chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 461124476 ImageFile Guanosindiphosphat protoniert.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 146 91 8 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 384759 PubChem 730 IUPHAR ligand 2410 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 8630 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 17552 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H15N5O11P2 c11 10 13 7 4 8 18 14 10 12 2 15 7 9 6 17 5 16 3 25 9 1 24 28 22,23 26 27 19,20 21 h2 3,5 6,9,16 17H,1H2, H,22,23 H2,19,20,21 H3,11,13,14,18 t3 ,5 ,6 ,9 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QGWNDRXFNXRZMB UUOKFMHZSA N SMILES C1 NC2 C N1C3C C C O3 COP O O OP O O O O O NC NC2 O N Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 15 sub N sub 5 sub O sub 11 sub P sub 2 sub MolarMass 443.200522 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Guanosine diphosphate , abbreviated GDP , is a nucleoside diphosphate . It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside guanosine . GDP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group group , the pentose sugar ribose , and the nucleobase guanine . GDP is the product of guanosine triphosphate GTP dephosphorylation by GTPase s, e.g., the G protein s that are involved in signal transduction . GDP is converted into GTP with the help of pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate. See also Nucleoside Nucleotide DNA RNA Oligonucleotide Guanosine triphosphate Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides biochem stub Category Nucleotides Category Purines cs Guanosindifosf t da Guanosindifosfat de Guanosindiphosphat es Guanos n difosfato fa fr Guanosine diphosphate gl Guanos n difosfato it Guanosindifosfato nl Guanosinedifosfaat ja oc Guanosina difosfat pl Guanozyno 5 difosforan pt Guanosina difosfato ru sr Guanozin difosfat fi Guanosiinidifosfaatti sv ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 444064303 ImageFile Prephytoene diphosphate.png ImageSize 250px IUPACName 1 R ,2 R ,3 R 2 methyl 3 1 E ,5 E ,9 E 2,6,10,14 tetramethylpentadeca 1,5,9,13 tetraenyl 2 3 E ,7 E 4,8,12 trimethyltrideca 3,7,11 trienyl cyclopropyl methyl phosphono hydrogen phosphate OtherNames Prephytoene pyrophosphate Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4517882 InChI 1 C40H68O7P2 c1 31 2 17 11 19 33 5 21 13 23 35 7 25 15 26 37 9 29 38 39 30 46 49 44,45 47 48 41,42 43 40 38,10 28 16 27 36 8 24 14 22 34 6 20 12 18 32 3 4 h17 18,21 22,25,27,29,38 39H,11 16,19 20,23 24,26,28,30H2,1 10H3, H,44,45 H2,41,42,43 b33 21 ,34 22 ,35 25 ,36 27 ,37 29 InChIKey RVCNKTPCHZNAAO QKUGLALCBM StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C40H68O7P2 c1 31 2 17 11 19 33 5 21 13 23 35 7 25 15 26 37 9 29 38 39 30 46 49 44,45 47 48 41,42 43 40 38,10 28 16 27 36 8 24 14 22 34 6 20 12 18 32 3 4 h17 18,21 22,25,27,29,38 39H,11 16,19 20,23 24,26,28,30H2,1 10H3, H,44,45 H2,41,42,43 b33 21 ,34 22 ,35 25 ,36 27 ,37 29 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RVCNKTPCHZNAAO QKUGLALCSA N CASNo 38005 61 7 PubChem 5365949 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 14885 SMILES O P O O OP O O OCC1C C C C CC C C C CC C C C CC C C C C C1 CC C C CC C C C CC C C C C C C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 40 sub H sub 68 sub O sub 7 sub P sub 2 sub MolarMass 722.91 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Prephytoene diphosphate is a carotenoid precursor. organic compound stub Cholesterol and steroid intermediates Category Carotenoids Category Organophosphates Category Cyclopropanes ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 Cleanup date April 2008 Method of glucose uptake differs throughout tissues depending on two factors the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose . The two ways in which glucose uptake can take place are facilitated diffusion a passive process and secondary ... ATP . Facilitated diffusion There are over 10 different types of glucose transporter however, the most ... throughout the body, as they are responsible for maintaining a basal rate of glucose uptake. Basal blood glucose level is approximately 5mM. The Michaelis Menten kinetics Km value an indicator of the affinity of the transporter protein for glucose molecules a low Km value suggests a high affinity of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 proteins is 1mM therefore GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a high affinity for glucose and uptake ... a low affinity for glucose. They are located in the plasma membrane s of hepatocyte s and pancreas pancreatic beta cell s, and their high Km allows for glucose sensing rate of glucose entry is proportional to blood glucose levels. GLUT4 transporters are insulin sensitive, and are found in muscle and adipose tissue. As muscle is a principle storage site for glucose and adipose tissue for triglyceride into which glucose can be converted for storage , GLUT4 is important in post prandial uptake of excess glucose from the bloodstream. The drug Metformin phosphorylates GLUT4, thereby increasing ... surface, and hence increasing glucose uptake. Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion can ... environments is such that no ATP hydrolysis is required. However in the kidney, glucose ..., passes through the columnar epithelia lining the kidney tubule, and into the bloodstream where glucose is at a comparatively high concentration. Therefore the concentration gradient of glucose opposes its reabsorption, and energy is required for its transport. The secondary active transport of glucose ... gradient into the columnar epithelia, Co transport co transporting glucose. Once inside the epithelial ... more details
