The Portland LinuxUnix Group PLUG is a group of Linux and Open Source enthusiasts in Portland, Oregon . The group was started in early 1994 as a venue to discuss and promote Linux and Unix , and is one of the oldest Linux User Group s in existence. PLUG is volunteer run and does not have any formal criteria for membership. Its members consider these qualities to be key to the group s endurance. PLUG s activities include Active mailing list discussions A monthly General Meeting on the first Thursday of the month A monthly Advanced Topics Meeting on the third Tuesday of the month A monthly hands on Clinic on the third Sunday of the month Booth presentations at events around the region External links http www.pdxlinux.org PLUG s home page http calagator.org Calagator Portland s Tech Calendar Category Organizations based in Portland, Oregon Category Linux user groups ... more details
all variants of Unix, the most widely used are Linux Citation needed date January 2012 , which is used ..., Unix like operating systems such as MINIX , Linux , Android operating system Android , and BSD descendants ... of FreeBSD , OpenBSD , and NetBSD . In 1991, Linus Torvalds began work on Linux , a Unix clone that initially ... t believe there is Unix in Linux . ref cite web url http www.groklaw.net staticpages index.php?page ... directory layout for Unix like operating systems, particularly Linux. Components see also ... and Gentoo Linux Gentoo . A free derivative of BSD Unix, 386BSD , was also released in 1992 and led .... Some Unix versions have already addressed this. For example, in Solaris and Linux in 64 bit mode ... to describe other Unix like systems, e.g. Linux , BSD , etc., that have not met the requirements for UNIX ...Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... model Historically Closed source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software ... Command line interface & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 license Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer multitasking ... Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , Brian Kernighan , Douglas McIlroy , and Joe Ossanna . The Unix operating ... porting to other hardware. Today s Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed ..., owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix ... is a Unix like operating system? Unix.org FAQ ref of this term. However, the term Unix is often used ... 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD variant, originating from the University ... more details
Linux ? id 1992Apr23.123216.22024 klaava.Helsinki.FI date 23 April 1992 accessdate 2007 01 09 ref ref cite web url http www.paul.sladen.org pronunciation title How to pronounce Linux? accessdate 2006 12 17 ref ref cite web url http www.kernel.org pub linux kernel SillySounds title Linus pronouncing Linux in English and Swedish accessdate 2007 01 20 ref is a Unix like computer operating system ... System publisher Gnu.org accessdate 2009 04 17 ref History main History of LinuxUnix The Unix ... Unreferenced section date August 2011 A Linux based system is a modular Unix like operating system. It derives ... 1.4 thumb Simplified history of Unix like operating systems. Linux shares similar architecture ... Unix or MINIX . Main Linux distribution The primary difference between Linux and many other popular ...about the operating system the kernel Linux kernel infobox OS logo File Tux.svg frameless upright screenshot caption Tux the penguin , mascot of Linux ref name LinuxOnLine2008 cite web url http www.linux.org info logos.html title Linux Logos and Mascots accessdate 2009 08 11 last Linux Online authorlink year 2008 ref family Unix like developer Many source model Free and open source software frequently ... ref cite web title Debian GNU Linux Licenses url https www.ohloh.net p debian analyses latest publisher Ohloh accessdate 2009 03 27 ref Linux trademark owned by Linus Torvalds ref name US trademark cite ... United States Patent and Trademark Office accessdate 2006 04 01 ref and administered by the Linux Mark Institute language Multilingual updatemodel working state Current Linux IPAc en audio Linus ... linux pronunciation title Pronunciation of Linux last Safalra date 2007 04 14 work Safalra s Website accessdate 2009 09 15 ref ref name Foldoc09Jun06 cite web url http foldoc.org linux title Linux ... component of Linux is the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 ... Is Linux An Overview of the Linux Operating System url https www.linux.com learn resource center 376 ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub fr As Unix ru As ... more details
lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31st and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line atq 1234 2011 08 12 11 45 cc o foo foo.c user atrm 1234 atq source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do ... s replacement for at. List of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
Sound on Unix may refer to The Open Sound System OSS , a standard interface for audio on in Unix operating systems. On Linux systems, OSS has been largely replaced by other audio interfaces. See also The Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ALSA , the default Linux Kernel OSS replacement. PulseAudio , a sound server. List of Linux audio software Disambig Category Unix ... more details
