Italian Democratic Socialists UDEUR Populars UDEUR Union for the Republic Italy UpR align right 23,855 align right 5.0 align right align right 1 Party of Italian Communists align right 17,021 align right 3.5 align right align right 1 The Democrats align right ... more details
Infobox Election election name Umbrian regional election, 1995 country Umbria type legislative ongoing no previous election Umbrian regional election, 1990 previous year 1990 next election Umbrian regional election, 2000 next year 2000 seats for election All 30 seats to the Regional Council of Umbria election date April 23, 1995 image1 leader1 Bruno Bracalente party1 Democratic Party of the Left alliance1 The Olive Tree political coalition last election1 seats1 18 seat change1 popular vote1 331,349 percentage1 59,9 swing1 image2 leader2 Riccardo Pongelli party2 Forza Italia alliance2 Pole of Freedoms last election2 seats2 12 seat change2 popular vote2 215,570 percentage2 39,9 swing2 title President of Umbria President posttitle President of Umbria President elect before election Carlo Carnieri before party Democratic Party of the Left after election Bruno Bracalente after party Democratic Party of the Left politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1995 took place on 23 April 1995. For the first time the President of the Region was directly elected by the people, although the election was not yet binding and the President elect could have been replaced during the term. Bruno Bracalente Democratic Party of the Left was elected President of the Region, defeating Riccardo Pongelli Forza Italia by a landslide. Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Candidates votes votes seats br reg. list seats br prov. lists bgcolor pink Bruno Bracalente align right 331,349 align right 59.9 align right 3 align right 15 Democratic Party of the Left align right 199,779 align right 38.6 align right align right 10 Communist Refoundation Party align right 56,894 align right 11.0 align right align right 3 Italian People s Party 1994 2002 Italian People s Party align right 21,458 align right 4.1 align right align right 1 Pact of Democrats align right 19,874 align right 3.8 align right align right 1 Labour Federation align right 10,451 align right 2.0 align right align ... more details
Infobox Election election name Umbrian regional election, 2010 country Umbria type legislative ongoing no previous election Umbrian regional election, 2005 previous year 2005 next election Umbrian regional election, 2015 next year 2015 seats for election All 30 seats to the Regional Council of Umbria election date March 29, 2010 image1 leader1 Catiuscia Marini party1 Democratic Party Italy alliance1 Pier Luigi Bersani last election1 19 seats, 63,0 seats1 19 seat change1 0 popular vote1 257.458 percentage1 57,2 swing1 5,8 image2 leader2 Fiammetta Modena party2 The People of Freedom alliance2 Silvio Berlusconi last election2 11 seats, 33,7 seats2 10 seat change2 1 popular vote2 169.568 percentage2 37,7 swing2 4,0 image3 leader3 Paola Binetti party3 Union of the Centre 2008 alliance3 Union of the Centre 2008 last election3 with Forza Italia FI seats3 1 seat change3 1 popular vote3 22.756 percentage3 5,0 swing3 0 title President of Umbria President posttitle President of Umbria President elect before election Maria Rita Lorenzetti before party Democratic Party Italy PD after election Catiuscia Marini after party Democratic Party Italy PD The Umbrian regional election of 2010 took place on 28 29 March 2010. The three main candidates were Catiuscia Marini of the Democratic Party Italy Democratic Party , Fiammetta Modena of The People of Freedom and Paola Binetti of the Union of the Centre 2008 Union of the Centre . Marini won by a landslide, retaining the region for the centre left. Results onlyinclude class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Candidates & parties votes votes seats br reg. list seats br prov. lists bgcolor pink Catiuscia Marini align right 257,458 align right 57.2 align right 6 align right 13 Democratic Party Italy Democratic Party align right 149,219 align right 36.2 align right align right 9 Italy of Values align right 34,393 align right 8.3 align right align right 1 Federation of the Left align right 28,331 align right 6.9 align right align right ... more details
politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1970 took place on 7 June 1970. The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party. After the election, Communist Pietro Conti formed a left wing coalition government with the Italian Socialist Party . Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Parties votes votes seats Italian Communist Party align right 215,174 align right 41.8 align right 13 Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy align right 154,878 align right 30.1 align right 9 Italian Socialist Party align right 48,833 align right 9.5 align right 3 Italian Social Movement align right 27,838 align right 5.4 align right 2 Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity align right 23,663 align right 4.6 align right 1 Italian Democratic Socialist Party align right 22,454 align right 4.4 align right 1 Italian Republican Party align right 12,182 align right 2.4 align right 1 Italian Liberal Party align right 9,512 align right 1.9 align right bgcolor EFEFEF Total align right 514,534 align right 100.0 align right 30 small Source http elezionistorico.interno.it liste.php?tp R&dt 07 06 1970&cta I&tpEnte R&tpSeg C&numEnte 10&sut1 10&sut2 0&sut3 0&descEnte 20Regione 20UMBRIA&descArea &codTipoSegLeader Ministry of the Interior small Elections in Umbria Category Elections in Umbria Category 1970 elections in Italy ... more details
politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1975 took place on 15 June 1975. The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party, gaining almost twice the votes of Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy . After the election, Pietro Conti , the incumbent Communist President, continued to govern the Region at the head of a left wing coalition with the Italian Socialist Party . In 1976 Conti was replaced by Germano Marri , a Communist too. Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Parties votes votes seats Italian Communist Party align right 257,606 align right 46.1 align right 14 Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy align right 154,165 align right 27.6 align right 9 Italian Socialist Party align right 77,472 align right 13.9 align right 4 Italian Social Movement align right 31,512 align right 5.6 align right 1 Italian Democratic Socialist Party align right 13,580 align right 2.4 align right 1 Italian Republican Party align right 13,451 align right 2.4 align right 1 Proletarian Democracy align right 6,220 align right 1.1 align right Italian Liberal Party align right 4,389 align right 0.8 align right bgcolor EFEFEF Total align right 558,395 align right 100.0 align right 30 small Source http elezionistorico.interno.it liste.php?tp R&dt 15 06 1975&cta I&tpEnte R&tpSeg C&numEnte 10&sut1 10&sut2 0&sut3 0&descEnte 20Regione 20UMBRIA&descArea &codTipoSegLeader Ministry of the Interior small Elections in Umbria Category Elections in Umbria Category 1975 elections in Italy ... more details
politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1980 took place on 8 June 1980. The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party, gaining almost twice the votes of Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy . After the election, Germano Marri , the incumbent Communist President, continued to govern the Region at the head of a left wing coalition with the Italian Socialist Party . Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Parties votes votes seats Italian Communist Party align right 253,874 align right 45.2 align right 14 Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy align right 154,853 align right 27.6 align right 9 Italian Socialist Party align right 80,202 align right 14.3 align right 4 Italian Social Movement align right 30,589 align right 5.4 align right 1 Italian Republican Party align right 14,906 align right 2.7 align right 1 Italian Democratic Socialist Party align right 14,532 align right 2.6 align right 1 Proletarian Unity Party Italy Proletarian Unity Party align right 7,250 align right 1.3 align right Italian Liberal Party align right 5,838 align right 1.0 align right bgcolor EFEFEF Total align right 562,044 align right 100.0 align right 30 small Source http elezionistorico.interno.it liste.php?tp R&dt 08 06 1980&cta I&tpEnte R&tpSeg C&numEnte 10&sut1 10&sut2 0&sut3 0&descEnte 20Regione 20UMBRIA&descArea &codTipoSegLeader Ministry of the Interior small Elections in Umbria Category Elections in Umbria Category 1980 elections in Italy ... more details
politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1985 took place on 12 May 1985. The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party. After the election, Germano Marri , the incumbent Communist President, continued to govern the Region at the head of a left wing coalition with the Italian Socialist Party . In 1987 Marri was replaced by Francesco Mandarini , a Communist too. Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Parties votes votes seats Italian Communist Party align right 258,806 align right 44.4 align right 14 Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy align right 160,388 align right 27.5 align right 9 Italian Socialist Party align right 84,587 align right 14.5 align right 4 Italian Social Movement align right 36,960 align right 6.3 align right 2 Italian Republican Party align right 14,996 align right 2.6 align right 1 Italian Democratic Socialist Party align right 9,840 align right 1.7 align right Proletarian Democracy align right 7,188 align right 1.2 align right Italian Liberal Party align right 5,197 align right 0.9 align right Others align right 5,612 align right 1.0 align right bgcolor EFEFEF Total align right 583,574 align right 100.0 align right 30 small Source http elezionistorico.interno.it liste.php?tp R&dt 12 05 1985&cta I&tpEnte R&tpSeg C&numEnte 10&sut1 10&sut2 0&sut3 0&descEnte 20Regione 20UMBRIA&descArea &codTipoSegLeader Ministry of the Interior small Elections in Umbria Category Elections in Umbria Category 1985 elections in Italy ... more details
politics of Umbria The Umbrian regional election of 1990 took place on 6 May 1990. The Italian Communist Party was by far the largest party, even if it lost several votes from the previous election in 1985. After the election, Francesco Mandarini , the incumbent Communist President, continued to govern the Region at the head of a left wing coalition with the Italian Socialist Party . In 1992 Mandarini was replaced by Francesco Ghirelli , to whom Claudio Carnieri succeeded in 1993. Both Ghirelli and Carnieri were members of the Democratic Party of the Left , the successor party of the Communist Party since 1991. Results class wikitable style font size 95 bgcolor EFEFEF Parties votes votes seats Italian Communist Party align right 221,330 align right 38.4 align right 12 Christian Democracy Italy Christian Democracy align right 158,727 align right 27.5 align right 9 Italian Socialist Party align right 92,792 align right 16.1 align right 5 Italian Social Movement align right 25,664 align right 4.5 align right 1 Hunting Fishing Environment align right 19,078 align right 3.3 align right 1 Italian Republican Party align right 15,828 align right 2.7 align right 1 Green Lists Green List align right 12,467 align right 2.2 align right 1 Rainbow Greens align right 8,001 align right 1.4 align right Proletarian Democracy align right 8,081 align right 1.2 align right Italian Democratic Socialist Party align right 6,843 align right 1.2 align right Italian Liberal Party align right 4,358 align right 0.8 align right Others align right 4,804 align right 0.8 align right bgcolor EFEFEF Total align right 576,973 align right 100.0 align right 30 small Source http elezionistorico.interno.it liste.php?tp R&dt 06 05 1990&cta I&tpEnte R&tpSeg C&numEnte 10&sut1 10&sut2 0&sut3 0&descEnte 20Regione 20UMBRIA&descArea &codTipoSegLeader Ministry of the Interior small Elections in Umbria Category Elections in Umbria Category 1990 elections in Italy ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Lakhovsky Conversation.jpg ... Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses ... salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditory stimulus physiology stimuli , for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... ultimately from Latin lingua , language, tongue , via Old French . ref name AHD cite encyclopedia title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 3rd year 1992 location Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin Company ref When used as a general concept, language .... Language as a communication system is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much ... a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early hominids first started ... with an increase in brain volume, and many linguists see the structures of language as having evolved to serve specific communicative functions. Language is neurolinguistics processed in many ... Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction in early childhood, and children generally speak fluently when they are around three years old. The use of language ... identity , social stratification and for social grooming and entertainment . The word language ... from sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages ... more details