A glucose test is a type of blood test used to determine the amount of glucose in the blood. It is mainly used in Screening medicine screening for any prediabetes or diabetes . ref name medlineplus http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003438.htm MedlinePlus Blood glucose monitoring Update Date 6 17 2008. Updated by Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD. In turn citing American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008 31 S12 S54. ref In people already having diabetes, blood glucose monitoring is used with frequent intervals in the management of the condition. ref name medlineplus There are several different kinds of glucose tests Fasting blood sugar FBS , fasting plasma glucose FPG 12 hours after eating Postprandial glucose test PC 2 hours after eating Glucose tolerance test continuous testing Random glucose test Reference ranges Fasting blood sugar A range of 4 to 7 mmol l 72 to 126 mg dl before a meal is normal. Continual fasting levels of 5.5 to 7 mmol l 101 125 mg dl causes concern of possible prediabetes and may be worth monitoring. 7 mmol l 126 mg dl and above means a risk of diabetes. After a 12 hour fast, a range of 3.9 to under 5.5 mmol l 70.2 to 100 mg dl is normal a level of 5.6 to under 7 mmol l 100 to 126 mg dl is considered a sign of prediabetes . ref name Medline GTT MedlinePlus 003466 Glucose tolerance test ref Postprandial glucose Main Postprandial glucose test A level of 10 mmol l 180 mg dl 90 minutes after a meal is normal. See also Blood sugar Diabetes Glucose meter Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia References reflist 2 treatment stub Blood tests Category Blood tests ... more details
enzyme Name UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.8.19 CAS number 84861 40 5 IUBMB EC number 2 7 8 19 GO code 0047358 image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , an UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.8.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP glucose glycoprotein D mannose math rightleftharpoons math UMP glycoprotein 6 D glucose 1 phospho D mannose Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are UDP glucose and glycoprotein D mannose , whereas its two product chemistry products are uridine monophosphate UMP and glycoprotein 6 D glucose 1 phospho D mannose . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring non standard substituted phosphate groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP glucose glycoprotein D mannose glucosephosphotransferase . Other names in common use include UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase , GlcPTase , Glc phosphotransferase , and uridine diphosphoglucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Koro LA, Marchase RB date 1982 title A UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase in embryonic chicken neural retina journal Cell. volume 31 pages 739&ndash 48 pmid 6297779 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 82 90328 2 issue 3 Pt 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.8 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Image Beta D Glucose.svg thumb GlucoseGlucose transporters are a wide group of membrane protein s that facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane . Because glucose is a vital source of energy ... family that is found in most mammal mammalian cell s. Synthesis of free glucose Most non Autotroph autotrophic cells are unable to produce free glucose because they lack expression of glucose 6 phosphatase and, thus, are involved only in glucose uptake and catabolism . Usually only produced ... are able to produce glucose following activation of gluconeogenesis . Glucose transport in yeast In Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucose transport takes place through facilitated diffusion . ref ... identified. ref http www.uniprot.org uniprot ?query glucose transporter&sort organism&desc false&page 94 uniprot list of possible glucose transporters in S. cerevisiae ref class wikitable Name Properties Notes Snf3 low glucose sensor repressed by glucose low expression level repressor of Hxt6 Rgt2 high glucose sensor low expression level Hxt1 Michaelis Menten kinetics Km 100 mM ref name molgen ... A, Boles E, Fuhrmann G F title Characterisation of glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... 539 550 year 2002 pmid 12702270 doi 10.1111 j.1567 1364.2002.tb00121.x ref low affinity glucose transporter induced by high glucose level Hxt2 Km 1.5 ref name Maier 10 mM ref name molgen high intermediate affinityglucose transporter induced by low glucose level ref name molgen Hxt3 Vm 18.5, Kd 0.078, Km 28.6 34.2 ref name Maier 60 mM ref name molgen low affinity glucose transporter ref name molgen Hxt4 Vm 12.0, Kd 0.049, Km 6.2 ref name Maier intermediate affinity glucose transporter ref name ... yea.779 ref Moderate glucose affinity. Abundant during stationary phase, sporulation and low glucose conditions. Transcription repressed by glucose. ref name SILS Hxt6 Vm 11.4, Kd 0.029, Km 0.9 14 ref name Maier , 1.5 mM ref name molgen high glucose affinity ref name molgen Hxt7 Vm 11.7, Kd 0.039 ... more details
