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Encyclopedia results for Upper respiratory tract

Upper respiratory tract





Encyclopedia results for Upper respiratory tract

  1. Upper respiratory tract

    Infobox Anatomy Name Upper respiratory tract Latin GraySubject PinkPage Image Illu conducting passages.svg ... The upper respiratory tract or upper airway primarily refers to the parts of the respiratory system ... isbn 9781405134484 pages 11 ref Upper respiratory tract infections are amongst the most common ... part of the upper respiratory tract, ref name Sircar2008 cite book author Sabyasachi Sircar ... the upper and lower respiratory tracts ref name PerkinSwift2007 cite book author1 Ronald M. Perkin ... also Lower respiratory tract References reflist External links http www.rsdrx.com images UpperRespSketchLRes.gif Image at rsdrx.com System and organs Nose anatomy Larynx anatomy Category Respiratory system ... author2 Jane Ward author3 Charles M. Wiener title The respiratory system at a glance url http books.google.com ... 26 April 2010 year 2008 publisher Thieme isbn 9783131440617 pages 309 ref the lower respiratory tract, or both, depending on the source. Role in respiration Unlike the vertebrate trachea trachea and bronchi , the upper airway is a collapsible, compliant tube. As such, it has to be able to withstand ... that sucks air into the lungs. This is accomplished by the rhythmic contraction of upper airway muscles ... the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata , the motoneurons controlling the muscles also receive tonic innervation that sets a baseline level of stiffness and size. Upper airway during sleep During non REM sleep, the tonic drive to most respiratory muscles of the upper airway is inhibited. This has two consequences The upper airway becomes more floppy. The rhythmic innervation results in weaker ... pressures it generates stay the same. This narrows the upper airway during sleep, increasing resistance and making airflow through the upper airway turbulent and noisy. For example ... falls asleep, their breathing becomes noticeably louder. Not surprisingly, the increased tendency of the upper ... in the upper airway. This problem is exacerbated in overweight people when sleeping on the back ...   more details



  1. Upper respiratory tract infection

    Infobox disease Name Upper respiratory tract infection ICD10 ICD10 J 00 06 j 00 , ICD10 J 30 39 j 30 ICD9 ICD9 465.9 Image Illu conducting passages.svg Caption Conducting passages. Upper respiratory tract infections URI or URTI are the illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory ... of the trachea and subglottic area Signs and symptoms Acute upper respiratory tract infections include ... systemic illness which typically involves the upper respiratory tract. Influenza is a relatively uncommon ... acute upper respiratory tract infections journal Cochrane database of systematic reviews Online ... upper respiratory tract infections because antibiotic usage does not significantly reduce recovery ... is via respiratory droplets or by virus contaminated hands. Upper respiratory tract nose, throat ... respiratory tract infection Upper Respiratory Tract Infection from Cleveland Clinic Online Medical Reference Respiratory pathology DEFAULTSORT Upper Respiratory Tract Infection Category Infectious ... theories to evidence based clinical practice Identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory ... as part of the lower respiratory tract. Symptoms of URI s commonly include cough , sore throat ... of the eye caused by viral Conjunctivitis are often associated with upper respiratory ... to support the age old advice to rest when you are sick with an upper respiratory illness ... respiratory tract infection in sedentary subjects journal Br J Sports Med volume 37 issue 4 pages ... and treatment of upper respiratory infections has been suggested since the initial isolation of vitamin ... respiratory tract infections journal Cochrane database of systematic reviews Online date 2010 03 17 ... David ref Epidemiology Image Upper respiratory infections world map DALY WHO2002.svg thumb Disability adjusted life year for upper respiratory infections per 100,000  inhabitants in 2002. ref ... 2008. National health statistics reports. ref See also Lower respiratory tract infection References ...   more details