Infobox language name To nativename states Cameroon , Central African Republic ethnicity speakers none date NA ref e16 familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Mbum Day languages Mbum Day fam4 Mbum languages Mbum fam5 unclassified iso3 toz To is an unclassified Mbum languages Mbum language of northern Cameroon and the Central African Republic . It is only used as a second language , as the secret male initiation language of the Gbaya people Gbaya . References reflist Category Languages of Cameroon Category Adamawa languages Category Initiation languages Cameroon stub ... more details
Infobox Language name Are states Papua New Guinea region Milne Bay Province , tip of Cape Vogel speakers 1,230 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila nowrap Nuclear Papuan Tip fam7 Are Taupota languages Are Taupota fam8 Are languages Are iso3 mwc The Are language is an Austronesian language of the eastern Papua New Guinea n mainland, It s spoken by about 1,230 people. External links ethnologue mwc Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea PapuaNewGuinea stub au lang stub fr Are langue hr Are jezik is Are ... more details
Infobox language name Then states CHN region Pingtang County , southern Guizhou speakers 15,000 date 1999 ethnicity familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Kam Sui languages Kam Sui iso3 tct The Then language also known as Y nghu ng in Chinese alternate spellings T en and Ten is a Kam Sui language spoken in Pingtang County , southern Guizhou . Phonology Yanghuang has 71 consonants total, including those with secondary articulation s. There are a total of 71 rhymes, 9 vowels, and 8 codas Bo 1997 . References Reflist Bo, Wenze. 1997. Yanghuang yu yan jiu A Study of Yanghuang Then . Beijing Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 719 Then word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database Tai Kadai languages Category Languages of China Category Kam Sui languages tk lang stub fr T en ... more details
DEFAULTSORT Volscian Language Category Osco Umbrian languages Category Ancient languages Category ...Infobox language name Volscian states Latium region Italy extinct ? familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Osco Umbrian languages Osco Umbrian fam4 Umbrian languages Umbrian script Old Italic alphabet iso3 xvo map Volsci.jpg mapcaption Location of the Volsci . Volscian was a Sabellic Italic language , which was spoken by the Volsci and closely related to Oscan and Umbrian . It is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae Velletri , dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC it is cut upon a small bronze plate now in the Naples Museum , which must have once been fixed to some votive object, dedicated to the god Declunus or the goddess Decluna . The language of this inscription is clear enough to show the very marked peculiarities that rank it close to the language of the Iguvine Tables . It shows on the one hand the labialization of the original velar q Volscian pis Latin quis , and on the other hand it palatalizes the guttural c before a following i Volscian facia Latin faciat . Like UmbrianlanguageUmbrian also, but unlike Latin and Oscan , it has degraded all the diphthongs into simple vowels Volscian se parallel to Oscan svai Volscian deue , Old Latin and Oscan deiuai or deiuoi . This phenomenon of what might have been taken for a piece of Umbrian text appearing in a district remote from Umbria and hemmed in by Latins on the north and Oscan speaking .... It remains, therefore, to ask whether any information can be had about the language of this primitive ... as sound we should expect to find the Volsci speaking a language similar to that of the Ligures , whose ... Velars from the labialization that befell them in the speech of the Samnites, The language of the inscription ... of Sabines among the Volscian hills, with their language, to some extent, e.g., in the diphthongs and palatals corrupted by the speech around them, just as was the case with the Sabine language of the Iguvini ... more details
