Refimprove date December 2009 Image Unix history.svg thumb 450px Unix genealogy tree The Unixwars were the struggles between vendor s of the Unix computer operating system in the late 1980s and early 1990s to set the standard for Unix thenceforth. Origins In the mid 1980s, the two common versions of Unix were BSD , from the University of California, Berkeley , and UNIX System V System V , from AT&T . Both were derived from the earlier Version 7 Unix , but had diverged considerably. Further, each vendor s version of Unix was different to some degree. A group of vendors formed the X Open open standard ..., effectively marking the end of the most significant era of the Unixwars. In June, AT&T sold its UNIX assets to Novell , and in October Novell transferred the Unix brand to X Open. In 1996, X Open and the new OSF merged to form the Open Group . COSE work such as the Single UNIX Specification , the current standard for branded Unix, is now the responsibility of the Open Group. However, the damage to Unix s market reputation had been done. Since then, occasional bursts of Unix factionalism have broken ... i iw unix war.htm UnixWars Living Internet http www.bell labs.com history unix wars.html The UNIXWars Bell Labs http www.unix.org what is unix history timeline.html The UNIX System History ... UnixWars Category Unix history Category Software wars ar cs Unixov v lky hu Unix h bor k ... s. They chose to base their system on Unix. X Open caught AT&T s attention. To increase the uniformity of Unix, AT&T and leading BSD Unix vendor Sun Microsystems started work in 1987 on a unified system ... Laboratory s System V environment for BSD Unix. This was eventually released as System V Release 4 SVR4 . While this decision was applauded by customers and the trade press, certain other Unix licensees .... The same year, AT&T and another group of licensees responded by forming UNIX International . Technical ... versions of Unix, with X Open holding the middle ground. The move towards open source code In March ... more details
based on UNIX. Despite early progress, the standardization effort collapsed into the Unixwars ... of conflict between competing vendors again gave rise to the phrase Unixwars . In 1991, a group of BSD ... notorious phase of the Unixwars, and was followed by the merger of UI and OSF in 1994. The new combined ...Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... model Historically Closed source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software ... Command line interface & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 license Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer multitasking ... Ken Thompson , Dennis Ritchie , Brian Kernighan , Douglas McIlroy , and Joe Ossanna . The Unix operating ... porting to other hardware. Today s Unix system evolution is split into various branches, developed ..., owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix ... is a Unix like operating system? Unix.org FAQ ref of this term. However, the term Unix is often used ... 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD variant, originating from the University ... all variants of Unix, the most widely used are Linux Citation needed date January 2012 , which is used ... or e book readers. Today, in addition to certified Unix systems such as those already mentioned, Unix like operating systems such as MINIX , Linux , Android operating system Android , and BSD descendants ... Unix may be used to describe an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V . Overview Unix operating systems are widely used in Server computing server s, workstation ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub fr As Unix ru As ... more details
lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31st and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line atq 1234 2011 08 12 11 45 cc o foo foo.c user atrm 1234 atq source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do ... s replacement for at. List of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
saved book title Unix subtitle cover image Poundexclam.svg cover color Black Unix Introduction UnixUnixwars Historically significant corporations AT&T Bell Labs Hewlett Packard IBM Novell SCO Group Sun Microsystems Unix standards and organizations The Open Group X Open POSIX Single UNIX Specification Unix operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution 1977 Berkeley Software Distribution Version 7 Unix 1979 Version 7 Unix SunOS 1982 SunOS UNIX System V 1983 UNIX System V HP UX 1984 HP UX IBM AIX 1986 AIX IRIX 1988 IRIX SCO OpenServer 1989 SCO OpenServer Solaris operating system 1992 Solaris Tru64 UNIX 1992 Tru64 UNIX UnixWare 1992 UnixWare OS X 2001 Mac OS X Unix like operating environments Unix like Cygwin DragonFly BSD FreeBSD GNU Interix Linux NetBSD NeXTSTEP OpenBSD OpenSolaris Plan 9 from Bell Labs Legal battles and controversies SCO Linux controversies SCO v. IBM SCO v. Novell SCO and SGI Red Hat v. SCO USL v. BSDi Category Wikipedia books on computing ... more details