lowercase Image Pg Unix screenshot.png thumbnail Example output of the tt pg tt command in xterm . pg is a terminal pager program on Unix and Unix like systems for viewing text file s. It can also be used to page through the output of a command via a pipe Unix pipe . pg uses an interface similar to vi , but commands are different. ref http www.computerhope.com unix upg.htm LinuxUnix pg command ref more command more , and less Unix less are more commonly used paging programs. See also less Unix less more command more References reflist Unix commands unix stub Category Terminal pagers ... more details
saved book title Unix subtitle cover image Poundexclam.svg cover color Black Unix Introduction UnixUnix wars Historically significant corporations AT&T Bell Labs Hewlett Packard IBM Novell SCO Group Sun Microsystems Unix standards and organizations The Open Group X Open POSIX Single UNIX Specification Unix operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution 1977 Berkeley Software Distribution Version 7 Unix 1979 Version 7 Unix SunOS 1982 SunOS UNIX System V 1983 UNIX System V HP UX 1984 HP UX IBM AIX 1986 AIX IRIX 1988 IRIX SCO OpenServer 1989 SCO OpenServer Solaris operating system 1992 Solaris Tru64 UNIX 1992 Tru64 UNIX UnixWare 1992 UnixWare OS X 2001 Mac OS X Unix like operating environments Unix like Cygwin DragonFly BSD FreeBSD GNU Interix Linux NetBSD NeXTSTEP OpenBSD OpenSolaris Plan 9 from Bell Labs Legal battles and controversies SCO Linux controversies SCO v. IBM SCO v. Novell SCO and SGI Red Hat v. SCO USL v. BSDi Category Wikipedia books on computing ... more details
lowercase bg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process without bringing it to the foreground ref name bg man page http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix bg bg man page ref the resumed process continues to execute in the background without receiving user input from the Computer terminal terminal . bg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also fg Unix fg , the complementary command that brings a process to the foreground References Reflist Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities unix stub ca Bg Unix el Bg Unix fr Bg Unix zh Bg Unix ... more details
lowercase title clear Unix Image Clear gnulinux.gif thumb Clear being used on GNU Linux under uxterm code clear do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard Unix computer operating system command which is used to clear the screen. Depending on the system, tt clear tt uses the terminfo or termcap database, as well as looking into the environment for the terminal type in order to deduce how to clear the screen. The Unix command tt clear tt takes no arguments and is roughly analogous to the MS DOS command tt Cls computing cls tt . See also List of Unix programs External links http invisible island.net ncurses man clear.1.html The manual tt man tt page for tt clear tt unix commands Unix stub Category Unix software el Clear Unix fa Clear fr Clear Unix hu Clear Unix zh Clear ... more details
lowercase pr is used to paginate or columnate files for printing. It is a required program in a POSIX compliant environment and has been implemented by GNU as part of the GNU Core Utilities . External links http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 pr.1.php The program s manpage http linux documentation.com en man man1p pr.html POSIX standard for pr Unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Pr Unix es Pr ... more details
based on this combination. Linux derivatives are not compatible enough to qualify for the Unix ...Refimprove date December 2009 Image Unix history.svg thumb 450px Unix genealogy tree The Unix wars were the struggles between vendor s of the Unix computer operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s to set the standard for Unix thenceforth. Origins In the mid 1980s, the two common versions of Unix were BSD , from the University of California, Berkeley , and UNIX System V System V , from AT&T . Both were derived from the earlier Version 7 Unix , but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor s version of Unix was different to some degree. A group of vendors formed the X Open open standard ... s. They chose to base their system on Unix. X Open caught AT&T s attention. To increase the uniformity of Unix, AT&T and leading BSD Unix vendor Sun Microsystems started work in 1987 on a unified system ... Laboratory s System V environment for BSD Unix. This was eventually released as System V Release 4 SVR4 . While this decision was applauded by customers and the trade press, certain other Unix licensees .... The same year, AT&T and another group of licensees responded by forming UNIX International . Technical ... versions of Unix, with X Open holding the middle ground. The move towards open source code In March ..., effectively marking the end of the most significant era of the Unix wars. In June, AT&T sold its UNIX assets to Novell , and in October Novell transferred the Unix brand to X Open. In 1996, X Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group . COSE work such as the Single UNIX Specification , the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group. However, the damage to Unix s market reputation had been done. Since then, occasional bursts of Unix factionalism have broken ... Caldera . The Berkeley Software Distribution emerged as an independent Unix like operating system, with the purging ... . OpenBSD emerged in 1995 as a fork of NetBSD. Rise of GNU and Linux During BSD s period of legal ... more details
