windows on a Mac OS X desktop.. A Unixshell is a command line interpreter or shell computing shell ... is typically allowed to execute another shell program interactively. The Unixshell was unusual ... directly. On Unix systems, the shell is still the implementation language of system startup scripts ... shell was one of the major shells used in early versions of the Unix operating system and became a de ... 7 Unix , circa 1977. Every Unix like system has at least one shell compatible with the Bourne shell. The Bourne shell program name is tt sh tt and it is typically located in the Unix file system ... of California, Berkeley. It was originally derived from the 6th Edition Unixshell Thompson shell . Its ... that has been enhanced to be POSIX conformant for the occasion. Bash Unixshell Bourne Again shell ... timeline.html Harley Hahn s Guide to Unix and Linux . ref TENEX C shell tcsh Hamilton C shell ... 1990s. Friendly interactive shell fish First released in 2005. Perl Shell psh A shell for Unix like .... rc shell rc The default shell on Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Version 10 Unix written by Tom Duff . Ports ... Shell. wish Unixshell wish A windowing shell for Tcl Tk . zoidberg Unixshell zoidberg A modular ... Unixshell, written by Ken Thompson computer programmer Ken Thompson at Bell Labs . Distributed with Versions ... on current systems, though available as part of some Ancient UNIX Systems . PWB shell or Mashey .... See also Comparison of command shells List of Unix programs Restricted shellShell computing Shell account Shell script Shell shoveling Notes Reflist Further reading cite book title Unix ... of a shell on Unix External links http www.softpanorama.org People Shell giants introduction.shtml Introduction to the Unixshell history Softpanorama http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne Sven ... 05 different unix shell.html Table of Different UNIXShell Category System administration Category Unix shells bn ca Shell d Unix cs Unixov shell da Unix skal de UnixShell es Shell de ... more details
unreferenced date January 2009 lowercase wish Windowing Shell is a simple scripting or interactive Unixshell for the X Window System and Mac OS X . It provides users with the facility to be able to control graphical user interface components via the Tk toolkit, and enables utilization of the Tcl programming language. wish is open source and is currently part of the Tcl Tk programming suite. See also Tcl Tk Unix Shells Category Unix shells programming software stub ar el Wish ... more details
the C shell with job control Unix job control modelled on Incompatible Time Sharing ITS . Perhaps ... innovation popularized by Unix. The Unixshell used the same language for interactive commands as for scripting ... write his own shell. New commands could be added without changing the shell itself. Unix s innovative ... have been inspired by the Unixshell. A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its ... of Unix the entire system was configured using textual shell command scripts. The common denominator ... to Peer Communications, 1996 ISBN 1 57398 013 7 UNIXShell Programming, Yashawant Kanetkar Refend ...Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... model Historically Closed source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software ... Command line interface & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 ... language English license Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer ... . The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language , but by 1973 had been almost ... portability porting to other hardware. Today s Unix system evolution is split into various branches ... consortium, owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix like , although the Open Group disapproves ref http www.unix.org questions answers faq.html 7a What is a Unix like operating system? Unix.org FAQ ref of this term. However, the term Unix .... During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD variant, originating ... ref Among all variants of Unix, the most widely used are Linux Citation needed date January 2012 ... more details
lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31st and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line atq 1234 2011 08 12 11 45 cc o foo foo.c user atrm 1234 atq source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do ... s replacement for at. List of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub ru As ... more details