Unix International or UI was an association created in 1988 to promote open standards, especially the Unix operating system . Its most notable members were AT&T and Sun Microsystems , and in fact the commonly accepted reason for its existence was as a counterbalance to the Open Software Foundation OSF , itself created in response to AT&T s and Sun s Unix partnership of that time. UI and OSF thus represented the two sides of the UnixWars in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In May 1993, the major members of both UI and OSF announced the Common Open Software Environment COSE initiative. This was followed by the merging of UI and OSF into a new OSF in March 1994, which in turn merged with X Open in 1996, forming The Open Group . References http www.groklaw.net article.php?story 20050601125916588 Chapter 11. OSF and UNIX International Peter H. Salus , The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin http groups.google.com group comp.unix.osf.misc msg 4ebc895ff10823f1 UI OSF merger announcements org stub Category Standards organizations Category Unix history cs Unix International es Unix International ko ja UNIX International pt Unix International ru Unix International ... more details
Infobox OS name Tru64 UNIX logo screenshot caption developer Digital Equipment Corporation DEC , Hewlett ... DEC Alpha ui Command line interface family Unix released release date and age 1992 1 latest release ... Proprietary website http h30097.www3.hp.com Tru64 UNIX Software Tru64 UNIX is a 64 bit UNIX operating ... HP . Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a product of Compaq , and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation DEC , where it was known as Digital UNIX formerly DEC OSF 1 AXP . As its original name suggests, Tru64 UNIX is based on the OSF 1 operating system. DEC s previous UNIX product was known as Ultrix and was based on BSD . It is unusual among commercial UNIX implementations, as it is built on top of the Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University . Other UNIX implementations built on top of the Mach kernel are NeXTSTEP , MkLinux , and Mac OS X . Tru64 UNIX requires the System Reference ... UNIX key chain. The other side says, CALIFORNIA Y W8 4 HP The Migration State In 1988, during the so called Unixwars , DEC joined with IBM , Hewlett Packard , and others to form the Open Software Foundation OSF to develop a version of Unix. Dubbed OSF 1, the aim was to compete with UNIX System ... H. title A Quarter Century of UNIX publisher Addison Wesley Pub. Co location Reading, Mass year ... 2008 , and with traditional UNIX implementations at the time providing poor real time support at best ... Unix compatibility. OSF 1 was envisaged to be the third major branch of the Unix family tree ... operating system and the native UNIX implementation for the Alpha architecture. From OSF 1 AXP V2.0 onwards, UNIX System V compatibility was also integrated into the system. Other vendors HP also released ... version of Unix accessdate 2008 03 28 date 1992 04 01 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20060224133234 ... used in the KSR1 supercomputer . In 1994, after AT&T had sold UNIX System V to Novell and the rival Unix International consortium had disbanded, the Open Software Foundation ceased funding of research ... more details
Refimprove date July 2008 A Unix architecture is a computer operating system system architecture that embodies the Unix philosophy . It may adhere to standards such as the Single UNIX Specification SUS or similar POSIX Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE standard. No single published standard describes all Unix architecture computer operating systems this is in part a legacy of the Unixwars . Description There are many systems which are Unix like in their architecture. Notable among these are the Linux GNU Linux distributions. The distinctions between Unix and Unix like systems ... of the UNIX brand, The Open Group , object to Unix like and similar terms. For distinctions between SUS branded UNIX architectures and other similar architectures, see Unix like . Kernel A Unix kernel ... Concurrency computer science Concurrency As Unix is a multiprocessing OS, many processes run concurrently ... of the Unix architecture concept are Unix systems use a centralized operating system Kernel ... into separate, kernel managed processes. Unix systems are preemptively multitasking multiple processes ... signalfd v2 signalfd core url http yarchive.net comp linux everything is file.html ref The UNIX operating ... library bb496993.aspx Functional Comparison of UNIX and Windows ref Multitasking and multiuser. Kernel ... unconventional to new users. This is mainly rooted in the fact that UNIX grew continually. ref cite web last Ritchie first Dennis M. title The Evolution of the Unix Time sharing System url http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html ref The UNIX HATERS Handbook covers some of these design failures ..., while others were resolved. Raymond concludes that not all concepts behind Unix can be deemed as non functional even though the book s intention may have been to portray Unix as inferior without encouraging ... S. title The Unix Hater s Handbook, Reconsidered url http esr.ibiblio.org ?p 538 ref See also Architecture of Windows NT References reflist Category UnixUnix stub ... more details
lowercase fg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process by bringing it to the foreground and thus redirecting its standard input and standard output output streams to the user s computer terminal terminal . ref name man http www.computerhope.com unix ufg.htm fg man page ref fg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also bg Unix bg , the complementary command that sends a process to the background SIGCONT References Reflist External links man cu fg SUS run jobs in the foreground Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Unix stub ca Fg Unix el Fg Unix fr Fg Unix pl Fg Unix zh Fg Unix ... more details
lowercase Image Pg Unix screenshot.png thumbnail Example output of the tt pg tt command in xterm . pg is a terminal pager program on Unix and Unix like systems for viewing text file s. It can also be used to page through the output of a command via a pipe Unix pipe . pg uses an interface similar to vi , but commands are different. ref http www.computerhope.com unix upg.htm Linux Unix pg command ref more command more , and less Unix less are more commonly used paging programs. See also less Unix less more command more References reflist Unix commands unix stub Category Terminal pagers ... more details
lowercase In computer software , tt id tt is a program in Unix like operating system s that prints the User identifier Unix user or Group identifier Unix group identifier of the account by which the program is executed an example of the command tt id tt as executed by user tt alice tt source lang bash alice darkstar id uid 1016 alice gid 100 users groups 100 users source The superuser root account has a UID of 0 source lang bash root darkstar id uid 0 root gid 0 root groups 0 root source The tt whoami tt utility has been obsoleted by the tt id tt utility and displays a user s ID as a name source lang bash alice darkstar whoami alice alice darkstar id un Where u refers to user and n refers to name alice source See also List of Unix programs User identifier Unix UID Group identifier Unix GID tt Who Unix who tt tt uname tt References man cu id SUS return user identity Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Id Unix el Id Unix fr Id Unix hu Id Unix ja Id UNIX pl Id Unix pt Id Unix ru Id uk Id ... more details
lowercase Unreferenced date March 2007 The tt install tt command is a standard Unix program used to copy Computer file files and set file permissions . Category Standard Unix programs Unix stub ... more details
lowercase bg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process without bringing it to the foreground ref name bg man page http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix bg bg man page ref the resumed process continues to execute in the background without receiving user input from the Computer terminal terminal . bg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also fg Unix fg , the complementary command that brings a process to the foreground References Reflist Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities unix stub ca Bg Unix el Bg Unix fr Bg Unix zh Bg Unix ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Lowercase The command w on many Unix like operating system s provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, what that user is currently doing, and what Load computing load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. The command is a one command combination of several other Unix programs tt Who Unix who tt , tt uptime tt , and tt Ps Unix ps a tt . Sample output this may vary between systems source lang text w 11 12am up 608 day s , 19 56, 6 users, load average 0.36, 0.36, 0.37 User tty login idle what smithj pts 5 8 52am w jonesm pts 23 20Apr06 28 bash harry pts 18 9 01am 9 pine peterb pts 19 21Apr06 emacs nw html index.html janetmcq pts 8 10 12am 3days csh singh pts 12 16Apr06 5 29 usr bin perl w perl test program.pl source External links man 1 w Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Unix stub cs W Unix el W Unix es W Unix ko W hu W Unix ja W UNIX pl W Unix pt W Unix ru W UNIX zh W Unix ... more details