lowercase tac is a Linux command that allows you to see a file line by line backwards. It is named by analogy with cat Unix cat . Usage pre Usage tac OPTION ... FILE ... Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. With no FILE, or when FILE is , read standard input. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. b, before attach the separator before instead of after r, regex interpret the separator as a regular expression s, separator STRING use STRING as the separator instead of newline help display this help and exit version output version information and exit pre See also cat Unix cat External links Manual pages man 1 tac unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Unix stub hu Tac Unix pl Tac Unix ru Tac uk Tac ... more details
Notability Products date January 2010 Infobox OS name SAMity Linux screenshot File SAM Linux Desktop.jpg 300px alt Screenshot of the Sam Linux desktop based on unity Linux latest release version 2010 latest release date release date and age 2010 6 30 family Unix like ui Xfce source model Open source working state Current kernel type Monolithic kernel Monolithic license Various website http samity.org SAMity Linux SAMity Linux is a GNU Linux distribution , with Xfce as its default user interface. It is an open source operating system for personal computers aimed at ease of use. External links Portal Free software http samity.org SAMity Linux Main Page Xfce Linux distributions DEFAULTSORT SAMity linux Category Live USB Category RPM based Linux distributions Category Operating system distributions bootable from read only media software stub de SAMity Linux es SAM Linux it SAM Linux ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Bell Unix Research Unix is a term used to refer to versions of the Unix ... to as Department 1127 . History The term Research Unix first appeared in the Bell System Technical ... Labs such as PWB UNIX and Multi Environment Real Time MERT whose code base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little used until Version 8 Unix , but has been retcon retroactively ... called simply UNIX in caps or the UNIX Time Sharing System. Because both the early versions and the last ... Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the Unix manual manual that describes them. So, the first Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is Version x or V x Unix, where x is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix excepting implementations from scratch like Coherent operating system Coherent , Minix , and Linux , usually referred to as Unix like derive from the 7th Edition. Versions class wikitable Manual Edition Release date Description 1st Edition Nov. 3, 1971 First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP 11 at the time. Unix was actually 2 years old at the time and had ... the C programming language C programming language and Unix pipe pipes total number of installations was 16. 4th Edition Nov. 1973 First Unix written in C programming language C . It also introduced Group identifier Unix groups . Number of installations was listed as above 20 . The manual was formatted ... above 50 . Version 6 Unix 6th Edition May 1975 First Unix to see widespread distribution outside ... UNIX, a cut down v6 for the low end PDP 11 10. Version 7 Unix 7th Edition Jan. 1979 The ancestor of all modern UNIX systems and the last release of Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged together most of the utilities of PWB UNIX with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80 more lines of code than V6. In February, a port called UNIX 32V 32V was made to DEC s VAX hardware ... more details
S. Raymond coauthors Guy L. Steele Jr. work The Jargon File ref or nix , since Unix like systems often have Unix like names such as AIX operating system AIX , HP UX , IRIX , Linux , Minix , Ultrix ... creators of Unix, has expressed his opinion that Unix like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems ... consistent with the UNIX specification more specifically, this can refer to systems such as Linux ... List of Linux distributions List of Unix utilities List of operating systems References reflist External links http www.linfo.org unix like.html Unix like Definition by The Linux Information ...Image Unix history simple.svg thumb Diagram of the relationships between the major Unix like systems A Unix like sometimes referred to as UN X or nix operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification . There is no Technical standard standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given OS is Unix like . The term can include free and open source software free and open source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs Unix ... on the software license licensed UNIX source code which may be sufficiently Unix like to pass certification and bear the UNIX trademark . Definition The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification, with the UNIX name being used as a certification mark . They do not approve of the construction Unix like , and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require UNIX to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding ... The Open Group. ref Other parties frequently treat Unix as a genericized trademark . Some add ... to refer to any UNIX descendant or work alike system, even those with completely dissimilar names ... of UNIX as a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal. Also in 2007, the Open ... more details
