Search: in
Uncertainty principle
Uncertainty principle in Encyclopedia Encyclopedia
  Tutorials     Encyclopedia     Videos     Books     Software     DVDs  
       
Encyclopedia results for Uncertainty principle

Uncertainty principle





Encyclopedia results for Uncertainty principle

  1. Uncertainty principle

    very localized particle In quantum mechanics , the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states a fundamental ... 11, 1954 ref Published by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, the uncertainty principle was a monumental ... V. Balakrishnan, Lecture 1 Introduction to Quantum Physics Heisenberg s uncertainty principle, National Programme of Technology Enhanced Learning ref The reason for the uncertainty principle arises ... the Uncertainty Principle at Niels Bohr s institute in Copenhagen, while working on the mathematical ... Society online exhibit on the Uncertainty Principle. ref In 1925, following pioneering work with Hendrik ... by how much math X,P X P P X i hbar math see Uncertainty Principle Derivations derivations and this result ... s institute, Heisenberg realized that the non commutativity implies the uncertainty principle ... the intrinsic impossibility of violating the uncertainty principle is by using an imaginary ... isbn 1572591641 chapter 5 5 ref Heisenberg did not care to formulate the uncertainty principle as an exact ... of quantum mechanics and Heisenberg s Uncertainty Principle were in fact seen as twin targets ... debated the uncertainty principle for many years. Einstein s slit The first of Einstein s thought experiment s challenging the uncertainty principle went as follows Consider a particle passing through ... desired precision, in contradiction to the uncertainty principle. ref Gamow, G., The great physicists ... to modify his understanding of the uncertainty principle after another thought experiment by Einstein .... This example led Bohr to revise his understanding of the principle, concluding that the uncertainty ... to include more information than the maximum possible allowed by the uncertainty principle. In 1964 ... math sigma x sigma p ge hbar 2. math The uncertainty principle can be restated in terms of other ... as an observation or disturbance of the particles then this means that the uncertainty principle .... Additional uncertainty relations see Uncertainty Principle Derivations The Heisenberg uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty principle (disambiguation)

    wiktionary uncertainty principle The uncertainty principle is a fundamental concept in quantum physics. Uncertainty Principle may also refer to The Uncertainty Principle film The Uncertainty Principle film , a 2002 Portuguese drama Uncertainty Principle Numb3rs Uncertainty Principle Numb3rs , an episode of the TV series Numb3rs The Uncertainty Principle The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle The Spectacular Spider Man , an episode of the TV series The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle , an Holby City series 11 ep472 episode of the TV series Holby City The Uncertainty Principle , a novel by Dmitri Bilenkin Principio de incertidumbre Uncertainty principle , a novel by Gregorio Morales The French downtempo band Telepopmusik has a song titled L Incertitude D Heisenberg on their album Genetic World disambig ...   more details



  1. The Uncertainty Principle (film)

    Infobox film name The Uncertainty Principle image caption director Manoel de Oliveira producer Paulo Branco writer Agustina Bessa Lu s br Manoel de Oliveira starring Leonor Baldaque music cinematography Renato Berta editing Manoel de Oliveira br Catherine Krassovsky distributor released film date 2002 5 17 df yes runtime 133 minutes country Film Portugal language Portuguese budget The Uncertainty Principle lang pt O Princ pio da Incerteza is a 2002 Portuguese drama film directed by Manoel de Oliveira . It was entered into the 2002 Cannes Film Festival . ref name festival cannes.com cite web url http www.festival cannes.com en archives ficheFilm id 3102262 year 2002.html title Festival de Cannes The Uncertainty Principle accessdate 2009 10 25 work festival cannes.com ref Cast Leonor Baldaque Camila Leonor Silveira Vanessa Isabel Ruth Celsa Ricardo Tr pa Jose Feliciano Ivo Canelas Antonio Clara Lu s Miguel Cintra Daniel Roper Jos Manuel Mendes Torcato Roper Carmen Santos Joana Cec lia Guimar es Rute J lia Buisel Aunt Tofi ngela Marques Adora o Diogo D ria Policeman Antonio Fonseca Policeman Duarte de Almeida Mr. Ferreira P. Jo o Marques Priest Ant nio Costa actor Ant nio Costa Tiago David Cardoso Overman References reflist External links IMDb title id 0303162 title The Uncertainty Principle Manoel de Oliveira DEFAULTSORT Uncertainty Principle Category 2002 films Category Portuguese films Category Portuguese language films Category 2000s drama films Category Films directed by Manoel de Oliveira Portugal film stub fr Le Principe de l incertitude it Il principio dell incertezza pt O Princ pio da Incerteza filme ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty Principle (Numb3rs)