wiktionarypar shellShell may refer to TOCright Nature Seashell , a hard outer layer of a marine animal, found on beaches Exoskeleton , an external covering of some animals Mollusc shell Gastropod shell Turtle shell Eggshell Business Royal Dutch Shell , a multinational oil and gas company Shell Oil Company , the U.S. based subsidiary Shell Canada Shell Nigeria Shell corporation , a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions Entertainment Shell theater , a curved surface for reflecting sound The Shells , a musical group Shells Angel Shells Angel , a TV episode Places Shell, Ecuador Shell, California , United States Shell, Wyoming , United States People Art Shell born 1946 , American football player and coach Donald Shell born 1924 , American computer scientist Karl Shell born 1938 , American economist Weaponry Shell projectile , an explosive device fired from artillery Shotgun shell , a type of shotgun ammunition Other uses Shell computing , a type of user interface Shell machinery , each half of a two piece plain bearing Electron shell Racing shell , a watercraft Shell account , a user account on a remote server Shell element, a component of the thin shell structure construction method A ring like List of algebraic structures algebraic structure See also Shell sort , a sorting algorithm On shell and off shell , a concept in quantum field theory lookfrom intitle disambig cs Shell de Shell el es Shell eo elo eu Shell fa fr Shell hr Ljuska io Shelo it Shell he hu Shell egy rtelm s t lap nl Shell ja ka pl Muszla ujednoznacznienie pt Shell desambigua o ro Shell ru simple Shell sr sv Skal zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox musical artist name The Shell image The Shell.jpg caption The Shell in 2008, from left to right Michael Fromenwiler, Sacha Leuenberger, Christoph Schorro, Patrice Lambeau image size 250 landscape yes background group or band origin St. Gallen , Switzerland . genre Alternative rock , Indie rock . years active 1996 present website http www.theshell.de current members Michael Fromenwiler br Sacha Leunberger br Christoph Schorro br Patrice Lambeau past members Roger Cadalbert br Raphael Cernelc br Christian Riesen The Shell is an alternative rock band from St. Gallen , Switzerland . They currently comprise of Patrice Lambeau vocals, rhythm guitar , Michael Frommenwiler bass , Sacha Leuenberger lead guitar and Christoph Schorro drums . The band was formed by childhood friends Lambeau and Fromenwiler in 1996 and have since gone on to enjoy success in their native Switzerland and throughout Europe. ref http www.myspace.com theshellworld MySpace.com The Shell berlin, santiago di gallo Indie Alternative Rock www.myspace.com theshellworld Bot generated title ref History Early years 1996 2004 Lambeau and Fromenwiler formed The Shell in spring 1996. After an unsuccessful search for band members in St. Gallen they moved to San Francisco in 1998 where they played a series of live shows with a local drummer. Upon returning to Switzerland they joined with drummer Roger Cadalbert and guitarist Raphael Cernelc before moving to London in 2000 where for six months they played a series of shows and worked on new material. br In February 2001 the band recorded their first demo CD in Stuttgart , Germany which was supported by shows at Rock am See, the Montreux Jazz ... 2004 2006 After winning a national contest for new bands in Zurich The Shell signed to Universal ... enjoyed rotation on Swiss music TV. By the end of 2004 The Shell had received a best newcomer award ... Label Management DEFAULTSORT Shell Category Swiss alternative rock groups Category Swiss ... more details
lowercase code fc do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard program on Unix that lists or edits and reexecutes, commands previously entered to an interactive shell. fc is a Shell builtin built in command in the Bash Unixshell bash shell help fc will show usage information. Examples Features History See also List of Unix programs References Solaris 10 man page for fc command External links man cu fc SUS process the command history list unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Fc Unix ... more details
lowercase type Unix type is a Unix command that describes how its arguments would be interpreted if used as command names. Function Where applicable, type will display the command name s path. Possible command types are Shell builtin shell built in function alias command alias hashed command keyword The command returns a non zero exit status if command names cannot be found. Examples type test test is a shell builtin type cp cp is bin cp type unknown bash type unknown not found type type type is a shell builtin type a gzip gzip is opt local bin gzip gzip is usr bin gzip See also List of Unix utilities command shell builtin which Unix hash Unix Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities software stub unix commands es type Unix ... more details
The Unix System ISBN 0 201 13791 7 is a book by Stephen R. Bourne it was the first widely available general introduction to the Unix operating system . It included some historical material on Unix, as well as material on using the system, editing, the software tools concept, C programming using the Unix API , data management with the shell and awk , and typesetting with troff . DEFAULTSORT Unix System Category Computer books compu book stub ... more details