Original research date August 2008 Infobox OS name Amiga UNIX logo screenshot caption developer Commodore International Commodore Amiga, Inc. family UNIXUnix System V System V R4 source model primarily closed source latest release version 2.01 latest release date 1992 kernel type Monolithic kernel Monolithic license Proprietary software Proprietary website working state Historic supported platforms Motorola 68030 Commodore International Commodore Amiga, Inc. , in 1990, did a full port of AT&T Unix System V Unix System V Release 4 for the Amiga computer family in addition to the proprietary AmigaOS ... 3000UX , Commodore s Unix was one of the first ports of SVR4 to the 68k architecture. The Amiga ... Unix contained no compatibility layer to allow AmigaOS applications to run under Unix. With few ... to find a niche in the quite competitive Unix workstation market of the early 1990s. The A3000UX ... compared to other Unix workstations at the time, such as the NeXTstation 5,000 for a base system ... www.digibarn.com collections systems sgi indy index.html Unlike typical commercial Unix distributions of the time, Amiga Unix included the source code to the vendor specific enhancements and platform ... license terms as the binary part of the system it was open source but not free software . Amiga Unix ... Window System , and included their source code. Like many other Unix variants with small market shares, Amiga Unix vanished into the mists of computer history when its vendor, Commodore, went out of business. Today, Unix like operating systems such as Minix , NetBSD , and Linux are available for the Amiga platform, but the commercial and AT&T licensed Amiga Unix has not been revived. External links ... The Very Unofficial Commodore Amiga Unix AMIX Wiki Unix like AmigaOS Amiga hardware Category Amiga Category UNIX System V Category Discontinued operating systems unix stub de AMIX es Amiga Unix it Amiga Unix pl Amiga Unix ru Amiga UNIX ... more details
On Unix like computer systems, factor is a utility for Factorization factoring an integer into its prime factors . factor first appeared on Fifth Edition Unix 5th edition Research Unix in 1974, as a user maintained utility section 6 of the man page manual . In the Seventh Edition Unix 7th edition in 1979, it was moved into the main commands section of the manual section 1 . From there, the factor utility was copied to all other variants of Unix , including commercial Unixes and BSD . In some variants of Unix, it is classified as a game more than a serious utility, and therefore documented in section 6. A free software version of the factor utility was written for the GNU project by Paul Rubin , in 1986. It is now available on all Linux distributions as part of the GNU Core Utilities . In 2008, GNU factor started to use GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library GNU MP library for arbitrary precision arithmetic, allowing it to factor integers of any length, not limited by the machine s native integer type . References http www.vector.comm.sfu.ca pups PDP 11 Distributions research Dennis v5 v5man.pdf manual page from Fifth Edition Unix section 6 user maintained programs http man.cat v.org unix 6th 6 factor factor manual page from Sixth Edition Unix section 6 user contributed . Category Unix ... more details
Infobox OS name Miracle Linux logo screenshot caption website http www.miraclelinux.com www.miraclelinux.com developer Miracle Linux co., ltd family Unix like source model latest release version 4.0 latest release date 2005 kernel type ui license working state supported platforms x86 updatemodel package manager RPM Package Manager RPM Miracle Linux is a Linux distribution developed by Miracle Linux Co., Ltd., a company which Oracle Corporation owns 50.5 percent stock. Originally, it was designed to be an OS with good support of Oracle Database . However, since Red Hat Linux s support for Oracle improved, it changed its primary focus to Asian localization, merging efforts with various Asian Linux vendors to produce Asianux . Release history Version 1.0 based on Turbolinux Version 2.0 based on Red Hat Linux Version 3.0 2004 distributed under the name Miracle Linux V3.0 Asianux Inside as well as simply Asianux Server 1.0 Version 4.0 2005 final version of Miracle Linux, also called Asianux Server 2.0. New versions from 2008 on are called Asianux only. See also Asianux External links http www.miraclelinux.com Miracle Linux Corporation website Distrowatch miracle NAME Miracle LinuxLinux distro stub Linux distributions Category RPM based Linux distributions Category X86 64 Linux distributions ko it Miracle Linux ja MIRACLE LINUX ... more details