  1. Respiratory tract

    in the bronchi they are interspersed plates. Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract ... of elastic tissue. Summary Upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx & associated structures Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs References reflist http www.kcom.edu faculty chamberlain Website lectures syllabi3.htm Syllabus Infectious Diseases see Respiratory Tract Infections by Neal Chamberlain, PhD. Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Missouri, USA See also respiratory system Dosage forms state show Routes of administration Category Head and neck Category Respiratory ...Image Respiratory system complete numbered.svg thumb right 250px In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy involved with the process of Respiration physiology respiration . The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments Upper respiratory tract human nose nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinus es, and throat or pharynx Respiratory airways voice box or larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and bronchiole s Lung s respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s, alveolar sac s, and alveoli The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infection s are probably the most common infections in the world. Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood . Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide into more and more tubes. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus. Even though the cross sectional area of each ... division from the trachea due to turbulence. General histology The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium , the type of which varies down the tract. There are gland s and mucus produced by goblet ... called respiratory epithelium . The cilia beat in one direction, moving mucus towards the throat where ...   more details



  1. Respiratory tract infection

    Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of infectious disease s involving the respiratory tract . An infection of this type is normally further classified as an upper respiratory tract infection URI or URTI or a lower respiratory tract infection LRI or LRTI . Lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia , tend to be far more serious conditions than upper respiratory infections, such as the common cold . Upper respiratory tract infection main Upper respiratory tract infection Although some disagreement exists on the exact boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tracts, the upper respiratory tract is generally considered to be the airway above the glottis or vocal cords. This includes the nose , paranasal sinuses sinuses , pharynx , and larynx . Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include tonsillitis , pharyngitis , laryngitis , sinusitis , otitis media , certain types of influenza , and the common cold . ref name Eccles2007 cite journal author Eccles MP, Grimshaw JM, Johnston M, et al. title Applying psychological theories to evidence based clinical practice identifying factors predictive of managing upper respiratory tract infections without antibiotics journal Implement Sci volume 2 pages 26 year 2007 pmid 17683558 pmc 2042498 doi 10.1186 1748 5908 2 26 url ref Symptoms of URIs can include cough , sore throat , runny nose , nasal congestion , headache , low grade fever , facial pressure and sneezing . Lower respiratory tract infection main Lower respiratory tract infection The lower respiratory tract consists of the Vertebrate trachea trachea wind pipe , bronchial tube s, the bronchiole s, and the lung s. Lower respiratory tract infections are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. LRIs are the leading cause of death ... Guidelines 2006. ref Influenza affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, but more ... Respiratory Tract journal Science volume 312 issue 5772 page 399 year 2006 month April pmid 16556800 ...   more details



  1. Respiratory tract neoplasm

    Infobox disease Name Respiratory tract neoplasm Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 C 32 c 30 ICD10 C 34 c 30 BR ICD10 D 14 d 10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D012142 A respiratory tract neoplasm is a tumor that affects a portion of the respiratory tract . Most occur in the thorax . Examples of the disease include laryngeal cancer and lung cancer . Respiratory tract neoplasia Tumors Neoplasm stub Category Respiratory system neoplasia ...   more details



  1. Lower respiratory tract

    include the larynx as part of the lower respiratory tract, whereas others include it in the upper respiratory tract which also comprises the nasal cavity nose and the pharynx . Between them, the upper ... back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of breathing . Vital System The lower respiratory tract is a vital system ... common cause for the upper respiratory tract infection, which can cause more serious illness that can develop in the lower respiratory tract. Pneumonia is the most common, and frequent lower respiratory ...Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 br Infobox Anatomy Name Lower respiratory tract Latin GraySubject PinkPage ... MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The term lower respiratory tract refers to the portions of the respiratory system from the Vertebrate trachea trachea to the lung s. Lower respiratory tract infection ... tract The lower respiratory tract consists of the Vertebrate trachea trachea wind pipe the two ... organ in the lower respiratory tract. The Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm is the main muscle involved ... on oxygen. If the lower respiratory tract shuts down, the body cant receive this vital ... damage The Cell Structure of the Lower Respiratory Tract and the Inside of the Lungs Our lungs ... title Cellular structure, function and organization in the lower respiratory tract accessdate 5 Oct ..., pulmonary vein is inferior and anterior 6 Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract Our trachea windpipe ... are not functioning properly, an organism is at risk of a lower respiratory tract infection ... as the lower respiratory tract tries to get rid of the fluid in the lungs. You can be more ... is another common infection that takes place in the lower respiratory tract. It is an inflammation ... affect ones lungs. Bronchitis increases the amount of mucus that is natural in your respiratory tract ... infections that occurs in the lower respiratory tract. You can contract this infection from airborne ...   more details