    DISPLAYTITLE Uncertainty Principle Numb3rs Infobox Television episode Title Uncertainty Principle Series ... Tech Agent 2 Episode list Prev Pilot Numb3rs Next Vector Uncertainty Principle is the second episode ... mathematical and physics concepts, such as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , P NP P vs. NP ..., Uncertainty Principle first aired in the United States on January 28, 2005. Critics gave the episode ... on P vs. NP in order to focus on other problems. Production Writing Uncertainty Principle is based ... of cases on the characters. When writing Uncertainty Principle , Heuton and Falacci wanted to show .... While discussing the episode in Uncertainty Principle s commentary, Heuton and Falacci mentioned ... date 2006 title Uncertainty Principle Commentary by co creator executive producers Cheryl Heuton ... Cause and Causality to Uncertainty Principle after including the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in the script. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary Heuton and Falacci wanted to use the principle .... ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary In developing the script, Falacci and Heuton wanted ... of Technology for a problem. Lorden suggested using P vs. NP. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary ... life variation of the problem called Minesweeper. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary With regards ... moments would show that the series was about a family. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary Production The cast and crew delayed production of Uncertainty Principle until director Davis Guggenheim ... of Numb3rs . ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary The opening shootout was shot at the LA Center ... changed the location to the studio s basement. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary ..., Guggenheim felt it was essential to the story. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary David Grynkiewicz ... and filmed the Minesweeper audience vision. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary During the production ... filming. ref name Uncertainty Principle Commentary Throughout production, CBS executives objected ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty principle derivations

    There have been several mathematical improvements on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Since the time of the original formulation, the uncertainty relation has become increasingly nuanced our understanding ... mechanics quantum measurement . On the quantitative side, Heisenberg s uncertainty principle has ... fuzzy. All of this is encapsulated in his uncertainty principle math Delta hat x Delta hat p approx h math where math Delta hat x math is the uncertainty of knowledge about the position of the particle, math Delta hat p math is the uncertainty associated with the momentum of the particle, and math ... mathcal O 2 rangle langle hat mathcal O rangle 2 math . The Robertson and Schr dinger Uncertainty Relations The Robertson Uncertainty Relation Going even further, Robertson ref name Robertson1929 cite journal last Robertson first H. P. title The Uncertainty Principle journal Phys. Rev. year 1929 volume ... Relation Though Heisenberg s uncertainty principle and Robertson s version of the uncertainty ... and the related inequality for mixed states. In the context of the uncertainty principle, the Schwarz ... Transform Quantum Mechanics Uncertainty Principle References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia ..., uncertainty is seen to have a broader scope than the limited version of Heisenberg s microscope Heisenberg ... and reformulations. The Heisenberg uncertainty relation and its more formal versions deal explicitly ... the Robertson and Schr dinger uncertainty relations were derived for generalized quantum operators. Yet other formulations have moved beyond the framework which inspired these traditional uncertainty relations. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation Heisenberg originally thought of uncertainty in an intuitive ... is being imaged. In his seminal paper on uncertainty ref cite journal last Heisenberg first W. title ... is governed by the wavelength of the light. However, in principle one can build, say, a gamma ... the Robertson uncertainty relation when presenting a generalized derivation of the uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty principle for the short-time Fourier transform

    constructed for the purpose of analysis. What does the uncertainty principle as applied to a small time interval have to do with the uncertainty principle of the original? Very often nothing and statements ... langle omega right rangle math 8 The uncertainty principle T and B are standard deviations defined by the previous ... B 2 sigma omega 2 int omega left langle omega right rangle 2 S omega 2 ,d omega math 10 The uncertainty principle is math TB ge dfrac 1 2 math 11 Therefore one cannot have or construct a signal for which both T and B are arbitrarily small. A more general uncertainty principle . A stronger version of the uncertainty principle is math sigma t sigma omega ge dfrac 1 2 sqrt 1 4 operatorname COV t omega 2 math 12 Proof of the uncertainty principle First, let us note that no loss of generality occurs ... t omega right 2 dfrac 1 4 COV t omega 2 math 21 Therefore the uncertainty principle is proved as given ... to obtain the more usual form, Eq. 11 . The uncertainty principle for the short time Fourier transform ... math 28 Time dependent and window dependent uncertainty principle Since a normalized signal have been ... down. This is the uncertainty principle for the short time Fourier transform. It is a function of time, the signal, and the window. It should not be confused with uncertainty principle applied to the signal. It is important to understand this uncertainty because it places limits on the technique ... in terms of resolutionis are limited and so forth. This is a limitation of the technique. The uncertainty principle of the original signal does not change because it has been decided to be modified ...   more details