other uses pentagalloyl glucose disambiguation chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 477199709 Name 1,2,3,4,6 Pentagalloyl glucose ImageFile Beta penta O galloyl glucose.svg ImageSize 250px ImageName Chemical structure of pentagalloyl glucose IUPACName nowiki 2S,3R,4S,5R,6R 2,3,5 tris 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl ... 1,2,3,4,6 penta O galloyl D glucose br 1,2,3,4,6 pentakis O galloyl beta D glucose br beta penta O galloyl glucose br PGG Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 14937 32 7 CASNo Ref cascite changed ... MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility 1,2,3,4,6 Pentagalloyl glucose is the pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose . It is the common precursor of gallotannin s and the related ellagitannin s. ref http ... 273, Issue 1, 15 August 1989, Pages 58 63 ref Pentagalloyl glucose can precipitate proteins ref ..., pentagalloyl glucose and epicatechin16 4 8 catechin procyanidin . Hagerman A. E., Rice M. E. and Ritchard ... Evidence for pentagalloyl glucose binding to human salivary amylase through aromatic amino acid ... 1794, Issue 2, February 2009, pp. 291 296 ref Natural occurrences 1,2,3,4,6 Pentagalloyl glucose ... pentagalloyl d glucose galloyltransferase from sumac leaves. Ruth Niemetz and Georg G Gross ... 1 O galloyl beta D glucose and 1,2,3,6 tetrakis O galloyl beta D glucose to produce glucose D glucose and Pentagalloyl glucose. Metabolism Metabolism of ellagitannins Tellimagrandin II , first of all ellagitannins, forms from pentagalloyl glucose by oxydative dehydrogenation and coupling of 2 galloyl groups. glucogallin 1,2,3,4,6 pentagalloyl d glucose galloyltransferase is an enzyme found in the leaves ... O galloyl d glucose to 3 O digalloyl 1,2,4,6 tetra O galloyl d glucose hexa galloylglucose . ref name Niemetz Chemistry Pentagalloyl glucose can undergo oxidation reactions which are depending on the pH ... products of pentagalloyl glucose. Yumin C. and Hagerman A.E., Free radical research, 2005, vol. 39, no2, pp. 117 124 ref References reflist Gallotannin DEFAULTSORT Pentagalloyl glucose, 1,2,3,4,6 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Glucose paradox is a theory formulated by biochemist Dr. J. D. McGarry and his research associates. It is a theory that demonstrates the importance of lactic acid in carbohydrate metabolism . The paradox is that the large amount of glycogen 10 in the liver cannot be explained by its relatively minimal glucose absorption. After the digestion of carbohydrates and their entering the circulatory system in the form of glucose blood sugar , some glucose will be absorbed directly into the muscle tissue and will be converted into lactic acid in the Fermentation biochemistry anaerobic energy system rather than going directly to the liver and being converted into glycogen . This is true especially in situations of energy depletion and exercise. The lactate is then taken to and converted by the liver into the building blocks for liver glycogen. Much of the body s liver glycogen is produced indirectly from lactate rather than directly from glucose in the blood. References 10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LACTIC ACID OLD MYTHS AND NEW REALITIES, by Thomas Fahey, Ed.D., Professor of Exercise Physiology, California State University at Chico BRASS C.A., CRAWFORD J.M., NARCISO J., GOLLAN J.L.. 1992 Hypoxic liver injury and the ameliorating effects of fructose the glucose paradox revisited. Am. J. Physiol. 263 G293 300. biochem stub Category Endocrinology ... more details
enzyme Name Glucose oxidase EC number 1.1.3.4 CAS number 9001 37 0 IUBMB EC number 1 1 3 4 GO code 0046562 image 77 1gpe.gif width caption PDB Molecule of the Month pdb77 1 The glucose oxidase enzyme GOx EC number 1.1.3.4 is an Oxidoreductase oxido reductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen ... down into its metabolite s. Glucose oxidase is widely used for the determination of free glucose ... sheet of Glucose Oxidase , Interchim ref It is often extracted from Aspergillus Aspergillus niger .... The active site where glucose binds is in a deep pocket. The enzyme, like many proteins that act outside of cells, is covered with carbohydrate chains. Activity At pH 7, glucose exists in solution ... and furanose form being negligible. The glucose oxidase binds specifically to D glucopyranose and does not act on D glucose. It is able to oxidise all of the glucose in solution because the equilibrium .... ref name GOxTechData Glucose oxidase catalyst catalyze s the oxidation of D glucose into Glucono ... O sub 2 sub . Applications Glucose oxidase is widely used, coupled to peroxidase reaction that vizualizes colorimetrically the formed H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub , for the determination of free glucose in sera ... Julio Raba and Horacio A. Mottola title Glucose Oxidase as an Analytical Reagent journal Critical ... glucose levels in fermentation, bioreactors, and to control glucose in vegetal raw material and food products. Enzyme electrode biosensor s detect levels of glucose by keeping track of the number ... with tiny electrodes as glucose sensors for Diabetes mellitus diabetic s. In manufacturing, GOx is used ... oxidants such as bromate. It also helps remove oxygen from food packaging, or D glucose from egg white to prevent browning. Glucose oxidase is found in honey and acts as a natural preservative. GOx ... WF, Sykes G title Notatin an anti bacterial glucose aerodehydrogenase from Penicillium notatum Westling ... pmid 16747849 pmc 1258144 doi url ref Notatin was shown to be identical to Penicillin B and glucose ... more details