In Bash Unixshell bash shell , disown Shell builtin builtin command is used to remove jobs from the job table, or to mark jobs so that SIGHUP is not sent to them if the parent shell receives it e.g. if the user Logout log out . See also Nohup , a POSIX command to ignore the SIGHUP HUP hangup signal Job control Unix Job Control in Unix Systems External links http www.gnu.org software bash manual bashref.html Job Control Builtins Bash Reference Manual Job Control Builtins unix commands Category System administration ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Lowercase title hash hash is a Unix command that prints the location information for the commands found. Syntax ksh hash name Description When the user gives a command, the shell searches for the command in the path specified in the PATH environmental variable and stores the location in the hash. This command can be used to search for the command given. The command is built into the shell. C shell implements this command in a different way. Options The following options are supported name Searches the PATH environmental variable for the name given Exit Status This command returns the following exit values 0 Successful completion 1 An Error occurred Examples 1. hash Print the hash table. 2. hash cat Searches for command cat in the path specified by PATH environmental variable if found, adds it to the hash. See also The Bash Unixshell bash command, C shell csh command, find command, korn shell ksh command, Bourne shell sh command. Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Hash Unix ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Unix and Unix like operating systems, a filter is a program that gets most of its data from its standard input the main input stream and writes its main results to its standard output the main output stream . Unix filters are often used as elements of pipeline Unix pipeline s. The pipe operator on a command line signifies that the main output of the command to the left is passed as main input to the command on the right. The classic filter would be grep , which at it simplest prints to its output any lines containing a character string. Here s an example source lang bash cut d f 1 etc passwd grep foo source This finds all registered users that have foo as part of their username by using the Cut Unix cut command to take the first field username of each line of the Unix system password file and passing them all as input to grep, which searches its input for lines containing the character string foo and prints them on its output. Here is a Perl equivalent to the above, which prints the whole line from the passwd file source lang bash perl ne print if m foo etc passwd source Or, to print only the username, without the rest of the line source lang bash perl ane shift F print n if foo F etc passwd source Common Unix filter programs are Cat Unix cat , cut Unix cut , grep , head Unix head , Sort Unix sort , uniq and tail Unix tail . Programs like awk and sed can be used to build quite complex filters because they are fully programmable. List of Unix filter programs awk programming language awk cat Unix cat comm Unix comm cut Unix cut Expand Unix expand compress Fold Unix fold grep head Unix head Nl Unix nl perl Pr Unix pr sed UNIXshell sh Sort Unix sort Split Unix split Strings Unix strings tail Unix tail Tac Unix tac Tee Unix tee tr program tr uniq Wc Unix wc See also Filter software Unix commands Category Unix da Filter program it Filtro Unix ja pt Filtro Unix ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 lowercase timex is a Unix utility tool, most commonly used in the measurement of duration of shell processes. It is also used to measure process data and system activity. The tool appears in IBM s AIX operating system AIX version of Unix and the Solaris Operating System from Sun Microsystems. See also List of Unix programs External links http www.llnl.gov computing tutorials performance tools man timex.txt Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory s copy of the AIX timex man page. http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5165 timex 1?l en&a view&q timex timex time a command report process data and system activity Solaris Operating System Solaris Manual page Unix man page unix commands Category Unix process and task management related software unix stub pl Timex Unix ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Lowercase title rcp Unix rcp stands for the Unix remote copy command. It is a command on the Unix operating systems that is used to remotely copy to copy one or more files from one computer system to another. It typically uses the TCP IP protocol and the .rhosts file for authentication, but has been implemented to alternatively support Kerberos protocol Kerberos . As described in the rlogin article, rcp is not secure for network use, because it sends unencrypted information over the network, among other things. It has largely been replaced by the Secure Shell ssh based utility secure copy scp . See also rsync secure copy scp References http blogs.sun.com janp entry how the scp protocol works How the scp Protocol Works Unix commands Category Unix network related software Category Network file transfer protocols bg Rcp es Rcp fr Rcp Unix it Rcp Unix ja Rcp pl Rcp Unix ... more details