A port of Version 6 Unix to the Interdata 7 32 was completed by Richard Miller and Ross Nealon at Wollongong University , Australia , during 1976 1977. This project was supervised by professor Juris Reinfelds . The resulting system was called Wollongong Interdata UNIX, Level 6 . This distribution also included utilities developed at Wollongong, and later releases had features of V7, notably its C programming language C compiler . Wollongong Unix was the first ever port to a platform other than the PDP series of computers, proving that portable operating systems were indeed feasible, and that C was the language in which to write them. In 1980, this version was licensed to The Wollongong Group in Palo Alto that published it as Edition 7. See also Version 7 Unix Ancient UNIX External links http minnie.tuhs.org UnixTree V6 V6 source code http minnie.tuhs.org UnixTree Interdata v6 Wollongong Interdata UNIX source code http www.graphviz.org Gallery directed unix.svg a family tree of Unix, which includes Wollongong UnixUnix like Category Unix variants Category Discontinued operating systems Unix stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Unix and Unix like operating systems, a filter is a program that gets most of its data from its standard input the main input stream and writes its main results to its standard output the main output stream . Unix filters are often used as elements of pipeline Unix pipeline s. The pipe operator on a command line signifies that the main output of the command to the left is passed as main input to the command on the right. The classic filter would be grep , which at it simplest prints to its output any lines containing a character string. Here s an example source lang bash cut d f 1 etc passwd grep foo source This finds all registered users that have foo as part of their username by using the Cut Unix cut command to take the first field username of each line of the Unix system password file and passing them all as input to grep, which searches its input for lines containing the character string foo and prints them on its output. Here is a Perl equivalent to the above, which prints the whole line from the passwd file source lang bash perl ne print if m foo etc passwd source Or, to print only the username, without the rest of the line source lang bash perl ane shift F print n if foo F etc passwd source Common Unix filter programs are Cat Unix cat , cut Unix cut , grep , head Unix head , Sort Unix sort , uniq and tail Unix tail . Programs like awk and sed can be used to build quite complex filters because they are fully programmable. List of Unix filter programs awk programming language awk cat Unix cat comm Unix comm cut Unix cut Expand Unix expand compress Fold Unix fold grep head Unix head Nl Unix nl perl Pr Unix pr sed UNIX shell sh Sort Unix sort Split Unix split Strings Unix strings tail Unix tail Tac Unix tac Tee Unix tee tr program tr uniq Wc Unix wc See also Filter software Unix commands Category Unix da Filter program it Filtro Unix ja pt Filtro Unix ... more details
Bell Unix Columbus UNIX or CB UNIX was, according to Marc Rochkind , ref cite book last Rochkind first Marc title Advanced UNIX Programming publisher Prentice Hall year 1985 pages 156 157 isbn 0 13 011800 1 ref a variant of the UNIX operating system internal to Bell Labs . It was developed at the Columbus, Ohio Columbus , Ohio branch and was little known outside the company. CB UNIX was developed to address deficiencies inherent in Research Unix , notably the lack of interprocess communication and file locking , considered essential for a database management system . Several Bell System operation support system products were based on CB UNIX such as Switching Control Center System . The primary innovations were power fail restart, line disciplines, terminal types, and IPC features similar to System V s messages and shared memory . ref cite newsgroup title UNIX history author Dale Dejager date 1984 01 16 newsgroup net.unix url http groups.google.com group net.unix msg b80689d4b3bff13f?dmode source ref Image CB Unix Manuals.jpg thumb left 200px Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the UNIX Programmers Manual CB Version References reflist Unix like Unix stub DEFAULTSORT Cb Unix Category Bell Labs Unices Category Discontinued operating systems ... more details