Trigalloyl glucose may refer to 1,2,3 Trigalloyl glucose 1,2,3 trigalloyl glucopyranoside ref Plant phenolics as prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors. Seung Ho Lee, Mira Jun, Ji Young Choi, Eun Ju Yang, Jong Moon Hur, KiHwan Bae, Yeon Hee Seong, Tae Lin Huh and Kyung Sik Song, Archives of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 30, Number 7, pp. 827 833, doi 10.1007 BF02978832 ref 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose 1,3,6 Trigalloyl glucose , a molecule also called corilagin Trigalloyl glucoses can be found in oaks species like the North American white oak Quercus alba and European red oak Quercus robur . ref Analysis of oak tannins by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Pirjo M mmel , Heikki Savolainenb, Lasse Lindroosa, Juhani Kangasd and Terttu Vartiainen, Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 891, Issue 1, 1 September 2000, Pages 75 83, doi 10.1016 S0021 9673 00 00624 5 ref References reflist Chemistry disambiguation ... more details
enzyme Name glucose 1 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.47 CAS number 9028 53 9 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 47 GO code 0047936 image width caption In enzymology , a glucose 1 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.47 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction beta D glucose NAD P math rightleftharpoons math D glucono 1,5 lactone NAD P H H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are beta D glucose , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are Glucono delta lactone D glucono 1,5 lactone , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is beta D glucose NAD P 1 oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include D glucose dehydrogenase NAD P , and hexose phosphate dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway . Structural studies As of late 2007, 9 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1G6K , PDB link 1GCO , PDB link 1GEE , PDB link 1RWB , PDB link 1SPX , PDB link 2B5V , PDB link 2B5W , PDB link 2CD9 , and PDB link 2CDA . References reflist 1 cite journal author K, Rick W, Staudinger HJ year 1975 title A glucose dehydrogenase for the determination of glucose concentrations in body fluids ... 3 cite journal author Brink NG year 1953 title Beef liver glucose dehydrogenase. 1. Purification and properties ... S rensen first5 Nils Andreas cite journal author Pauly HE and Pfleiderer G year 1976 title D Glucose ... HJ, KORKES S year 1952 title Glucose dehydrogenase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 196 pages 769&ndash 84 pmid 12981017 issue 2 cite journal author Thompson RE, Carper WR year 1970 title Glucose ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE small L small Glucose chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 477496828 Name small L small Glucose ImageFile L Glucose structure.svg ImageSize 180px IUPACName small L small Glucose Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations L Glc CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 921 60 8 EINECS 213 068 3 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 37627 PubChem 2724488 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2006622 SMILES O C H 1 C H O C H OC O C H 1O CO InChI 1 C6H12O6 c7 1 2 3 8 4 9 5 10 6 11 12 2 h2 11H,1H2 t2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6? m0 s1 InChIKey WQZGKKKJIJFFOK ZZWDRFIYBQ StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H12O6 c7 1 2 3 8 4 9 5 10 6 11 12 2 h2 11H,1H2 t2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6? m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WQZGKKKJIJFFOK ZZWDRFIYSA ... Glucose is an organic compound with formula C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub or H C O CHOH sub ... of the more common glucose small D small glucose . small L small Glucose does not occur naturally ... Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from small D small glucose, ref name levin but cannot be used ... small D small threo aldolse dehydrogenase is capable of oxidising small L small glucose ref cite doi 10.1016 0005 2744 79 90232 8 ref Like the small D small isomer, small L small glucose usually ... stage. Uses small L small Glucose was once proposed as a low calorie sweetener, but was never marketed ... L small glucose derivative, L Glucose pentaacetate small L small glucose pentaacetate , was found ... type 2 type 2 diabetes . ref citation last Malaisse first W. J. title The riddle of L glucose pentaacetate ... http www.biomedexperts.com Abstract.bme 9857221 The riddle of L glucose pentaacetate insulinotropic action review . ref small L small Glucose was also found to be a laxative , and proposed as a colon ... label trial of L glucose as a colon cleansing agent before colonoscopy journal Gastrointest. Endosc ... DEFAULTSORT Glucose, L Category Aldohexoses Category Sweeteners ja L pl L Glukoza ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name CSF glucose Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO MedlinePlus eMedicine MeshID LOINC