  1. Lower respiratory tract infection

    Infobox disease Name Lower respiratory tract infection ICD10 J10 J22, J40 J47 ICD9 Image Illu conducting passages.svg Caption Conducting passages. Lower respiratory tract infection , while often used as a synonym for pneumonia , can also be applied to other types of infection including lung abscess and acute bronchitis . Symptoms include shortness of breath, weakness, high fever, coughing and fatigue. Lower respiratory tract infections place a considerable strain on the health budget and are generally more serious than upper respiratory infections. Since 1993 there has been a slight reduction in the total number of deaths from lower respiratory tract infection. However in 2002 they were still the leading cause of deaths among all Infectious disease Mortality from infectious diseases infectious diseases , and they accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and 6.9 of all deaths that year. ref name WHO 2004 cite book authorlink http www.who.int en title The World Health Report 2004 Changing ... of acute and chronic infections that can affect the lower respiratory tract. The two most ... affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Antibiotics are often thought to be the first line treatment in lower respiratory tract infections however, these are not indicated in viral infections ... lower respiratory tract infections etiology and treatment journal Chest journal Chest volume ... legend cb0000 more than 7,000 div References reflist DEFAULTSORT Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Category Acute lower respiratory infections Category Infectious diseases ar ... name oldRef7 Therapeutic guidelines respiratory. 2nd ed ed North Melbourne Therapeutic Guidelines ... page above. Epidemiology The following map shows lower respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in year 2002. Image Lower respiratory infections world map DALY WHO2002.svg thumb left Disability adjusted life year for lower respiratory infections per 100,000  inhabitants in 2002. ref cite ...   more details



  1. Upper Tract, West Virginia

    Infobox settlement name Upper Tract official name settlement type Unincorporated community nickname motto Images image skyline Upper Tract WV corn fields.jpg imagesize image caption Corn fields with Upper Tract in the back image flag image seal Maps pushpin map West Virginia pushpin label position the position of the pushpin label left, right, top, bottom, none pushpin map caption Location within the state of West Virginia pushpin mapsize image map map caption Location within Pendleton county image map1 mapsize1 map caption1 Location subdivision type List of countries Country subdivision name United States subdivision type1 Political divisions of the United States State subdivision name1 West Virginia subdivision type2 List of counties in West Virginia County subdivision name2 Pendleton County, West Virginia Pendleton government footnotes government type leader title leader name leader title1 leader name1 established title established date Area unit pref Imperial area footnotes area magnitude area total km2 area land km2 area water km2 Population population as of United States Census, 2000 2000 population footnotes population total population density km2 auto General information timezone Eastern Time Zone Eastern EST utc offset 5 timezone DST EDT utc offset DST 4 elevation footnotes elevation ft coordinates display inline,title coordinates type region US type city latd 38 latm 47 lats 14 latNS N longd 79 longm 16 longs 57 longEW W Area postal codes & others postal code type ZIP code s postal code area code blank name Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS code blank info blank1 name Geographic Names Information System GNIS feature ID blank1 info website footnotes Upper Tract is an unincorporated community located in Pendleton County, West Virginia Pendleton County , West Virginia , USA . The community lies along U.S. Highway 220 at the Confluence geography confluence ... communities in West Virginia vo Upper Tract ...   more details



  1. Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system

    The respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system is a layered defense mechanism which relies on components of both the innate immune system innate and adaptive immune system s to protect the lungs and the rest of the respiratory tract against inhaled microorganism s. In the first line of defense, inhaled bacteria are trapped by mucus and are swept toward the pharynx and are swallowed. ref name pmid12548395 cite journal author Boucher RC title Regulation of airway surface liquid volume by human airway epithelia journal Pflugers Arch. volume 445 issue 4 pages 495 8 year 2003 month January pmid 12548395 doi 10.1007 s00424 002 0955 1 url ref Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer are dealt with a second line of defense which includes antimicrobial peptide s that are secreted by the surface epithelium of the respiratory tract which kill many strains of bacteria. ref name pmid11901174 cite journal author Ganz T title Antimicrobial polypeptides in host defense of the respiratory tract journal J. Clin. Invest. volume 109 issue 6 pages 693 7 year 2002 month March pmid 11901174 pmc 150915 doi 10.1172 JCI15218 url ref Those bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobial peptides are killed by a variety of reactive oxygen species produced by phagocyte s. In a third line of defense and as a last resort, persistent bacterial infections which escape the innate immune system are eliminated by the adaptive immune system. Lactoferrin File Schemaduoxlpo en.png thumb 500px Schematic diagram of the respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system. main lactoferrin Lactoferrin LF is a multifunctional protein which is an essential part of the respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system. ref name pmid1599309 cite journal author S nchez L, Calvo M, Brock JH title Biological role of lactoferrin ... doi 10.1007 s00418 004 0679 8 url ref Other cells in the respiratory tract also produce superoxide and hydrogen ... glands of the respiratory tract secrete myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase LPO ref name pmid12626341 ...   more details