lowercase which which is a Unix command used to identify the location of executable s. The command takes one or more arguments for each of these arguments, it prints to stdout the full path of the executable that would have been executed if this argument had been entered into the Unixshellshell . It does this by searching for an executable or script in the directories listed in the environment variable PATH variable PATH . ref http unixhelp.ed.ac.uk CGI man cgi?which code which code man page ref The which command is part of most Unix like computers and is also available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows . ref http gnuwin32.sourceforge.net packages which.htm code which code for Windows from the GnuWin32 project ref The functionality of the which command is similar to some implementations of the type Unix type command. Posix specifies a command named command shell builtin command that also covers this functionality. ref cite url http pubs.opengroup.org onlinepubs 9699919799 utilities command.html title Command work The Open group base specification, Issue 7 id IEEE std 1003.1 2008 ref References references External links http savannah.gnu.org projects which GNU Which official page Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities fr Which hu Which Unix ru Which tr Which Unix ... more details
merge Source command date December 2010 . called the dot command is used to execute its first argument, a file . It s possible to specify arguments in a second argument. The first argument file does not have to be executable, but must be accessible via a directory defined in the PATH variable PATH environment variable. The dot command is often used to define environment variables that are accessible within the current process. In contrast to file executed directly as an executable, there won t be a new process opened and the environment definitions defined within apply to the current process or the current shell. The dot command should not be confused with the Hidden file and hidden directory dot file . External links http www.howtoguides.com computers os unix shell dot.mobile.html The three different uses of the dot in Unix explained Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Unix ... more details
Bell Unix The Programmer s Workbench PWB UNIX was an early version of the Unix operating system created in the Bell Labs Computer Science Research Group of AT&T . Prior to 1976 Unix development at AT&T was a project of a small group of researchers in Department 1127 of Bell Labs . As the usefulness of Unix grew, the company decided to develop a version of Unix tailored to support programmer s in production work, not just research. The Programmer s Workbench was started in 1973, ref name Mashey John R. Mashey 2004 . http queue.acm.org detail.cfm?id 1039532 Languages, Levels, Libraries, and Longevity . ACM Queue 2 9 . ref by Evan Ivie and Rudd Canaday to support a computer center for a 1000 employee Bell Labs division, which would be the largest Unix site for several years. PWB UNIX was to provide tools for teams of programmers to manage their source code and collaborate on projects with other team members. While the PWB group managed their source code on Unix systems, programs were often written to run on other legacy operating systems. For this reason, PWB included software for Batch ... Programs BISP group of Bell Labs. Two major releases of Programmer s Workbench were produced. PWB UNIX 1.0, released July 1, 1977 was based on Version 6 Unix PWB 2.0 was based on Version 7 Unix . Most of PWB UNIX was later incorporated in the commercial UNIX System III and UNIX System V releases. Features ..., written by Marc J. Rochkind The remote job entry batch submission system The PWB shell , written by John R. Mashey , which preceded Stephen Bourne Steve Bourne s Bourne shell The restricted shell rsh , an option of the PWB shell The troff mm memorandum macro package, written by John R. Mashey ... unixad.html Unix ad mentioning PWB , from a 1981 issue of Datamation on Dennis Ritchie s homepage http www.tuhs.org Archive PDP 11 Distributions usdl PWB distributions , from the Ancient UNIX Archive Unix like Category Unix fr PWB UNIX ja PWB UNIX ... more details
lowercase The link utility is a Unix command line program that creates a hard link from an existing directory entry to a new directory entry. It does no more than call the link system function. It does not perform error checking before attempting to create the link. It returns an exit status that indicates whether the link was created 0 if successful, 0 if an error occurred . Creating a link to a directory entry that is itself a directory requires elevated privileges. The ln Unix ln command is more commonly used as it provides more features it can create both hard links and symbolic link s, and has error checking. Synopsis link file1 file2 file1 The pathname of an existing file. file2 The pathname of the new directory entry to be created. Note that file1 must specify an existing file, and file2 must specify a nonexistent entry in an existing directory. Standards The link command is part of the Single UNIX Specification SUS , specified in the Shell and Utilities volume of the IEEE 1003.1 2001 standard. See also List of Unix utilities Unlink Unix unlink command External links http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 000095399 idx utilities.html IEEE Std 1003.1 2004 Shell & Utilities volume list of Single UNIX Specification SUS utilities. http www.gnu.org software coreutils manual coreutils.html link invocation GNU Coreutils link documentation. unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Unix stub ... more details