  1. The Uncertainty Principle (The Spectacular Spider-Man)

    Infobox Television episode Title The Uncertainty Principle Series The Spectacular Spider Man TV series The Spectacular Spider Man Image File SSM Uncertainty Principle.jpg 230px Caption Green Goblin Goblin ... spider man episodes 182.the uncertainty principle title The Uncertainty Principle publisher Marvel.com ... list The Uncertainty Principle is the ninth episode of the animated television series The Spectacular ... Green Goblin in order to prepare his penning of the episode s teleplay. The Uncertainty Principle ... twist and created the episode. The Uncertainty Principle is available on both the third volume ... revealed to be false. Production The Uncertainty Principle was written by Kevin Hopps and directed ... web url http tvlistings.zap2it.com tv the spectacular spider man the uncertainty principle EP010323830009 title The Spectacular Spider Man The Uncertainty Principle publisher Zap2it accessdate 2009 12 ... articles 873 873281p1.html title The Uncertainty Principle Review publisher IGN author Goldman, Eric ... Gargoyles A Station Eight Fan Web Site date 2008 06 18 accessdate 2009 12 28 ref The Uncertainty Principle ... IGN author Goldman, Eric date 2009 03 19 accessdate 2009 11 30 ref The Uncertainty Principle also ... spider man.the spectacular spider man episodes 182.the uncertainty principle The Uncertainty Principle at Marvel.com http www.tv.com the spectacular spider man the uncertainty principle episode 1195706 summary.html?tag episode header summary The Uncertainty Principle at TV.com http www.imdb.com title tt1225150 The Uncertainty Principle at the Internet Movie Database Spectacular Spider Man TV series DEFAULTSORT Uncertainty Principle Category 2008 television episodes Category The Spectacular ... 2009 11 29 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref The episode s title, The Uncertainty Principle, expands the series theme The Education of Peter Parker chosen by developer Greg Weisman . Episodes ... minutes. source Eric Goldman, br IGN reviewer ref name ign width 175px align right The Uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty

    how to proceed. Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields, including uncertainty principle physics , philosophy , statistics , economics , finance , insurance , psychology ... Uncertainty Principle puts limits on how much an observer can ever know about the position ... of a particle even more exactly than Heisenberg s uncertainty principle allows. Measurements Heavily ... uncertainty principle forms the basis of modern quantum mechanics . li li In meteorology ... mechanics Uncertainty principle Uncertainty quantification Uncertainty tolerance Volatility, uncertainty ...Hatnote For the film of the same name, see Uncertainty film . Certainty File Blank Fork.png thumb We ... quantitative fields have defined uncertainty, risk, and their measurement as Uncertainty The lack ... state, a future outcome, or more than one possible outcome. Measurement of Uncertainty A set ... of uncertainty where some possible outcomes have an undesired effect or significant loss. Measurement ... v onepage&q&f false preview . br     Jean Jacques Laffont 1989 . The Economics of Uncertainty ... PR5 v onepage&q&f false links . br     1980 . Essays in the Economics of Uncertainty , Harvard ... . Uncertainty, Production, Choice, and Agency The State Contingent Approach . Cambridge. http www.cambridge.org ... preview. ISBN 0 521 62244 1 ref Knightian uncertainty . In his seminal work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ref Knight, F.H. 1921 Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Boston, MA Hart, Schaffner & Marx Houghton ... between risk and uncertainty Cquote Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct ... that a measurable uncertainty, or risk proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all. Cquote You cannot be certain about uncertainty. There are other taxonomies of uncertainties and decisions that include a broader sense of uncertainty and how it should be approached from an ethics perspective ref name embo1 ...   more details



  1. Cone of Uncertainty

    Generalize date October 2009 In project management , the Cone of Uncertainty describes the evolution of the amount of uncertainty during a project. At the beginning of a project, comparatively little is known about the product or work results, and so estimates are subject to large uncertainty. As more research and development is done, more information is learned about the project, and the uncertainty ... maintenance group. The term Cone of Uncertainty is used in software development where the technical ... established basic principle of Cost Engineering . Most environments change so slowly that they can .... Well before any significant investments are made, the uncertainty is reduced to a level where the risk can be carried comfortably. In this kind of environment the uncertainty level decreases ... volatile and there is an external pressure to increase the uncertainty level over time. The project must actively and continuously work to reduce the uncertainty level. The Cone of Uncertainty is narrowed ... on the Cone of Uncertainty stated that in the beginning of the project life cycle i.e. before gathering of requirements estimates have in general an uncertainty of factor 4 on both the high side and the low ... estimates. This uncertainty tends to decrease over the course of a project, although that decrease is not guaranteed McConnell 2006, p.  38 . Applications of the Cone of Uncertainty One way to account for the Cone of Uncertainty in the project estimate is to first determine a most likely ... of uncertainty at that time . This can be done with formulas applied to spreadsheets, or by using ... ranged estimate and will then create a schedule that will include this level of uncertainty. Image ... to a tropical storm The Cone of Uncertainty is also used extensively as a graphic in hurricane forecasting ... is essentially the opposite of the usage in software development. In software development, the uncertainty surrounds the current state of the project, and in the future the uncertainty decreases, whereas ...   more details