  1. Tract

    wiktionary Tract may refer to Land lot , a morphological section of landscape, a conjugate system of facies disambiguation facies and their groups united by general direction of physic geographical processes confined to uniform relief of one Stratum substrate . More than often tract is associated with a geographical toponym . Examples are Barsa Kelmes , Sandarmokh , and others. Census tract , a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census Tract literature , a short written work, usually of a political or religious nature Tract liturgy , a component of Roman Catholic liturgy Neural tract , a bundle of fibers that connects different parts of the central nervous system analogous to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system A collection of related anatomic structures, such as Gastrointestinal tract Genitourinary tract Reproductive tract A grouping of feathers , e.g. primaries, auriculars, scapulars Businesses Tract imprint Tract , an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content See also Tractate disambiguation disambig fr Tractus nl Tractus ru sk Tractus fi Traktaatti sv Trakt uk ...   more details



  1. Lower respiratory

    Lower respiratory can refer to Lower respiratory tract infection Lower respiratory tract disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ...   more details



  1. Respiratory epithelium

    to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer. Certain parts of the respiratory tract , such as the oropharynx ... known as the mucociliary escalator and serves two functions to keep the lower respiratory tract ... of mucus up the respiratory tract to the pharynx. The mucus layer is biphasic with a serous ... of the respiratory epithelium in these areas, it changes to stratified squamous epithelium , which ... with the esophagus . Citation needed date March 2010 Mucociliary Escalator The cilia of the respiratory ... properties of this upper mucous layer, the tips of the cilia catch in the layer, which may contain ... http w3.uokhsc.edu histology Glass 20slides 11 04.jpg Epithelial types Category Respiratory ...   more details



  1. Respiratory disease

    possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , Vertebrate ... lung stiffness. E.g. in infant respiratory distress syndrome IRDS . Respiratory tract infections Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory tract infection The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold however, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis , tonsillitis , otitis media , pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections. Lower respiratory tract infection The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia , a lung infection. clarify ...cleanup date May 2010 Infobox Disease Name Respiratory Disease Image Emphysema low mag.jpg Caption Micrograph of an emphysematous lung emphysema is a common respiratory disease, strongly associated with smoking ... OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D012140 Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses ... of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self limiting, such as the common ... . The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist. Classification Respiratory diseases can be classified ... pulmonary disorder or acute respiratory distress syndrome. ref http www.irishscientist.ie 2004 contents.asp ... diseases Restrictive lung disease s also known as interstitial lung diseases are a category of respiratory ... and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis ... of the respiratory system, particularly lung cancer primary carcinomas of the lung , are a major ... format work ref The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to smoking tobacco . The major ...   more details