Liburnian language Liburnian , was closest to the Italic languages a group that includes Latin , Oscan and UmbrianlanguageUmbrian . Venetic may also have been related to the Illyrian languages once ...hatnote This article is about the extinct Venetic language. For the modern day Romance languages Romance language, see Venetian language . See also Veneti for other uses of Venetic . Infobox language name Venetic familycolor Indo European region Northeastern Italy extinct 1st century AD iso3 xve Image Iron Age Italy.svg thumb 300px Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the sixth century BC. Venetic is an extinct Indo European languages Indo European language that was spoken ... The language is attested by over 300 short inscriptions dating from the 6th to the 1st century BC ... are one of the chief sources of knowledge of the Venetic language. ref http ebooks.cambridge.org ... of Europe ref Venetic should not be confused with Venetian language Venetian , a Romance language presently ... Venetic alphabet Venetic is a centum language. The inscriptions use a variety of the Northern Italic ... Latin liber.tos. libertus or Etruscan language Etruscan . Many of them show a clear Indo European origin, such as vhraterei PIE bhraterei to the brother. Phonology In Venetic, Proto Indo European language ... and Osco Umbrian , but to b , d and g , respectively, in word internal intervowel position ... Umbrian have f , f and h internally as well. There are also indications of the developments of PIE ... ref name leje74 rp p.141 Language sample A sample inscription in Venetic, found on a bronze nail ... of the Venetic language are Carl Eugen Pauli , ref name pauli cite book title Altitalische Forschungen ... Italic languages Italo Celtic Liburnian language Proto Celtic language Venedes div col end References ... Indo European database The Venetic language Cyril Babaev. http wwwa.britannica.com eb article 74687 Italic languages Additional reading Encyclop dia Britannica. DEFAULTSORT Venetic Language Category ... more details
date August 2011 DEFAULTSORT Oscan Language Category Ancient languages Category Osco Umbrian languages ...Infobox language name Oscan region south and south central Italy states Samnium , Campania , Lucania , Calabria and Abruzzo extinct Latest inscriptions 1st century BC familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Osco Umbrian languages Osco Umbrian Sabellic script Old Italic alphabet lc1 osc ld1 Oscan ld2 Paelignian lc2 pgn ld3 Hernican lc3 xhr ld4 Marrucinian lc4 umc imagecaption Denarius of Marsi Marsican Confederation with Oscan legend image Denarius Marsic Federation Syd 627 1 .jpg imagesize 200px map Iron Age Italy.svg mapcaption Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the 6th century BC notice IPA Oscan is a term used to describe both an extinct language of southern Italy and the language group to which it belonged. The Oscan language was spoken by a number of tribes, including the Samnium Samnites ref cite web author Davide Monaco url http www.sanniti.info smpeople.html title Samnites The People publisher Sanniti.info date accessdate 2011 11 04 ref , the Aurunci , the Sidicini, and the Ausones . The latter three tribes were often grouped under the name Osci . The Oscan group is part of the Osco Umbrian or Sabellic family, and includes the Oscan language and three variants Hernican, Marrucinian and Paelignian known only from inscriptions left by the Hernici , Marrucini and Paeligni , minor tribes of eastern central Italy. The language was spoken from approximately 500 BCE to 100 CE ref cite web url http www.ancientscripts.com oscan.html ... such forms from the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European root wel to will were represented ... only by Greek language Greek in the retention of the inherited vowel system with the diphthongs ... the Cippus Abellanus Image Osco diffusione.gif 290px right thumb The Oscan language in the 5th century ... 1904 title A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian with a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary publisher ... more details
Infobox language name Vestinian region East central Italy extinct ca. 100 BC familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic iso3 xvs image Pescara gran sasso schnee 01.jpg imagesize 300px imagecaption Country of the Vestini looking from Pescara to Gran Sasso Vestinian is a scholarly term referring to an extinct languages extinct Indo European languages Indo European language documented only in two surviving inscriptions of the Roman Republic . It is presumed to have been anciently spoken by the tribe of the Vestini , who occupied the region within current Abruzzo from Gran Sasso to the Adriatic Sea in east central Italy during that time. Vestini is the Roman exonym for the people. Not enough of their presumed language survives to classify it beyond Italic languages Italic . Vestinian is one of a number of scantily attested Italic languages spoken in small regions of the Appennines directly east of Rome called generally the minor dialects. There is currently no agreement on their precise classification. ref harvnb Stuart Smith 2004 p 