  1. Multiplier uncertainty

    equivalence principle does not apply while in the absence of multiplier uncertainty that is, with only additive uncertainty the optimal policy with a quadratic loss function coincides with what would be decided if the uncertainty were ignored, this no longer holds in the presence of multiplier uncertainty. References reflist Category Economics Category Macroeconomics ...In macroeconomics , multiplier uncertainty is lack of perfect knowledge of the Multiplier economics multiplier effect of a particular policy action, such as a monetary or fiscal policy change, upon the intended ... uncertainty may surround the magnitude of effect of a change in the monetary base or its growth ... rate , or GDP. There are several policy implications of multiplier uncertainty 1 If the multiplier uncertainty is correlation uncorrelated with additive uncertainty, its presence causes greater cautiousness ... uncertainty, it is no longer redundant to have more policy tools than there are targeted economic ... policy is not equivalent to a policy of ignoring uncertainty. Effect of multiplier uncertainty on the optimal ... year 1967 title Uncertainty and the effectiveness of policy journal American Economic Review ... expected value E u in the absence of any policy action. If there were no uncertainty about the policy ... that, to the extent that there is multiplier uncertainty the extent to which math sigma 2 a 0 math , the magnitude of the optimal policy action is diminished. Thus the basic effect of multiplier uncertainty ... last Mitchell first Douglas W. year 1990 title The efficient policy frontier under parameter uncertainty ... uncertainty, it is not superfluous to have more policy tools than targets with multiplier uncertainty ... policy tools having multiplier uncertainty, and on the other hand, Modern portfolio theory portfolio optimization involving multiple investment choices having rate of return uncertainty. ref name ... control context with multiplier uncertainty, ref cite book last Chow first Gregory P. year 1976 ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty (film)

    seems to be based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics, which can be illustrated ...Infobox film name Uncertainty image Uncertainty film poster .jpg director Scott McGehee br David Siegel producer Becky Glupczynski br Scott McGehee br David Siegel writer Scott McGehee br David Siegel starring Lynn Collins br Joseph Gordon Levitt br Assumpta Serna br Olivia Thirlby distributor IFC Films , Myriad pictures Myriad Pictures International released start date 2008 9 8 small Toronto International Film Festival TIFF br dts 2009 11 13 runtime 105 minutes U.S. theatrical release 105 17 country United States language English music budget Uncertainty is a 2008 independent film indie drama film drama and thriller film , written, produced, and directed by American independent filmmakers Scott McGehee and David Siegel , and starring Lynn Collins and Joseph Gordon Levitt . It was first released at the Toronto International Film Festival 2008 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . Distribution rights were acquired by IFC Films and received limited release on November 13, 2009. It was simultaneously made available to cable viewers via Video on demand Video On Demand . The film was shot in HD on the Arriflex D 20 . Plot Bobby Joseph Gordon Levitt and Kate Lynn Collins are a young ... siegel and scott mcgehee uncertainty title DAVID SIEGEL AND SCOTT MCGEHEE, UNCERTAINTY author Brandon ... Uncertainty has an approval rating of 54 on Rotten Tomatoes , from 24 reviews counted. ref cite web url http www.rottentomatoes.com m uncertainty title Rotten Tomatoes accessdate 2010 09 08 ref References Reflist External links http www.ifcfilms.com films uncertainty Official IFC Films site IMDb title 1086216 title Uncertainty http www.uncertaintyfilm.com Production blog by filmmakers http www.filmmakermagazine.com news 2009 11 david siegel and scott mcgehee uncertainty Article from Filmmaker ... films Category 2000s drama films indie film stub es Uncertainty fr Uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty quantification

    Uncertainty quantification UQ is the science of quantitative characterization and reduction of Uncertainty uncertainties in applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head on crash with another car even if we exactly knew the speed, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc., will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense. Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty. computer model Computer simulation modeling is the most commonly used approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification UQ . Reasons for uncertainties Uncertainty can enter numerical or mathematical models in various contexts. For example The model structure, i.e., how accurately a mathematical model describes the true system for a real life situation, may only be known approximately. Models are almost always only approximations to reality. For example, the Maxwell equations describe electromagnetic fields very well yet, it is known that quantum electrodynamics is the correct description if field strengths become large. The numerical approximation, i.e., how appropriately a numerical method is used in approximating the operation of the system. Most models are too complicated to solve exactly. For example the finite element method may be used to approximate the solution of a partial differential equation , but this introduces .... Epistemic or systematic uncertainties are due to things we could in principle know but don ... life applications, both kinds of uncertainties are often present. Uncertainty quantification intends to work toward reducing type 2 uncertainties to type 1. The quantification for the type 1 uncertainty ... date June 2008 Category Applied mathematics Category Operations research Category Uncertainty ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty theory

    distinguish Uncertainty principle multiple issues onesource November 2009 jargon December 2009 howto December 2009 citationstyle December 2009 misleading date December 2009 Uncertainty theory is a branch ... n operatorname min mathcal M i Lambda i math . Principle. Maximum Uncertainty Principle For any event ... measure axioms. Clarify date December 2009 It was founded by Baoding Liu ref Baoding Liu, Uncertainty ..., Uncertainty Theory, 3rd ed., http orsc.edu.cn liu ut.pdf. ref Mathematical measures of the likelihood ..., as well as uncertainty. Five axioms Axiom 1. Normality Axiom math mathcal M Gamma 1 text ... Measure Axiom Let math Gamma k, mathcal L k, mathcal M k math be uncertainty spaces for math k 1,2 ... function from an uncertainty space math Gamma,L,M math to the set mathematics set of real ... math is an event. Uncertainty distribution Uncertainty distribution is inducted to describe uncertain variables. Definition The uncertainty distribution math Phi x R rightarrow 0,1 math of an uncertain ... Condition for Uncertainty Distribution A function math Phi x R rightarrow 0,1 math is an uncertain ... uncertain variables. Theorem 3 Let math Phi i math be uncertainty distributions of independent uncertain variables math xi i, quad i 1,2, ldots,m math respectively, and math Phi math the joint uncertainty ... of the two integrals is finite. Theorem 1 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with uncertainty ... be an uncertain variable with regular uncertainty distribution math Phi math . If the expected value ... value to math xi math . Theorem 1 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with regular uncertainty ... alpha math . Entropy Definition Let math xi math be an uncertain variable with uncertainty distribution ... with regular uncertainty distribution math Phi math . Then math H xi int 0 1 Phi 1 alpha mbox ... a E xi b E eta math . Theorem 3 Let math xi math be an uncertain variable whose uncertainty distribution ... 1 Suppose that math xi, xi 1, xi 2, ldots math are uncertain variables defined on the uncertainty space ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty analysis