kill code List of Unix programs code nmon code &mdash a system monitor tool for the AIX and Linux operating systems. code pgrep code code pstree Unix pstree code code top Unix top code External ... Unix Specification http www.cyberciti.biz faq show all running processes in linux Show all running processes in Linux using ps command man 1 ps report a snapshot of the current processes unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software bg Ps Unix ca Ps UNIX cs Ps Unix de Ps Unix el Ps Unix es Ps Unix fa Ps fr Ps Unix ko Ps it Ps Unix ka Ps hu Ps Unix nl Ps Unix ja Ps UNIX pl Ps Unix pt Ps Unix ro Ps Unix ru Ps uk Ps ...lowercase In most Unix like operating systems , the code ps code program short for p rocess s tatus displays the currently running process computing processes . A related Unix utility named Top Unix top provides a real time view of the running processes. The code ps code command is analogous to the Microsoft Windows code tasklist code command. In Windows PowerShell , code ps code is a predefined Alias command command alias for the code Get Process code cmdlet which basically serves the same purpose. Examples For example source lang bash ps PID TTY TIME CMD 7431 pts 0 00 00 00 su 7434 pts 0 00 00 00 bash 18585 pts 0 00 00 00 ps source Users can also utilize the tt ps tt command in conjunction with the code grep code see the tt pgrep tt and tt pkill tt commands command to find information about one process, such as its process id source lang bash Trying to find the PID of firefox bin which is 2701 ps A grep firefox bin 2701 ? 22 16 04 firefox bin source and the easier version with tt pgrep tt source lang bash pgrep l firefox bin 2701 firefox bin source To see every process running as root real & effective ID in user format source lang bash ps U root u root u USER PID CPU MEM VSZ RSS TTY ... options. On operating system s that support the Single UNIX Specification SUS and POSIX standards, ps ... more details
lowercase tt getty tt , short for get teletype , is a Unix program running on a host computer that manages physical or virtual Computer terminal terminals tty . When it detects a connection, it prompts for a username and runs the login program to authenticate the user. It is usually called by init . Originally, on traditional Unix systems, getty handled connections to serial terminals often teletype machines connected to a host computer. The tty part of the name stands for teletype, but has come to mean any type of text terminal . One getty process serves one terminal. In some systems, for example Solaris operating system Solaris , getty was replaced by ttymon. Personal computer s running Unix like operating system s, even if they do not provide any remote login services, may still use getty as a means of logging in on a local Virtual console PC virtual console . Instead of the login program, getty may also be set up by the system administrator to run any other program, for example a Point to Point Protocol PPP Daemon computer software daemon to provide dial up Internet access. See also tt setterm tt tt stty tt tt tset tt tt Tty Unix tty tt External links http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?getty getty BSD Unix man Unix man page http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5166 ttymon 1m?l en&a view&q ttymon ttymon Solaris man Unix man page http www.tin.org bin man.cgi?section 8&topic getty agetty 8 alternative Linux agetty http www.linuxcommand.org man pages mgetty8.html mgetty 8 mgetty modem aware getty http www.linuxcommand.org man pages mingetty8.html mingetty 8 mingetty minimal getty http riemann.fmi.uni sofia.bg ngetty ngetty minimal getty one process controls all ttys http qingy.sourceforge.net Qingy Qingy Is Not GettY vgetty an extension to mgetty Unix stub Category Unix software fr Getty Unix it Getty Unix pt Getty Unix ru Getty zh Getty Unix ... more details
man 1 time Linux time a simple command or give resource usage GNU unix commands unix stub Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ar ca Time Unix de Time Unix fa Time it Time Unix la Time programma hu Time Unix ja Time UNIX pl Time Unix pt Time Unix ro Time Unix ru Time Unix tr Time unix ...lowercase two other uses the Unix command Unix s means of representing points in time Unix time the Unix function call time.h code time code is a command in the Unix operating systems. It is used to determine the duration of execution of a particular command computing command . Usage To use the command, simply precede any command by the word code time code , such as source lang bash time ls source When the command completes, code time code will report how long it took to execute the code ls code command in terms of user CPU time , system CPU time, and real time. The output format varies between different versions of the command, and some give additional statistics, as in this example source lang bash time host wikipedia.org wikipedia.org has address 207.142.131.235 0.000u 0.000s 0 00.17 0.0 0 0k 0 0io 0pf 0w source time 1 can exist as a standalone program such as GNU time or as a Unix shell shell builtin e.g. in tcsh or in zsh . User Time vs System Time The term user CPU time can be a bit misleading at first. To be clear, the total CPU time is the combination of the amount of time the CPU s spend performing some action for a program and the amount of time the CPU s spend performing system call s for the kernel computer science kernel on the program s behalf. When a program loops through an array, it is accumulating user CPU time. Conversely, when a program executes a system call such as code exec code or code fork code , it is accumulating system CPU time. Real Time vs CPU Time ... code system call is used instead. See also List of Unix programs System time Unix time Cron process ... more details