The Unix System ISBN 0 201 13791 7 is a book by Stephen R. Bourne it was the first widely available general introduction to the Unix operating system . It included some historical material on Unix, as well as material on using the system, editing, the software tools concept, C programming using the Unix API , data management with the shell and awk , and typesetting with troff . DEFAULTSORT Unix System Category Computer books compu book stub ... more details
lowercase mail Unix mail is a command line email client for Unix and Unix like operating system s. Example usage syntaxhighlight lang bash mail s You ve got mail c cc.rider example.org somebody example.com anotherbody example.net syntaxhighlight This sends a message with the subject You ve got mail to two recipients, somebody example.com and anotherbody example.net, and CCs copies a third, cc.rider example.org. The message will be typed after the command is entered and will be ended with Control D. Any Unix command sequence that generates text can be used to send a message in one line. For example syntaxhighlight lang bash echo Some message mail s meeting today somebody example.com syntaxhighlight This is especially useful for having a system report its status automatically through email. See also Cleancode email mailx External links http mailutils.org manual html section mail.html tt mail tt at GNU Mailutils manual Unix commands Category Unix internet software Unix stub fr Mail Unix pl Mail Unix ru Mail zh Mail Unix ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced February 2007 orphan February 2009 Infobox OS name Unix NS screenshot caption developer NCR Corporation NCR family Unix source model Closed source kernel type Monolithic kernel license Proprietary software Proprietary Unix NS the NCR Corporation NCR 3700 Operating System is based on the Unix SVR4 . It contains significant extensions for massively parallel systems, in particular Distributed Memory DBMSs. The extensions include the concepts of virtual processor and virtual disk, message and global synchronization system, segment system, and globally distributed objects. When compared to other parallel UNIX operating systems like Mach or ChorusOS Chorus , Unix NS has a more powerful communication and message addressing paradigm, and richer process group management and global synchronization mechanism. Unix like DEFAULTSORT Unix Ns Category UNIX System V de Unix NS ... more details
lowercase title clear Unix Image Clear gnulinux.gif thumb Clear being used on GNU Linux under uxterm code clear do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard Unix computer operating system command which is used to clear the screen. Depending on the system, tt clear tt uses the terminfo or termcap database, as well as looking into the environment for the terminal type in order to deduce how to clear the screen. The Unix command tt clear tt takes no arguments and is roughly analogous to the MS DOS command tt Cls computing cls tt . See also List of Unix programs External links http invisible island.net ncurses man clear.1.html The manual tt man tt page for tt clear tt unix commands Unix stub Category Unix software el Clear Unix fa Clear fr Clear Unix hu Clear Unix zh Clear ... more details
Ancient UNIX is a term coined by Santa Cruz Operation , Citation needed date October 2009 to describe early releases of the Unix code base released prior to Unix System III , particularly the Research Unix releases prior to and including Version 7 the base for UNIX 32V as well as later developments of AT&T Unix . After the publication of the Lions Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code Lions book , work was undertaken to release the earlier versions of the codebase. SCO first released the code under a limited educational license. Citation needed date October 2009 Later, in January 2002, Caldera International now SCO Group relicensed but has not made available several versions under the four clause BSD license , namely ref cite web url http www.lemis.com grog UNIX title UNIX is free ... February 19, 2009 title Dear Unix enthusiasts, last Broderick first Bill date January 23, 2002 publisher Caldera ref UNIX 32V Research Unix early versions only Version 1 Unix Version 2 Unix Version 3 Unix Version 4 Unix Version 5 Unix Version 6 Unix Version 7 Unix So far there has been no widespread use of the code, but it can be used on emulator systems, and Version 5 Unix has been made to run ... www.kernelthread.com publications gbaunix title UNIX on the Game Boy Advance last Singh first Amit date August 2004 accessdate 2009 10 22 ref As an example of how