    For a much more detailed treatment, see Experimental uncertainty analysis Uncertainty analysis investigates the uncertainty of variables that are used in decision making problems in which observations and models represent the knowledge base. In other words, uncertainty analysis aims to make a technical contribution to decision making through the quantification of uncertainties in the relevant variables. In physical experiment s uncertainty analysis , or experimental uncertainty assessment , deals with assessing the uncertainty in a measurement . An experiment designed to determine an effect, demonstrate a law, or estimate the numerical value of a physical variable will be affected by errors due to instrumentation, methodology, presence of confounding effects and so on. Experimental uncertainty estimates are needed to assess the confidence in the results. ref http www.engineering.uiowa.edu cfd pdfs References uncert.pdf Summary of experimental uncertainty assessment methodology with example ref A related field is Design of experiments . Likewise in numerical experiments and Mathematical model modelling uncertainty analysis draws upon a number of techniques for determining the reliability of model predictions, accounting for various sources of uncertainty in model input and design. ref http www.floodrisknet.org.uk methods MethodologiesForUncertaintyAnalysis Methodologies for uncertainty analysis ref A related field is sensitivity analysis . A calibrated parameter does not necessarily represents reality, as reality is much more complex. Any prediction has its own complexities of reality .... ref http www.pesthomepage.org Uncertainty Analysis.php ref See also Interval finite element method ... , Uncertainty in Industrial Practice A Guide to Quantitative Uncertainty Management , Wiley & Sons ... based methods for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Reliability Engineering and System ... Experiments Springer Verlag, 2003. Category Uncertainty of numbers Category Measurement ...   more details



  1. Hirschman uncertainty

    Uncertainty Principle for a Locally Compact Abelian Group journal Journal of Functional Analysis ... distribution. See also Inequalities in information theory Uncertainty principle Riesz Thorin ...In quantum mechanics , information theory , and Fourier analysis , the Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropy Shannon entropies . It turns out that Heisenberg s uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is stronger than the usual statement of the uncertainty principle in terms of the product of standard deviations. In 1957, ref name Hirschman I.I. Hirschman, Jr., A note on entropy. American Journal of Mathematics 1957 pp. 152 156 ref Hirschman considered a function f and its Fourier transform g such that math g y approx int infty infty exp 2 pi ixy f x , dx, qquad f x approx int infty infty exp 2 pi ixy g y , dy, math where the math approx math indicates convergence in math L 2 math , and normalized so that by Plancherel theorem Plancherel s theorem math int infty infty f x 2 , dx int infty infty g y 2 ,dy 1. math He showed that for any such functions the sum of the Shannon entropies is non negative math H f 2 H g 2 int infty infty f x 2 log f x 2 , dx int infty infty g y 2 log g y 2 ,dy ge 0. math A tighter bound, math H f 2 H g 2 ge log frac e 2, math was conjectured by Hirschman ref ... entropic uncertainty function is distinctly different than the quantum Von Neumann entropy represented .... Formulation of the uncertainty relations in terms of the Renyi entropies. http arxiv.org abs quant ..., an expression of the uncertainty principal in terms of the R nyi entropy can be derived. ref ... squares of both of these are Gaussian, too. This can be used to derive the variance uncertainty ... Gaussian asymptotic minimizers in entropic uncertainty principles. http arxiv.org abs math 0605510v1 arXiv math 0605510v1 DEFAULTSORT Hirschman Uncertainty Category Quantum mechanical entropy Category ...   more details