LOINC 2342 4 MCnc , LOINC 14744 7 SCnc HCPCSlevel2 reference range CSF glucose or glycorrhachia is a measurement used to determine the levels of glucose in cerebrospinal fluid . ref name urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia CSF glucose cite web url http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003633.htm title MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia CSF glucose work accessdate 2009 03 04 ref ref name pmid14722369 cite journal author Mohammadi M, Mohebbi MR, Naderi F title CSF Glucose Concentrations in Infants with Febrile Convulsions and the Possible Effect of Acetaminophen journal Indian Pediatr volume 40 issue 12 pages 1183 6 year 2003 month December pmid 14722369 doi url http www.indianpediatrics.net dec2003 dec 1183 1186.htm ref ref name pmid14524396 cite journal author Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA title Cerebrospinal fluid analysis journal Am Fam Physician volume 68 issue 6 pages 1103 8 year 2003 month September pmid 14524396 doi url http www.aafp.org afp 20030915 1103.html ref It can be useful in distinguishing among causes of meningitis . It is more likely to be decreased in bacterial meningitis than in viral meningitis . Normal CSF glucose is between 45 and 80 mg dl. ref name isbn0 07 140816 9 cite book author Karen Roos title Principles of neurologic infectious diseases publisher McGraw Hill, Medical Pub. Division location New York year 2005 pages 4 isbn 0 07 140816 9 oclc doi accessdate ref References div style float right border solid 10px white Test sample values div Reflist CSF tests Category Body fluids Category CSF tests medicine stub fr Glycorachie ... more details
refimprove date November 2010 Image glucose meters.jpg right thumb 300px Four generations of blood glucose ... minutes modern meters typically provide results in 5 seconds . A glucose meter or glucometer is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood . It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring HBGM by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia . A small ... test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays ... levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times ... Refimprove section date November 2010 There are several key characteristics of glucose meters which ... A consumable element containing chemicals that react with glucose in the drop of blood is used ... with glucose oxidase and other components. Each strip is used once and then discarded. Instead ... of test strips or on a chip that comes with the test strip. By entering the coding or chip into the glucose ... blood in reflecting rapidly changing glucose levels in the rest of the body. Testing times The times ... The glucose value in mg dl or mmol l is displayed in a small window. The preferred measurement unit ... 4 align center style background BCD2EE International Blood Glucose Units of Measure ref http www.abbottdiabetescare.com.au ... width 150 align center style background ivory width 150 align center style background ivory Glucose vs. plasma glucoseGlucose levels in plasma one of the components of blood are generally 10 &ndash 15 higher than glucose measurements in whole blood and even more after eating . This is important because home blood glucose meters measure the glucose in whole blood while most lab tests measure the glucose ..., even though they are measuring whole blood glucose. The plasma equivalent is calculated from the whole blood glucose reading using an equation built into the glucose meter. This allows patients to easily compare their glucose measurements in a lab test and at home. It is important for patients ... more details
other uses Trigalloyl glucose disambiguation chembox verifiedrevid 443914203 ImageFile 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose.svg ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of 1,2,6 trigalloyl glucose IUPACName 2 R ,3 S ,4 S ,5 R ,6 S 3,4 dihydroxy 5,6 bis 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl oxy oxan 2 yl methyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoate OtherNames 1,2,6 trikis O galloyl beta D glucose br 1 O,2 O,6 O Trigalloyl beta D glucose br 1,2,6 tri O gallose beta D glucopyranose br 1,2,6 tris O 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl beta D glucopyranose Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 20015942 InChIKey SMILES1 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C27H24O18 c28 11 1 8 2 12 29 19 11 36 18 35 23 40 25 45 27 43 10 5 15 32 21 38 16 33 6 10 24 41 22 39 17 34 7 44 26 42 9 3 13 30 20 37 14 31 4 9 h1 6,17,22,24 25,28 34,36 39,41H,7H2 t17 ,22 ,24 ,25 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XVILXNSBQKKWKL UZLUZJFJSA N CASNo 79886 49 0 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASOther PubChem 440308 SMILES O C H 1 C H COC C2 CC O C O C O C2 O O C H OC C3 CC O C O C O C3 O C H OC C4 CC O C O C O C4 O C H 1O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties C 27 H 24 O 18 ExactMass 636.096264 u Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose is a gallotannin found in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis . ref Gallotannin production in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. Yazaki K. and Okuda T., Plant cell reports, 1989, vol. 8, no6, pp. 346 349, INIST 7353523 , doi 10.1007 BF00716670 ref References reflist Gallotannin DEFAULTSORT Trigalloyl glucose, 1,2,6 Category Gallotannins Category Trihydroxybenzoic acids Category Pyrogallols Natural phenol stub fa ... more details