  1. Solitary tract

    Infobox Brain Name Solitary tract Latin tractus solitarius medullae oblongatae GraySubject 187 GrayPage 785 Image Gray695.png Caption Transverse section of medulla oblongata below the middle of the olive. Fasciculus solitarius labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray700.png Caption2 The formatio reticularis of the medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse section passing through the middle of the olive. 15 is fasciculus solitarius IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 782 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Solitary tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1483 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817166 The solitary tract lang la tractus solitarius is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the Medulla oblongata medulla . The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract , and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord . Composition The solitary tract is made up of primary sensory fibers and descending fibers of the Vagus nerve vagus , glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal , and facial nerve s. Function The solitary tract conveys afferent information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts. Afferent fibers from cranial nerves facial nerve 7 , glossopharyngeal nerve 9 and vagus nerve 10 convey taste special visceral afferent SVA in its rostral portion, and general visceral sense general visceral afferent fibers GVA in its caudal part. Taste bud s in the mucosa of the tongue can also generate impulses in the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral regions of the solitary tract. The efferent fibers are distributed to the solitary tract nucleus. Synonyms There are numerous synonyms for the solitary tract ... bundle Latin funiculus solitarius Gierke respiratory bundle Krause respiratory bundle See also Solitary ... www.emedicine.com asp dictionary.asp?keyword solitary tract isbn 0 7817 3390 1 page 2011 Rhombencephalon ...   more details



  1. Respiratory zone

    The respiratory zone is the site of O sub 2 sub and CO sub 2 sub exchange with the blood . The respiratory bronchiole s and the alveolar duct s are responsible for 10 of the gas exchange. The Pulmonary alveolus alveoli are responsible for the other 90 . The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract . See also Conducting zone External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca resp anatomy.swf Flash overview at mcgill.ca http www.gdn.edu Faculty pjen Anatomy 20and 20physiology 202211K 20 20lecture 205 20notes files image019.jpg Diagram at gdn.edu Lung Category Lung anatomy respiratory stub pt Zona respirat ria ...   more details



  1. Respiratory stimulant

    A respiratory stimulant is a drug which acts to increase the action of the respiratory system . An example is doxapram . External links MeshName Respiratory stimulants GPnotebook 1476001779 Other respiratory system products Category Drugs acting on the respiratory system Respiratory system drug stub ...   more details



  1. Interstitiospinal tract

    multiple issues orphan June 2010 context June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The interstitiospinal tract is one of ten descending neuronal tract s in humans that provides motor control to specific upper cervical somatic segment s. The origin of the this uncrossed tract is in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal related to the oculomotor nucleus which is subsequently found in the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the midbrain . This tract also contributes to the make up of the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . Within the terminal segments of the upper cervical segments the interstitiospinal tract synapses in rexed laminae VII and VIII. It is believed to function in head and neck reflex movements in response to primarily visual and possibly vestibular stimuli. Category Nerves of the head and neck ...   more details



  1. Rubrospinal tract

    Infobox Anatomy Name Rubrospinal tract Latin tractus rubrospinalis GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Rubrospinal tract is labeled in red on the left of the diagram. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories Rubrospinal tract not labeled, but red nucleus visible near center System MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Rubrospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1476 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817153 refimprove date October 2011 The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . It is a part of the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral indirect extra pyramidal tract . Function In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract , suggesting that it is less important in motor control. It is one of the pathways for the mediation of voluntary movement. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates Flexion in the upper extremities see decorticate posture . It is small and rudimentary in humans . In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. Path In the midbrain , it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus , crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum . ref http neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu s3 chapter02.html ref In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract . See also Upper motor neuron References Reflist External links BrainInfo hier 803 Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Rubrospinal Tract Category Central nervous ...   more details



  1. Respiratory groups

    Orphan date February 2009 The respiratory groups are responsible for a part of the control of respiration and can mean Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Category Respiratory system Anatomy stub ...   more details



  1. Respiratory center

    unreferenced date December 2010 The respiratory center RC is located in the medulla oblongata , which is the lowermost part of the brain stem . The RC receives controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth of respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles. Injury to this center may lead to central respiratory failure , which necessitates mechanical ventilation usually the prognosis is grave. In healthy individuals the presence of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood is the stimulant that the RC responds to in order to signal the respiratory muscles to breathe. Chemoreceptors found in carotid and aortic bodies are responsible for detecting this CO2 . Individuals who suffer from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease usually have a chronically elevated level of carbon dioxide present in their blood due to their diminished lung function. As a result, their specific chemoreceptors become desensitised to the hypercapnia and instead respond to a decreased amount of oxygen present. The groups of nerve cells in the brain which regulates the respiration rhythmically are collectively known as respiratory centers. Groups Respiratory centre is divided four major groups Inspiratory centre Dorsal respiratory group Location Dorsal portion of medulla Nucleus Nucleus tractus solitarius Function causes inspiration while stimulated. Expiratory centre Ventral respiratory group Location Antero lateral part of medulla, about 5  mm anterior and lateral to dorsal respiratory group Nucleus Nucleus ambiguous and nucleus retro ambiguous. Function It generally causes expiration but can causes either expiration or inspiration depending upon which neuron in the group are stimulated. It sends inhibitory impulse to the apneustic centre. Pneumotaxic centre Location Pons upper part Nucleus Nucleus parabrachialis Function It controls ... It discharges inhibitory impulse to expiratory centre. Respiratory center depression Depression of a respiratory ...   more details