  1. Propagation of uncertainty

    In statistics , propagation of uncertainty or propagation of error is the effect of Variable mathematics variables uncertainty uncertainties or Errors and residuals in statistics errors on the uncertainty of a function mathematics function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have Observational error uncertainties due to measurement limitations e.g., instrument Accuracy and precision precision which propagate to the combination of variables in the function. The uncertainty is usually defined by the absolute error x . Uncertainties can also be defined by the relative error x x , which is usually written as a percentage. Most commonly the error on a quantity, x , is given as the standard deviation , . Standard deviation is the positive square ... 12 quote The guiding principle in all cases is to consider the most pessimistic situation. ref Example calculation Inverse tangent function We can calculate the uncertainty propagation for the inverse ... x , math where math sigma x math is the absolute uncertainty on our measurement of math x math ... x frac 1 1 x 2 . math Therefore, our propagated uncertainty is math sigma f frac sigma x 1 x 2 , math where math sigma f math is the absolute propagated uncertainty. Example application Resistance measurement ... V , the uncertainty in the computed quantity, R is math Delta R sqrt left Delta V right 2 left frac 1 I right 2 left Delta I right 2 left frac V I 2 right 2 . math See also Experimental uncertainty ... Automatic differentiation List of uncertainty propagation software Interval finite element Notes reflist refs ref name fornasini citation first1 Paolo last1 Fornasini title The uncertainty in physical ... physics uncertainty.htm A detailed discussion of measurements and the propagation of uncertainty .... http www.bipm.org en publications guides gum.html GUM , Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement ... Statistical approximations Category Uncertainty of numbers de Fehlerfortpflanzung es Propagaci n ...   more details



  1. Knightian uncertainty

    In economics , Knightian uncertainty is risk that is immeasurable, not possible to calculate. Knightian uncertainty is named after University of Chicago economist Frank Knight 1885&ndash 1972 , who distinguished risk and uncertainty in his work Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit ref Knight, F.H. 1921 http www.archive.org details riskuncertaintyp00knigrich Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit . Boston, MA Hart, Schaffner & Marx Houghton Mifflin Company ref Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it has never been properly separated.... The essential fact is that risk means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character and there are far reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomena depending on which of the two is really present and operating.... It will appear that a measurable uncertainty, or risk proper, as we shall use the term, is so far different from an unmeasurable one that it is not in effect an uncertainty at all. Related concepts Common cause and special cause see Common cause and special cause The difference between predictable variation and unpredictable variation is one of the fundamental issues in the philosophy of probability , and different probability interpretations treat predictable and unpredictable variation differently. The distinction and debate has a long history, referred to as and discussed at common cause and special cause . Ellsberg paradox see Ellsberg paradox The Ellsberg paradox is based on the difference between these two types of risk, and the problems it poses for utility theory one is faced with an urn that contains 30 red balls and 60 balls that are either all yellow or all black, and one then draws a ball from the urn. This poses both uncertainty whether the non red balls are all yellow or all black and probability whether the ball is red or non red, which is vs. . Expressed preferences in choices ...   more details



  1. Principle

    principle A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably ... of conduct, a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device. Principle as cause The principle of any Causality effect is the cause that produces it. Depending on the way the cause .... Principle of causality, as efficient cause The efficient cause is the one that produces the necessary ... can be established to explain what principle brought about the change effect. For this reason the principle of cause is considered to be a determining factor in the production of facts. The principle ... a cause. It was formulated by Aristotle as Everything that moves is moved by another . This principle, in conjunction with the principle that an infinite regress is not possible, has been used to argue for God s existence. The principle of causality is often associated with the similar, though distinct, principle of sufficient reason, according to which, there is a reason why everything is the particular way it is rather than some other way. Principle as a final cause Final cause is the end ... the goal. Science does not recognize the finality of the natural causes as a guiding principle of investigation. It is also understood therefore that the principle guides the action as a norm or rule of behavior, which produces two types of principles. Principle as law Principle as scientific law .... vague date December 2011 clarify date December 2011 Principle as moral law It represents a set of values ... of socialization . Principle as a juridic law It represents a set of values that inspire the written ... the State. The law establishes a legal obligation, in a coercive way it therefore acts as principle condition ing of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. Principle as axiom or logical fundament Principle of sufficient reason This is based on the truth or intelligibility of the being ... the reason or fundament of being. Here is the ontological principle Every being has enough reason ...   more details



  1. Objective Uncertainty

    Multiple issues confusing May 2009 notability May 2009 unreferenced May 2009 orphan December 2010 Objective Uncertainty is usually used when there is a dispute over claims, specifically with respect to the promise of surrender of an invalid claim or promise of forbearance to assert an invalid claim as constituting legal detriment to the claimant, and if bargained for, as constituting consideration for a legally Contract binding agreement . Under modern Contract Law, either good faith or objective uncertainty as to the validity of the claim is sufficient for the purpose of constituting. In simple English, it means, either the claimant has to assert the claim in good faith or a reasonable person could believe that the claim is well founded. So, an objective uncertainty as to the validity of a claim means that a reasonable person could believe that the claim is well founded. Category Contract law ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty exponent