relicensing the old Unix code bases has affected the modern computing community, the BSD vi text editor was based on code from the ed UNIX ... vi has been adapted for modern Unix like operating systems. ref cite web url http ex vi.sourceforge.net title The Traditional Vi ref References reflist External links http www.tuhs.org The Unix Heritage Society , TUHS a website dedicated to the preservation and maintenance of historical UNIX ... unix 1st Unix First Edition Manual Pages Unix like DEFAULTSORT Ancient Unix Systems Category Bell Labs Unices Category Discontinued operating systems Unix stub ja Ancient UNIX ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Bell Unix Research Unix is a term used to refer to versions of the Unix ... to as Department 1127 . History The term Research Unix first appeared in the Bell System Technical ... Labs such as PWB UNIX and Multi Environment Real Time MERT whose code base had diverged from the primary CSRC version. However, that term was little used until Version 8 Unix , but has been retcon retroactively ... called simply UNIX in caps or the UNIX Time Sharing System. Because both the early versions and the last ... Unix versions are often referred to by the edition of the Unix manual manual that describes them. So, the first Research Unix would be the First Edition, and the last the Tenth Edition. Another common way of referring to them is Version x or V x Unix, where x is the manual edition. All modern editions of Unix excepting implementations from scratch like Coherent operating system Coherent , Minix , and Linux , usually referred to as Unix like derive from the 7th Edition. Versions class wikitable Manual Edition Release date Description 1st Edition Nov. 3, 1971 First edition of the Unix manual, based on the version that ran on the PDP 11 at the time. Unix was actually 2 years old at the time and had ... the C programming language C programming language and Unix pipe pipes total number of installations was 16. 4th Edition Nov. 1973 First Unix written in C programming language C . It also introduced Group identifier Unix groups . Number of installations was listed as above 20 . The manual was formatted ... above 50 . Version 6 Unix 6th Edition May 1975 First Unix to see widespread distribution outside ... UNIX, a cut down v6 for the low end PDP 11 10. Version 7 Unix 7th Edition Jan. 1979 The ancestor of all modern UNIX systems and the last release of Research Unix to see widespread external distributions. Merged together most of the utilities of PWB UNIX with an extensively modified kernel with almost 80 more lines of code than V6. In February, a port called UNIX 32V 32V was made to DEC s VAX hardware ... more details
lowercase head is a Computer program program on Unix and Unix like systems used to display the first few lines of a text Computer file file or pipe computing pipe d data. The command syntax is head options < file name> By default, tt head tt will print the first 10 lines of its input to the standard output . The number of lines printed may be changed with a command line option. The following example shows the first 20 lines of filename head n 20 filename This displays the first 5 lines of all files starting with foo head n 5 foo Some versions omit the n and just let you say 5. Flags c x number of bytes Copy first x number of bytes. Other Many early versions of Unix did not have this command, and so documentation and books had sed do this job sed 5q foo This says to print every line implicit , and quit after the fifth. See also tail Unix tail , dd Unix dd List of Unix programs External links http www.gnu.org software coreutils manual html node head invocation.html head manual page from GNU coreutils . http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?query head&apropos 0&sektion 0&manpath FreeBSD 5.3 RELEASE and Ports&format html FreeBSD documentation for head Unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Head de Head Unix el Head Unix es Head Unix fr Head Unix ko Head it Head hu Head Unix ja Head pl Head Unix pt Head ro Head Unix ru Head Unix uk Head tr Head Unix ... more details
lowercase code fc do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard program on Unix that lists or edits and reexecutes, commands previously entered to an interactive shell. fc is a Shell builtin built in command in the Bash Unix shell bash shell help fc will show usage information. Examples Features History See also List of Unix programs References Solaris 10 man page for fc command External links man cu fc SUS process the command history list unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Fc Unix ... more details
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