File Corn syrup.jpg right 300px Corn syrup on a black surface thumb Glucose syrup is a food syrup , made ... case the syrup is called corn syrup , but glucose syrup is also made from other starch crops ... Peter Hull title Glucose Syrups Technology and Applications publisher Wiley Blackwell location year 2010 pages isbn 1 4051 7556 7 oclc doi accessdate ref sup p.21 sup . Glucose syrup containing over 90 glucose is used in industrial fermentation food fermentation ref name isbn0 7514 0269 9 cite book ... amounts of glucose , maltose and higher oligosaccharide s, depending on the grade, and can typically contain 10 to 43 glucose. ref name Jackson cite book author E. B. Jackson title Sugar Confectionery ... sup p.132 sup Glucose syrup is used in foods to soften texture, add volume, prevent crystallization of sugar, and enhance flavor. By converting some of the glucose in corn syrup into fructose using an enzyme enzymatic process , a sweeter product, high fructose corn syrup can be produced. Types of glucose ... reaction has been allowed to proceed, different grades of glucose syrup are produced, which ..., and the higher the DE. Depending on the process used, glucose syrups with different compositions ... glucose syrups were manufactured by acid hydrolysis of corn starch at high temperature and pressure ... patent country US number 6287826 status patent title Enzymatic preparation of glucose syrup from starch ... confectioner s syrup contains 19 glucose, 14 maltose, 11 maltotriose and 56 higher molecular ... sup High maltose glucose syrups main High maltose corn syrup By using Amylase .CE.B2 Amylase amylase or fungal Alpha Amylase amylase , glucose syrups containing over 50 maltose, or even over 70 ... because these enzymes remove two glucose units i.e. one maltose molecule at a time from the end of the starch molecule. High maltose glucose syrup has a great advantage in the production of hard candy at a given moisture level and temperature, a maltose solution has a lower viscosity than a glucose ... more details
enzyme Name Glucose 6 phosphatase. EC number 3.1.3.9 CAS number 9001 39 2 IUBMB EC number 3 1 3 9 GO code 0004346 image width caption Image Glucose 6 Phosphate.svg thumb Glucose 6 phosphate Image Beta D Glucose.svg thumb GlucoseGlucose 6 phosphatase Glc 6 Pase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose 6 phosphate resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose. Glucose is then exported from the cell via glucose transporter membrane protein s. ref name pmid12093795 cite journal author Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Sun MS, Chou JY title The catalytic center of glucose 6 phosphatase. HIS176 ... plays a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels. ref name isbn0 ... Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Chou JY title Histidine 167 is the phosphate acceptor in glucose 6 phosphatase ... transport model to account for the catalytic properties of glucose 6 Pase. In this model, glucose 6 Pase has a low degree of selectivity. The transfer of the glucose 6 phosphate is carried out by a transporter ... group T2 and glucose T3 . ref name pmid11879177 cite journal author van Schaftingen E, Gerin I title The glucose 6 phosphatase system journal Biochem. J. volume 362 issue Pt 3 pages 513 32 ... bj3620513.htm pmc 1222414 ref Glucose 6 Pase consists of 357 amino acids, and is anchored to the endoplasmic ... to the ER, the exact structure of glucose 6 Pase remains unknown. However, sequence alignment has shown that glucose 6 Pase is structurally similar to the active site of the vanadium containing chloroperoxidase ... KJ, Annabi B, Hemrika W, Chou JY title Transmembrane topology of glucose 6 phosphatase journal J. Biol ... 6 Pase catalysis, it was proposed that the hydrolysis of Glucose 6 Phosphate was completed via a covalent phosphohistidine glucose 6 Phosphate intermediate. The active site of Glc 6 Pase was initially ... oxygen attached to glucose, and His176, which completes a nucleophilic attack ... charged oxygen then transfers its electrons reforming a carbonyl and breaking its bond with glucose ... more details
enzyme Name tRNA uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC number 2.5.1.25 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 5 1 25 GO code 0016432 image width caption lowercase In enzymology , a tRNA uridine aminocarboxypropyltransferase EC number 2.5.1.25 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction S adenosyl L methionine tRNA uridine math rightleftharpoons math 5 methylthioadenosine tRNA 3 3 amino 3 carboxypropyl uridine Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are S adenosyl L methionine and tRNA uridine , whereas its two product chemistry products are 5 methylthioadenosine and tRNA 3 3 amino 3 carboxypropyl uridine . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S adenosyl L methionine tRNA uridine 3 3 amino 3 carboxypropyl transferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Nishimura S, Taya Y, Kuchino Y, Oashi Z date 1974 title Enzymatic synthesis of 3 3 amino 3 carboxypropyl uridine in Escherichia coli phenylalanine transfer RNA transfer of the 3 amino acid 3 carboxypropyl group from S adenosylmethionine journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 57 pages 702&ndash 8 pmid 4597321 issue 3 doi 10.1016 0006 291X 74 90603 2 transferase stub Category EC 2.5.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