123 ref Corpus Only two inscriptions survive. Sample text CIL 1 sup 2 sup .394 from near Navelli in the Abruzzo , dated mid third century BC, is ref cite book title The foundations of Latin first Philip last Baldi page 140 publisher Mouton de Gruyter location Berlin year 2002 ref Vestinian text t.vetio duno didet herclo iovio brat data Translation into Latin T. Vetius donum dedit Herculi Jovio. Grate data Translation into English Titus Vetius gave this as a gift to Hercules Jovius. Gratefully given. The specifically Vestinian Clarify date April 2011 words are data , didet and duno . ref cite book first Karl last Brugmann first2 R Seymour Translator last2 Conway first3 WHD Translator last3 Rouse title A Comparative Grammar of the Indo Germanic Languages year 1010 origyear 1895 publisher Internet Archive page 103 url http www.archive.org ... 154 accessdate 12 September 2010 Use dmy dates date April 2011 Category Osco Umbrian languages Category ... more details
Infobox language name Faliscan nativename pronunciation states ancient Italy region Lazio familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Latino Faliscan languages Latino Faliscan script Old Italic alphabet Etruscan alphabet Etruscan and Latin alphabet s extinct about 150 BC image Athena Poseidon Louvre CA7426.jpg imagesize 200px imagecaption Faliscan red figure vase map Iron Age Italy.png mapcaption iso3 xfa The Faliscan language , the extinct Italic language of the ancient Falisci , forming, together with Latin , the Latino Faliscan languages group of the Italic languages. It seems probable that the language lasted on, though being gradually permeated with Latin, until at least 150 BC . Corpus An estimated 355 inscription s survive, mostly short and dating from the 7th to 2nd centuries BC. Some are written in a variety of the Old Italic alphabet Old Italic alphabet derived from the Etruscan, and are written from right to left, but show some traces of the influence of the Latin alphabet . An inscription to Ceres mythology Ceres of c.600 BC, found in Falerii and usually taken as the oldest example, reads left to right. ref G. C. L. M. Bakkum, The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus 150 years of scholarship, Volume 2, University of Amsterdam Press, 2009, p.1 for estimated number or inscriptions, p.393 ff. for Ceres inscription, and p.406 for its general acceptance as the oldest ... v onepage&q Ceres&f false googlebooks preview ref A specimen of the language appears written ... consisting mainly of proper names may be regarded as Etruscan language Etruscan rather than Faliscan ..., ib. p. 335 . Phonetic characteristics Some of the phonetic characteristics of the Faliscan language are The retention of medial f which in Latin became b modern Italian language Italian often v ... quando contrast Umbrian pan n u The assimilation of some final consonants to the initial sound of the next ... Falisci 1911 DEFAULTSORT Faliscan Language Category Latino Faliscan languages Category ... more details
languages Latin , Oscan language Oscan , UmbrianlanguageUmbrian , etc. might well be Areal feature ...See also List of language families File Human Language Families Map.PNG 550px thumb Principal language ... Template Distribution of languages in the world Distribution of languages in the world . A language family is group of language s related through Genetic linguistics descent from a common ancestor, called the proto language of that family. The term family comes from the tree model of language origination ... , accessed 08 June 2010, ISBN 978 1 55671 216 6 ref A living language is simply one that is in wide ... s definition of language , and in particular on how one classifies dialect s. There are also many Language death dead and Extinct language extinct languages. Membership of languages in the same language family is established by comparative linguistics . Daughter language s are said to have a genetic ... as traditional. ref cite book title Lectures on the science of language delivered at the Royal ... is observable shared characteristics that are not attributed to Language contact borrowing . Genealogically related languages present shared retentions, that is, features of the proto language or reflexes of such features that cannot be explained by chance or loanword borrowing Language convergence convergence . Membership in a branch or group within a language family is established by shared ... and grammatical features that are not believed to have been present in Proto Indo European language ... the case of biological nomenclature, every level of language relationship is commonly called a family ... , and Indo Iranian languages Indo Iranian language families are branches of a larger Indo European languages Indo European language family. Subdivision Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family because the history of a language ... superfamily is sometimes applied to proposed groupings of language families whose status as phylogenetic ... more details