  1. Respiratory system

    See also Respiratory tract Infobox Anatomy Name Respiratory system Latin systema respiratorium white Subject white Page Image Respiratory system complete en.svg Caption A complete, schematic view of the human respiratory system with their parts and functions. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange . In human s and other mammal s, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lung s, and the respiratory ... caught in the mucus which lines the respiratory tract are expelled or moved to the mouth where they can ... of the lungs clear from particulate matter, etc. The respiratory tract is constantly exposed ... , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features, and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals. The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical ... West first John B. title Respiratory physiology the essentials publisher Williams & Wilkins location ... Birds respiratory system for a detailed description of these and other features. Reptiles The anatomy ... topic 498684 reptile 38473 Respiratory system Britannica On line Encyclopedia ref Amphibians Both the lungs and the Frog Morphology and physiology skin serve as respiratory organs in amphibians . The skin ... in respiratory control in the bullfrog journal Am J Physiol volume 230 pages 608 13 year 1976 accessdate ... of the air. Anatomy in invertebrates Insects Air enters the respiratory systems of most insects ... valves in some insects, lead to the internal respiratory system, a densely networked array ... molecule. Hence, this respiratory system is similar to that of vertebrate fish. The respiratory ... see also Respiratory physiology or Respiration physiology Respiration . Ventilation In respiratory ...   more details



  1. Respiratory acidosis

    D000142 Respiratory acidosis is a medical condition in which decreased ventilation hypoventilation ... pH in the blood . Types of respiratory acidosis Respiratory acidosis can be acute or chronic. In acute respiratory acidosis , the Pa CO sub 2 sub is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range over 6.3 kPa or 47 mm Hg with an accompanying acidemia pH 7.35 . In chronic respiratory acidosis , the Pa CO sub 2 sub is elevated above the upper limit of the reference range, with a normal blood ... HCO sub 3 sub sup &minus sup 30 mm Hg . Causes Acute Acute respiratory acidosis occurs when an abrupt ... respiratory center by cerebral disease or drugs, inability to ventilate adequately due to neuromuscular ... COPD exacerbation. Chronic Chronic respiratory acidosis may be secondary to many disorders, including ... diaphragm function secondary to fatigue and hyperinflation. Chronic respiratory acidosis also may ... and hypocapnia secondary to hypoxia. Hypercapnia only occurs if severe disease or respiratory muscle ... that affects elimination of CO sub 2 sub can cause a respiratory acid base disorder. The Pa CO ... the control of the central respiratory centers, which are located in the pons and the medulla oblongata ... quickly increases the Pa CO sub 2 sub . In acute respiratory acidosis, compensation occurs in 2 ... in respiratory acidosis can be estimated as follows Acute respiratory acidosis HCO sub 3 sub sup &minus sup increases 1 mEq L for each 10 mm Hg rise in Pa CO sub 2 sub . Chronic respiratory acidosis ... change in pH with respiratory acidosis can be estimated with the following equations Acute respiratory acidosis Change in pH 0.008 X 40 &minus Pa CO sub 2 sub Chronic respiratory acidosis Change in pH 0.003 X 40 &minus Pa CO sub 2 sub Respiratory acidosis does not have a great effect on electrolyte ... an extracellular shift of potassium, but respiratory acidosis rarely causes clinically significant hyperkalemia . See also respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis References ...   more details