lowercase The tt lp tt command is used on many Unix like systems to assign jobs to printer queues. The name derives from lineprinter l ine p rinter , though it has become the commonly used command for any sort of printer. The command originally appeared as part of the System V printing system , and for some time served as a shibboleth to distinguish between SysV and Berkeley Software Distribution BSD systems. tt lp tt is the standard name for the UNIX System V System V printing system printer command. The Common Unix Printing System , used on Linux and Mac OS X among other systems, uses tt lp tt as the primary program for job assignment. The LPRng project provides tt lp tt as a simple wrapper to the tt lpr tt command. Plan 9 from Bell Labs uses a command called tt lp tt for printing, though its functionality is somewhat different and simplified from the System V version. It is actually written as an rc shell script. See also lpr print command External links The http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 lp.1.php lp program s manpage as implemented on CUPS systems unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities fr Lp Unix hu Lp Unix pl Lp Unix ru Lp ... more details
lowercase code join code is a command in Unix like operating systems that merges the lines of two sorted text file s based on the presence of a common Field computer science field . It is similar to the join operator used in relational database s but operating on text files. The code join code command takes as input two text files and a number of options. If no command line argument is given, this command looks for a pair of lines from the two files having the same first field a sequence of characters that are different from space , and outputs a line composed of the first field followed by the rest of the two lines. The program arguments specify which character computing character to be used in place of space to separate the fields of the line, which field to use when looking for matching lines, and whether to output lines that do not match. The output can be stored to another file rather than printing using Redirection computing redirection . As an example, the two following files list the known fathers and the mothers of some people. Note that both files have been sorted on the join field this is a requirement of the program. george jim mary john albert martha george sophie The join of these two files with no argument would produce george jim sophie Indeed, only george is common as a first word of both files. See also Textutils Join SQL Relational algebra List of Unix programs External links http www.die.net doc linux man man1 join.1.html man page http www.albany.edu ig4895 join.htm join examples unix commands unix stub Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities fr Join Unix it Join Unix hu Join Unix pl Join Unix ru Join Unix vi Join Unix ... more details
signalfd v2 signalfd core url http yarchive.net comp linux everything is file.html ref The UNIX operating ...Refimprove date July 2008 A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy . It may adhere to standards such as the Single UNIX Specification SUS ... standard describes all Unix architecture computer operating systems this is in part a legacy of the Unix wars . Description There are many systems which are Unix like in their architecture. Notable among these are the Linux GNU Linux distributions. The distinctions between Unix and Unix like systems have been the subject of heated Timeline of SCO Linux controversies legal battles , and the holders of the UNIX brand, The Open Group , object to Unix like and similar terms. For distinctions between SUS branded UNIX architectures and other similar architectures, see Unix like . Kernel A Unix kernel ... Concurrency computer science Concurrency As Unix is a multiprocessing OS, many processes run concurrently ... of the Unix architecture concept are Unix systems use a centralized operating system Kernel ... into separate, kernel managed processes. Unix systems are preemptively multitasking multiple processes ... library bb496993.aspx Functional Comparison of UNIX and Windows ref Multitasking and multiuser. Kernel ... unconventional to new users. This is mainly rooted in the fact that UNIX grew continually. ref cite web last Ritchie first Dennis M. title The Evolution of the Unix Time sharing System url http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html ref The UNIX HATERS Handbook covers some of these design failures ... to modern Unixes such as Linux , Eric S. Raymond discovered that several issues are still prevailing, while others were resolved. Raymond concludes that not all concepts behind Unix can be deemed as non functional even though the book s intention may have been to portray Unix as inferior without encouraging ... S. title The Unix Hater s Handbook, Reconsidered url http esr.ibiblio.org ?p 538 ref See also Architecture ... more details
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