in the names of deities and some lexical items, such as UmbrianlanguageUmbrian gomia, Lusitanian ...Infobox Language name Lusitanian region Inland central west Iberian Peninsula states Beira Alta Province Beira Alta , Beira Baixa Province Beira Baixa and Alto Alentejo Province Alto Alentejo Portugal and adjacent areas of Extramadura Spain familycolor Indo European fam2 Para Celtic ? ref name kruta Cite book last Kruta first Venceslas title The Celts year 1991 publisher Thames and Hudson pages 55 ref ref name stifter1 Cite book last Stifter first David title Senggoidelc Old Irish for Beginners year 2006 publisher Syracuse University Press isbn 0 8156 3072 7 pages 3, 7 url http books.google.com.au books?id CqOZYQAx xIC&pg PA3&lpg PA3&dq para celtic stifter&source bl&ots 7EvIFk26X &sig 5SG378gI1Gs566hPIq19i7BM9eo&hl en&ei dwZBTM MCo6YvAPitqjUDA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CBwQ6AEwAg v onepage&q&f false ref extinct 2nd century AD iso3 xls Image Lusitano2.jpg thumb 270px right One of the inscriptions of Arroyo de la Luz. Lusitanian so named after the Lusitani or Lusitanians was a paleohispanic languages paleohispanic language that apparently belonged to the Indo European languages Indo European family. Its relationship to the Celtic languages of the Iberian Peninsula, either ... wikt theonym theonyms . The language was spoken in the territory inhabited by Lusitanians ... ang.jpg 300px left thumb Lusitanian language in the context of paleohispanic languages Lusitanian, although undoubtedly an Indo European language, is not generally agreed to be Celtic. ref name koch2011 It was quite different from the Celtiberian language s spoken in the interior of the Iberian ... was just another Celtic language Celtic dialect , but one that preserved Indo Europoean ... names in Portugal Celtiberian language Gallaecian language Notes Reflist Further reading Gorrochategui ... Use dmy dates date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Lusitanian Language Category History of Portugal Category ... more details
language OE c bos cattle , bum ref name Umbrian The words bum cow , pir fire and utur water in the Latin column are actually from an Italic languages Italic sister language called Umbrian . ref cow ... English language OE f r pir ref name Umbrian fire azer fire pur fire pu fire po ar PIE p H wr fire ... language OE w ter utur ref name Umbrian water r d river hud r water udan water voda PIE wodor, wedor ...distinguish Aromanian language Infobox language name Armenian nativename Hayeren pronunciation IPA hy h j n image Armenian language in the Armenian alphabet.svg imagesize imagecaption Hayeren written in Armenian script familycolor Indo European protoname Proto Armenian language Proto Armenian ... language citation needed date March 2012 nation flag Armenia br flag Nagorno Karabakh br not recognized internationally European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Minority language br ... language lang hy wikt in Traditional Armenian orthography TAO or lang hy wikt ... European language spoken by the Armenians Armenian people . It is the official language of the Armenia Republic of Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno Karabakh . The language is also widely ... European. ref Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction , Benjamin W. Fortson, John Wiley ...&f false p383 . ref Linguists classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo European language family. ref http www.britannica.com eb article 9109780 Armenian language Armenian language Britannica ... language Greek , and some linguists group these two languages together with Phrygian language ... language Albanian . ref Indo European Language and Culture An Introduction , Benjamin W. Fortson ... Iranian languages Western Middle Iranian languages , particularly Parthian language Parthian , and to a lesser extent by Greek, Latin , Old French , Persian language Persian , and Arabic language Arabic ... Lomavren language is a Romani language Romani influenced dialect with an Armenian grammar and a largely ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