    In mathematics, the uncertainty exponent is a method of measuring the fractal dimension of a basin boundary . In a chaotic scattering system, the invariant mathematics Invariant set invariant set of the system is usually not directly accessible because it is non attracting and typically of measure mathematics measure zero. Therefore, the only way to infer the presence of members and to measure the properties of the invariant set is through the basin of attraction basins of attraction . Note that in a scattering system, basins of attraction are not limit cycles therefore do not constitute members of the invariant set. Suppose we start with a random trajectory and perturb it by a small amount, math epsilon math , in a random direction. If the new trajectory ends up in a different basin from the old one, then it is called epsilon uncertain . If we take a large number of such trajectories, then the fraction of them that are epsilon uncertain is the uncertainty fraction , math f epsilon math , and we expect it to scale exponentially with math varepsilon math math f varepsilon sim varepsilon gamma , math Thus the uncertainty exponent, math gamma math , is defined as follows math gamma lim varepsilon to 0 frac ln f varepsilon ln varepsilon math The uncertainty exponent can be shown to approximate the box counting dimension as follows math D 0 N gamma , math where N is the embedding dimension. Please refer to the article on chaotic mixing for an example of numerical computation of the uncertainty dimension compared with that of a box counting dimension. References C. Grebogi, S. W. McDonald, E. Ott and J. A. Yorke, Final state sensitivity An obstruction to predictability , Phys. Letters 99A 415 418 1983 . Cite book author Edward Ott title Chaos in Dynamical Systems publisher Cambridge University Press year 1993 Category Chaos theory Category Fractals ...   more details



  1. Measurement uncertainty

    In metrology , measurement uncertainty is a non negative parameter characterizing the Statistical dispersion dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. The uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete knowledge of the quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measured value is only complete if it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty. Fractional uncertainty is the measurement uncertainty divided by the measured value. Codex has guidelines on Measurement Uncertainty, CAC GL 54 2004. Background The purpose of measurement is to provide ... Good Practice Guide No. 11. A Beginner s Guide to Uncertainty of Measurement. Tech. rep., National Physical ... to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement GUM ref name GUM http www.bipm.org utils common documents ... of uncertainty in measurement, Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. ref is a document published by the Measurement uncertainty Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology JCGM that establishes general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement. ref Kent J. Gregory, Giovani Bibbo ... of a measurement as an estimate of the measurand along with an associated measurement uncertainty. One ... , and puts it on a probabilistic basis through the concept of measurement uncertainty. Another ... is known, but only how well it is believed to be known. Measurement uncertainty can therefore .... This uncertainty reflects the incomplete knowledge of the measurand. The notion of belief is an important ... term, the relevant quantity should be corrected by this estimate. There will be an uncertainty ... of measurement data Supplement 1 to the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement ..., consider a so called standard uncertainty , given the symbol math u x i math , defined as the standard deviation ref name JCGM 101 of the input quantity math X i math . This standard uncertainty is said ... uncertainty associated with this estimate. Often an interval containing math Y math with a specified ...   more details



  1. Tax uncertainty

    Multiple issues copy edit March 2012 globalize March 2012 refimprove March 2012 orphan March 2012 Tax uncertainty is an economic risk encountered when the scale and type of tax es cannot be accurately predicted. Tax uncertainty can effect decision making for families as well as business organizations. ref cite news title Tax cut impasse has many in limbo newspaper USA Today page B1 date March 23, 2012 last Block first Sandra ref Tax uncertainty slows the rate of economic growth in an economy. ref cite web url http economistsview.typepad.com economistsview 2011 09 its not regulatory and tax uncertainty.html title Economist s View It s Not Regulatory and Tax Uncertainty publisher Economistsview.typepad.com date September 3, 2011 accessdate March 28, 2012 ref ref name World Bank cite book last1 Easterly first1 William last2 King first2 Robert last3 Levine first3 Ross last4 Rebelo first4 Sergio title How do National Policies Affect Long Run Growth? year 1991 publisher Country Economics Department, The World Bank pages 21 url http books.google.com books?id pJejwYXmT5gC&pg PA22&dq 22tax uncertainty 22&hl en&sa X&ei vclwT 73M WjiALw8JW3DA&ved 0CDoQ6AEwAQ v onepage&q 22tax 20uncertainty 22&f false ref Current tax uncertainty in the United States There are several temporary tax measures adopted during the George W. Bush era which will expire at the end of 2012. The uncertainty of future tax implications is paralyzing many businesses, large and small, according to tax preparer s and tax planners planners . The measures affect both income tax and estate tax . Increased tax rates Tax rates will rise to 15 39.6 from 10 35 . The Alternative Minimum Tax The AMT which was meant to affect only high income individuals has not been indexed to inflation and will ensnare more and more people. It is estimated that in 2012 it will affect more than to 10 of the united states population 31 million taxpayers . Home owners, seniors and parents of college students Home owner s, senior s and pa ...   more details