lowercase two other uses the Unix command Unix s means of representing points in time Unix time the Unix function call time.h code time code is a command in the Unix operating systems. It is used to determine the duration of execution of a particular command computing command . Usage To use the command, simply precede any command by the word code time code , such as source lang bash time ls source When the command completes, code time code will report how long it took to execute the code ls code command in terms of user CPU time , system CPU time, and real time. The output format varies between different versions of the command, and some give additional statistics, as in this example source lang bash time host wikipedia.org wikipedia.org has address 207.142.131.235 0.000u 0.000s 0 00.17 0.0 0 0k 0 0io 0pf 0w source time 1 can exist as a standalone program such as GNU time or as a Unixshellshell builtin e.g. in tcsh or in zsh . User Time vs System Time The term user CPU time can be a bit misleading at first. To be clear, the total CPU time is the combination of the amount of time the CPU s spend performing some action for a program and the amount of time the CPU s spend performing system call s for the kernel computer science kernel on the program s behalf. When a program loops through an array, it is accumulating user CPU time. Conversely, when a program executes a system call such as code exec code or code fork code , it is accumulating system CPU time. Real Time vs CPU Time ... code system call is used instead. See also List of Unix programs System time Unix time Cron process ... man 1 time Linux time a simple command or give resource usage GNU unix commands unix stub Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ar ca Time Unix de Time Unix fa Time it Time Unix la Time programma hu Time Unix ja Time UNIX pl Time Unix pt Time Unix ro Time Unix ru Time Unix tr Time unix ... more details
lowercase The etc motd is a file on Unix like systems that contains a message of the day , used to send a common message to all users, in a more efficient manner than sending them all an e mail message. Usage The contents of the file tt Unix directory structure etc motd tt are displayed by the Unix login command after a successful login, and just before it executes the login Shell computing shell . ref The complete FreeBSD documentation from the source, By Greg Lehey, p.572 ref The MOTD has also become a common feature of the online component of Windows Personal Computer PC games, such as Half Life , Call of Duty , and Battlefield series Battlefield . A similar feature called MOTD is displayed when logging on to some IRC servers. Format It is a simple text file. Some interpreters have a limit of 255 or 1024 characters. Citation needed date July 2010 See also System console References Reflist External links Category Unixunix stub de Message of the Day fr Message of the Day it Motd pl MOTD ... more details
lowercase The tt lp tt command is used on many Unix like systems to assign jobs to printer queues. The name derives from lineprinter l ine p rinter , though it has become the commonly used command for any sort of printer. The command originally appeared as part of the System V printing system , and for some time served as a shibboleth to distinguish between SysV and Berkeley Software Distribution BSD systems. tt lp tt is the standard name for the UNIX System V System V printing system printer command. The Common Unix Printing System , used on Linux and Mac OS X among other systems, uses tt lp tt as the primary program for job assignment. The LPRng project provides tt lp tt as a simple wrapper to the tt lpr tt command. Plan 9 from Bell Labs uses a command called tt lp tt for printing, though its functionality is somewhat different and simplified from the System V version. It is actually written as an rc shell script. See also lpr print command External links The http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 lp.1.php lp program s manpage as implemented on CUPS systems unix commands Category Unix SUS2008 utilities fr Lp Unix hu Lp Unix pl Lp Unix ru Lp ... more details