by deoxythymidine diphosphate D glucose oxidoreductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 243 pages ... diphosphate D glucose oxidoreductase from Escherichia coli B journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 244 pages ...enzyme Name dTDP glucose 4,6 dehydratase EC number 4.2.1.46 CAS number 37259 54 4 IUBMB EC number 4 2 1 46 GO code 0008460 image width caption In enzymology , a dTDP glucose 4,6 dehydratase EC number 4.2.1.46 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Thymidine diphosphateglucose dTDP glucose math rightleftharpoons math dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose H sub 2 sub O Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , Thymidine diphosphateglucose dTDP glucose , and two product chemistry products , dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the hydro lyases, which cleave carbon oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dTDP glucose 4,6 hydro lyase dTDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose forming . Other names in common use include thymidine diphosphoglucose oxidoreductase , TDP glucose oxidoreductase , and dTDP glucose 4,6 hydro lyase . This enzyme participates in 4 metabolism metabolic pathways nucleotide sugars metabolism , streptomycin biosynthesis , polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis , and biosynthesis of vancomycin group antibiotics . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , NAD . Structural studies As of late 2007, 11 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1BXK , PDB link 1G1A , PDB link 1KEP , PDB link 1KER , PDB link 1KET , PDB link 1KEU , PDB link 1KEW , PDB link 1OC2 , PDB link 1R66 , PDB link 1R6D , and PDB link 2HUN . References reflist 1 cite journal author GILBERT JM, MATSUHASHI M, STROMINGER JL date 1965 title THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE 4 ACETAMIDO 4,6 DIDEOXYHEXOSES. II PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THYMIDINE DIPHOSPHATE D GLUCOSE OXIDOREDUCTASE journal J. Biol ... more details
enzyme Name CDP glucose 4,6 dehydratase EC number 4.2.1.45 CAS number 37259 55 5 IUBMB EC number 4 2 1 45 GO code 0047733 image width caption In the field of enzymology , a CDP glucose 4,6 dehydratase is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction Cytidine diphosphateglucose CDP glucose math rightleftharpoons math CDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose H sub 2 sub O Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , cytidine diphosphateglucose CDP glucose , and two product chemistry products , CDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the hydro lyases, which cleave carbon oxygen bonds. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD . Nomenclature The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP glucose 4,6 hydro lyase CDP 4 dehydro 6 deoxy D glucose forming . Other names in common use include cytidine diphosphoglucose oxidoreductase, and CDP glucose 4,6 hydro lyase. Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1RKX and PDB link 1WVG . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hey AE, Elbein AD date 1966 title Biosynthesis of tyvelose. The purification and properties of cytidine diphosphate D glucose oxidoreductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 5473&ndash 8 pmid 4380946 issue 22 cite journal author Matsuhashi S, Matsuhashi M, Brown JG, Strominger JL date 1966 title Enzymatic synthesis of cytidine diphosphate 3,6 dideoxyhexoses. 3 Cytidine diphosphate D glucose oxidoreductase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 241 pages 4283&ndash 7 pmid 4288651 issue 18 cite journal author Melo A, Elliott WH, Glaser L date 1968 title The mechanism of 6 deoxyhexose synthesis. I. Intramolecular hydrogen transfer catalyzed by deoxythymidine diphosphate D glucose oxidoreductase ... more details
PBB geneid 7372 Uridine monophosphate synthetase UMPS orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine 5 decarboxylase is the enzyme EC number 4.1.1.23 that catalyses the formation of uridine monophosphate UMP , an energy carrying molecule in many important biosynthetic pathways. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene UMPS uridine monophosphate synthetase orotate phosphoribosyl transferase and orotidine 5 decarboxylase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7372 accessdate ref In humans, the gene that codes for this enzyme is located on the long arm of chromosome 3 3q13 . ref name pmid2767686 cite journal author Qumsiyeh MB, Valentine MB, Suttle DP title Localization of the gene for uridine monophosphate synthase to human chromosome region 3q13 by in situ hybridization journal Genomics volume 5 issue 1 pages 160 2 year 1989 month July pmid 2767686 doi 10.1016 0888 7543 89 90103 1 url ref Structure and Function This bifunctional enzyme has ... web title Uracil metabolism UMP synthesis from orotic acid or uridine and conversion of uracil to beta ... sites catalyze the last two steps of the de novo uridine monophosphate UMP biosynthetic pathway ... to form uridine monophosphate by ODCase. In microorganisms, these two domains are separate ..., uridine monophosphate synthetase. ref name Jones 1980 Jones, M. E. 1980 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49 ... Shanks RD, Robinson JL title Embryonic mortality attributed to inherited deficiency of uridine monophosphate ... WP1601 highlight Uridine monophosphate synthetase See also orotidine 5 phosphate decarboxylase ... doi cite journal author Qumsiyeh MB, Valentine MB, Suttle DP title Localization of the gene for uridine ... and initial characterization of the single polypeptide that synthesizes uridine 5 monophosphate from orotate in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Purification by tandem affinity chromatography of uridine 5 ... of uridine monophosphate synthase UMPS gene to river buffalo chromosomes by FISH journal Chromosome ... more details