  1. Corridor of uncertainty

    The corridor of uncertainty is a phrase originating from the sport of cricket . It describes an area where a cricket ball can pitch during a Delivery cricket delivery a narrow line on and just outside a batsman s off stump. The name is derived from the opinion that this is the area in which a batsman struggles most to determine whether to play forward or back, or whether to leave the delivery. The first recorded use of the phrase is commonly credited to former Yorkshire County Cricket Club Yorkshire and English cricket team England batsman , now sports commentator commentator , Geoffrey Boycott whilst commentating on England s 1990 tour of the West Indies ref Citation last Greenslade first Nick author link Nick Greenslade title First and last Geoffrey Boycott newspaper The Observer year 2004 date July 4, 2004 url http observer.guardian.co.uk osm story 0,,1250944,00.html ref . There are other earlier claims to coinage, however, including a televised interview with Merv Hughes who says Allan Border instructed him to bowl in the corridor of uncertainty at one point in the 1988 1989 West Indies cricket team West Indies tour of Australia ref http www.youtube.com watch?v D21anTJi8ck The relevant comment is at 1.24 ref . The phrase has also been used in other sports commentary. In football soccer football it is commonly used to describe a cross football cross or pass which is delivered into the area in front of the Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper and behind the last line of Defense sport defence . The uncertainty in this case comes from the decision which both the last defender and the Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper must make whether to defend the ball, or leave it to the other player. Corridor of uncertainty is also the name, or part of the name, of several online cricket forums and at least two fanzine type cricket publications. See also Line and length References Reflist Category Cricket terminology Category Association football terminology ...   more details



  1. The Age of Uncertainty

    Infobox television show name The Age of Uncertainty image File TheAgeOfUncertainty.jpg 200px caption format runtime approx. 60 minutes per episode creator John Kenneth Galbraith starring John Kenneth Galbraith country UK , US , CAN network BBC , CBS , KCET , OECA first aired 1977 last aired 1977 num episodes 15 The Age of Uncertainty is a 1977 book and television series, co produced by the BBC , Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBC , KCET and OECA , and written and presented by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith . Background Galbraith fully acknowledged the successes of the market system in economics but associated it with instability, inefficiency and social inequity. He advocated government policies and interventions to remedy these perceived faults. ref Markets or Governments Choosing between imperfect alternatives , Charles Wolf, p. 2, MIT Press, 1993, ISBN 0262731045 ref In his book Economics and the Public Purpose 1973 he proposed the extension of the planning system used in the industrial core of the economy to the wider market economy. He argued for a new socialism, with more steeply progressive taxes, public housing, medical care and transportation, public support of the arts and the conversion of some corporations and military contractors into public corporations. ref John Kenneth Galbraith, Iconoclastic Economist and Diplomat, Dies at 97 , New York Times, 1 May 2006, retrieved 19 June 2009 http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9C01E5DE113FF932A35756C0A9609C8B63 ... in The Age of Uncertainty , Hoover Press, 1999, ISBN 0817996222 ref In the midst of the Watergate ... on the title Age of Uncertainty to reflect the sharp contrast between the great certainty in 19th ... other works Economics and the Public Purse and Money , The Age of Uncertainty reinforced Galbraith ... Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 1843711311 ref References The Age of Uncertainty , John Kenneth Galbraith, BBC Andre Deutsch, 1977, ISBN 0 563 128879 Notes references DEFAULTSORT Age of Uncertainty, The Category ...   more details



  1. Uncertainty coefficient

    In statistics , the uncertainty coefficient , also called entropy coefficient or Theil s U , is a measure of nominal Association statistics association . It was first introduced by Henri Theil and is based on the concept of information entropy . Suppose we have samples of two normally discrete random variables, i and j . By constructing the joint distribution, P i ,  j , from which we can calculate the conditional distributions, P i j     P i ,  j P j and P j i     P i ,  j P i , and calculating the various entropies, we can determine the degree of association between the two variables. The entropy of a single distribution is given as ref name Shannon Weaver1963 cite book author1 Claude E. Shannon author2 Warren Weaver year 1963 title The Mathematical Theory of Communication publisher University of Illinois Press ref math H i sum i P i log P i , math while the conditional entropy is given as ref name Shannon Weaver1963 math H i j sum i, j P i, j log P i j . math The uncertainty coefficient is defined as ref name Press etal1992 cite book title Numerical Recipes in C the Art of Scientific Computing author1 William H. Press author2 Brian P. Flannery author3 Saul A. Teukolsky author4 William T. Vetterling year 1992 publisher Cambridge University Press edition 2nd pn date January 2012 ref math U i j frac H i H i j H i , math and tells us given j , what fraction of the bits of i can we predict? In this case we can think of i as containing the true values. The measure can be inverted to return the reverse question and a symmetrical measure thus defined as a weighted average between the two ref name Press etal1992 math begin align U i, j & frac H i U i j H j U j i H i H j 8pt & 2 left frac H i H j H i, j H i H j right . end align math The uncertainty ... Coefficient, Tschuprow s T, Cramer s V, Lambda, Uncertainty Coefficient Course notes, 2008 by G. David Garson, NCSU http libagf.sourceforge.net libagf Includes software for calculating uncertainty coefficients ...   more details




Articles 1 - 25 of 41303          Next


Search   in  
Search for Uncertainty principle in Tutorials
Search for Uncertainty principle in Encyclopedia
Search for Uncertainty principle in Videos
Search for Uncertainty principle in Books
Search for Uncertainty principle in Software
Search for Uncertainty principle in DVDs
Search for Uncertainty principle in Store


Advertisement




Uncertainty principle in Encyclopedia
Uncertainty principle top Uncertainty principle
Home - Add TutorGig to Your Site - Disclaimer

©2011-2013 TutorGig.info All Rights Reserved. Privacy Statement