lowercase In computer software , strings is a program in Unix like operating system s that finds and prints text string computer science strings embedded in binary files such as executables. It can be used on object files, and core dump s. Strings are recognized by looking for sequences of at least 4 by default printable characters terminating in a NUL character that is, null terminated string s . Some implementations provide options for determining what is recognized as a printable character, which is useful for finding non ASCII and wide character text. Common usage includes piping it to tt grep tt and tt Fold Unix fold tt or redirecting the output to a Computer file file . ref cite book last Kiddle first Oliver coauthors Jerry Peek and Peter Stephenson title From Bash to Z Shell origyear 2004 publisher Apress isbn 1590593766 page 413 ref It is part of the GNU Binary Utilities binutils , and has been ported to other operating systems including Microsoft Windows . ref cygwin ref Example Using strings to print sequences of characters that are at least 8 characters long this command prints the system s BIOS information should be run as root dd if dev mem bs 1k skip 768 count 256 2 dev null strings n 8 less See also Portal Free software tt Cat Unix cat tt GNU Debugger tt Strip Unix strip tt References Reflist External links One source date July 2008 man 1 strings print the strings of printable characters in files unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category String computer science unix stub el Strings fr Strings it Strings Unix hu Strings Unix ja Strings pl Strings Unix ro Strings Unix ru Strings uk Strings ... more details
The Unix philosophy is a set of cultural norms and philosophical approaches to developing computer software software based on the experience of leading developers of the Unix operating system . McIlroy A Quarter Century of Unix Douglas McIlroy Doug McIlroy , the inventor of Pipeline UnixUnix pipes and one of the founders of the Unix tradition, summarized the philosophy as follows ref http www.faqs.org docs artu ch01s06.html Basics of the Unix Philosophy ref quote This is the Unix philosophy Write ... book The Art of Unix Programming , ref cite book title The Art of Unix Programming first Eric ... url http www.catb.org esr writings taoup html accessdate 2009 02 09 ref summarizes the Unix philosophy as the widely used KISS Principle of Keep it Simple, Stupid. ref cite book title The Art of Unix ... Addison Wesley url http www.catb.org esr writings taoup html chapter The Unix Philosophy in One ... of Unix Programming first Eric last Raymond authorlink Eric S. Raymond date 19 September 2003 isbn ... of the Unix Philosophy chapterurl http www.catb.org esr writings taoup html ch01s06.html id2878263 ... sooner than you think. Mike Gancarz The UNIX Philosophy In 1994 Mike Gancarz a member of the team that designed the X Window System , drew on his own experience with Unix, as well as discussions with fellow programmers and people in other fields who depended on Unix, to produce The UNIX Philosophy ... file s. Use software leverage to your advantage. Use shell script s to increase leverage and portability. Avoid captive user interfaces. Make every program a Filter Unix filter . Worse is better Main Worse is better Richard P. Gabriel suggests that a key advantage of Unix was that it embodied a design ... he questions the quality of some results. For example, in the early days Unix was a monolithic .... The Unix system would occasionally return early from a system call with an error stating that it had ... Unix is simple. It just takes a genius to understand its simplicity. Dennis Ritchie Unix was not designed ... more details
lowercase The tt su tt command, also referred to as super user ref cite book title Unix Source Code url http www.bsdlover.cn study UnixTree V5 usr source s2 su.c.html ref substitute user , spoof user , set user or switch user , allows a computer operator to change the current user account associated with the running virtual console . By default, and without any other command line Parameter computer programming argument , this will Privilege escalation elevate the current user to the superuser of the local system. Usage When run from the command line, tt su tt asks for the target user s password, and if authenticated, grants the operator access to that account and the files and directories that account is permitted to access. source lang bash john localhost su Password root localhost home john exit logout john localhost source Additionally, one can switch to another user who is not the superuser e.g. tt su jane tt . source lang bash john localhost su jane Password jane localhost home john exit logout john localhost source It should generally be used with a hyphen by Superuser administrator s tt su tt , which is identical to tt su root tt , which can be used to start a login shell. This way users can assume the user environment of the target user source lang bash john localhost su jane Password jane localhost source A related command called tt sudo tt executes a command as another ... Unix like systems have a Wheel Unix term wheel group of users, and only allow these users to su to root. ref name levi cite book title UNIX Administration A Comprehensive Sourcebook for Effective ... group ref See also Unix security List of Unix programs Comparison of privilege authorization features ... unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Category System administration unix stub ar cs Su Unix de Su Unix es Su Unix fa Su fr Su Unix ko Su it Su Unix hu Su Unix nl Su Unix ja Su Unix pl Su Unix pt Su Unix ro Su Unix ru Su sr Su vi Su Unix ... more details
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