enzyme Name Z farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC number 2.5.1.68 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 5 1 68 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a Z farnesyl diphosphate synthase EC number 2.5.1.68 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction geranyl diphosphate isopentenyl diphosphate math rightleftharpoons math diphosphate 2Z,6E farnesyl diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are diphosphate and 2Z,6E farnesyl diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranyl diphosphate isopentenyl diphosphate geranylcistransferase . This enzyme is also called Z farnesyl diphosphate synthase . References reflist 1 cite journal author F, Bertini S, Brennan PJ, Crick DC date 2001 title Purification, enzymatic characterization, and inhibition of the Z farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 pages 11624&ndash 30 pmid 11152452 doi 10.1074 jbc.M007168200 issue 15 transferase stub Category EC 2.5.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
author LELOIR LF title The enzymatic transformation of uridinediphosphateglucose into a galactose ... Purification of uridinediphosphate galactose 4 epimerase from yeast and the identification of protein ...enzyme Name UDP glucose 4 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.2 CAS number 9032 89 7 IUBMB EC number 5 1 3 2 GO code 0003978 image Human GALE bound to NADH and UDP glucose.png width caption H. sapiens UDP glucose 4 epimerase homodimer bound to font color Goldenrod NADH font and font color magenta UDP glucose font ... p35 The enzyme UDP glucose 4 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.2 , also known as UDP galactose ... conversion of UDP galactose to UDP glucose . ref name Leloir cite journal author Holden HM ... of the NADH UDP glucose abortive complex of UDP galactose 4 epimerase from Escherichia coli implications ... UDP, such that the subunit is responsible for correctly positioning UDP glucose or UDP galactose ... 2 Known E. coli GALE residue interactions with UDP glucose and UDP galactose. ref name dramatic ... galactose and UDP glucose to UDP galactose 4 epimerase from Escherichia coli journal Biochemistry .... Tyr 299, Asn 179 Interact with galactose 2 hydroxyl or glucose 6 hydroxyl group properly position sugar within active site. Tyr 177, Phe 178 Interact with galactose 3 hydroxyl or glucose 6 hydroxyl group .... Mechanism Conversion of UDP galactose to UDP glucose GALE inverts the configuration of the 4 ... metabolism. Galactose is therefore preferentially converted into glucose 1 phosphate , which ... ref GALE functions as one of four enzymes in the Leloir pathway of galactose conversion of glucose ... transfer of a UMP moiety from UDP glucose to galactose 1 phosphate, generating UDP galactose and glucose 1 phosphate ref name Leloir . In the final Leloir step, UDP glucose is regenerated from UDP galactose by GALE UDP glucose cycles back to the third step of the pathway. ref name Leloir As such, GALE regenerates a substrate necessary for continued Leloir pathway cycling. The glucose 1 phosphate ... more details
enzyme Name Lavandulyl diphosphate synthase EC number 2.5.1.69 CAS number IUBMB EC number 2 5 1 69 GO code image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , a lavandulyl diphosphate synthase EC number 2.5.1.69 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 dimethylallyl diphosphate math rightleftharpoons math diphosphate lavandulyl diphosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , dimethylallyl diphosphate , and two product chemistry products , diphosphate and lavandulyl diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring aryl or alkyl groups other than methyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dimethylallyl diphosphate dimethylallyl diphosphate dimethylallyltransferase lavandulyl diphosphate forming . This enzyme is also called FDS 5 . References reflist 1 cite journal author Erickson HK, Poulter CD date 2003 title Chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase. The relationship among chain elongation, branching, and cyclopropanation reactions in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 125 pages 6886&ndash 8 pmid 12783539 doi 10.1021 ja034520g issue 23 cite journal author Hemmerlin A, Rivera SB, Erickson HK, Poulter CD date 2003 title Enzymes encoded by the farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene family in the Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 pages 32132&ndash 40 pmid 12782626 doi 10.1074 jbc.M213045200 issue 34 transferase stub Category EC 2.5.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
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