  1. Respiratory examination

    In medicine , the respiratory examination is performed as part of a physical examination , ref name Selby2002 cite book author Colin D. Selby title Respiratory medicine an illustrated colour text url http books.google.com books?id ityI HU XsC&pg PA14 accessdate 7 March 2011 date 25 October 2002 publisher Elsevier Health Sciences isbn 9780443059490 pages 14 ref or when a patient presents with a respiratory problem dyspnea shortness of breath , cough , chest pain or a history that suggests a pathology of the lung s. It is very rarely performed in its entirety or in isolation, most commonly it s merged with the cardiac examination . Position Lighting Draping Position patient should sit upright on the examination ... are not in the way of examining the upper lung fields. Lighting adjusted so that it is ideal. Draping ... is sometimes included in the respiratory examination. Inspection Inspection or observation involves observing the respiratory rate which should be in a ratio of 1 2 inspiration expiration. It is best to count the respiratory rate under pretext of some other exam, so that patient does not sub consciously increase his baseline respiratory rate. An acidotic patient will have more rapid breathing to compensate ... of the inter costal muscles between the ribs to aid in respiration. This is a sign of respiratory ... of respiratory distress Cyanosis person turns blue Pursed lip breathing seen in COPD used to increase ... physician sense with ulnar aspect of hand for changes in sound conduction. Respiratory expansion check ... asthma , emphysema Stridor and other upper airway sounds Bronchial vs. vesicular breath sounds ... year1 bcs96 clist resp.html Respiratory exam University of Florida http medinfo.ufl.edu year1 bcs clist chest.html Exam of the chest University of Florida http www.shahrukh.co.uk resp home.html Respiratory exam Respiratory Exam http www.emory.edu WHSCL grady inetgrp hplung.html Lung sounds online Emory University School of Medicine Physical exam Category Respiratory system procedures Category Physical ...   more details



  1. Jones Tract

    The Jones Tract is an island containing Lower Jones Tract and the Upper Jones Tract in the Sacramento San Joaquin River Delta in San Joaquin County, California , fifteen kilometres west of Stockton, California Stockton . The convert 4900 ha abbr on island is bounded on the north by Empire Cut , on the northeast by Whiskey Slough , on the southeast by Trapper Slough , and on the west, Middle River California Middle River . The tracts are bifurcated by the parallel running Mokelumne Aqueduct , the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Achison Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad , and West Lower Jones Road. 2004 levee failure On 3 June 2004, the Upper Jones Tract levee near Woodward Island California Woodward Island failed, inundating the entire island with more than convert 150000 acre.ft m3 abbr on of water. The island, which lies 3 metres below sea level, required three weeks to repair the breach, and an additional five months for de watering after the pumps were shut down on 18 December 2004. ref cite journal author Michael Mierzwa and Bob Suits work Methodology for Flow and Salinity Estimates in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Marsh 26th Annual Progress Report page page 3 2 title Chapter 3 Jones Tract 2004 Levee Break DSM2 Simulation publisher California Department of Water Resources date October 2005 accessdate 2009 09 25 ref See also List of islands of California References references External links gnis 236893 Upper Jones Tract gnis 227773 Lower Jones Tract coord 37.937158 121.486473 region US CA type isle display title NOTOC Category Islands of the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta Category Islands of San Joaquin County, California SanJoaquinCountyCA geo stub ...   more details



  1. Reticulospinal tract

    Infobox Brain Name Reticulospinal tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Reticulospinal tract is labeled in red, near center in figure text tag at left . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 802 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Reticulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1471 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817131 The reticulospinal tract or anterior reticulospinal tract is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation . Functions 1. Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture. 2. Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement, influences muscle tone. 3. Mediates autonomic functions 4. Modulates pain impulses 5. Influences blood flow to lateral geniculate Components The tract is divided into two parts, the medial or pontine and lateral or medullary reticulospinal tracts MRST and LRST . The MRST is responsible for exciting anti gravity, extensor muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the caudal pontine reticular nucleus and the oral pontine reticular nucleus and project to the lamina VII and lamina VIII of the spinal cord BrainInfo The LRST is responsible for the inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the gigantocellular .... The tract terminates in the gray spinal laminae BrainInfo . The sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is known as the spinoreticular tract . Clinical significance If the superior ... outflow and parasympathetic sacral outflow. See also Upper motor neuron External links BrainInfo reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts hiercentraldirectory.aspx?ID 802 , pontine reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 975 , and medullary reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx ...   more details




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