The term use of force describes a right of an individual or authority to Conflict resolution settle conflicts ... or military to maintain public order. The use of force is governed by statute and is usually authorized in a progressive series of actions, referred to as a use of force continuum . ref The use ..., use of force comes into play when the lawbreaker refuses to desist, or attempts to flee from ... is the only way to minimize loss of life. When the use of military force is employed by the state towards ... J. Hibbitts year 2007 url http jurist.law.pitt.edu forumy 2006 07 proportionality and use of force in.php accessdate 2007 10 07 ref Military and police A use of force doctrine is employed by police ... be a justifiable homicide . U.S. soldiers on guard duty are given a use of force briefing by the sergeant ... if they leave before being properly relieved . For the English law on the use of force by police officers ... S. Use of Deadly Force by the South African Police Services Re visited . http www.crisa.org.za section 49.pdf . Use of force continuum main Use of force continuum The use of force may be standardized by a use of force continuum , which presents guidelines as to the degree of force appropriate in a given situation. One source identifies five very generalized steps, increasing from least use of force ... level of force would be ineffective in dealing with the situation. ref cite web title The Use of Force Continuum url http www.nij.gov topics law enforcement officer safety use of force continuum.htm ... force likely to cause permanent injury or death to a subject Use of force continuum s can be further ... 1967 . It states A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention ... or of persons unlawfully at large . The benchmark as to whether the use of force is considered lawful ... There is also a common law definition of reasonable force See also Use of force continuum Distinction ... security personnel to employ force to actively prevent imminent commission of crime , or even for deterrence ... more details
Orphan date March 2012 Infobox book name The Use of Force translator image image caption author William Carlos Williams illustrator cover artist country United States language English language English series subject genre short story publisher release date 1938 english release date media type pages isbn preceded by followed by The Use of Force is a short story by the American author William Carlos Williams first published 1938. The story is narrated in first person by an unnamed doctor who is answering a house visit to see a sick girl. Fearing that she may have diphtheria , the doctor decides to check her throat. However, she refuses to open her mouth and the doctor uses force to restrain her and examine her throat with a spoon, which makes the girl very mad. The doctor finds that, against her own self interest, the girl has hidden the symptoms of diphtheria from her parents and the doctor. The story is written without the use of quotation marks, and the dialogue is not distinguished from the narrator s comments. The story is rendered from the subjective point of view of the doctor, and explores his subdued enjoyment of forcefully subduing the stubborn child in an attempt to acquire the throat sample. The overall theme of the story revolves around power and submission and the doctor s unnerved feeling following the forceful encounter. DEFAULTSORT Use of Force Category 1938 short stories Category Short stories by William Carlos Williams story stub ... more details
Authorization for Use of Military Force may refer to Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 authorizing the Persian Gulf War, also known as Operation Desert Storm H.R.J. Res. 77 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists , also known as Public Law No 107 40 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 , also known as Iraq Resolution , Iraq War Resolution and Public Law No 107 243 disambig de Authorization for Use of Military Force ... more details
Legitimate use of force can refer to the right of a state to exercise legitimate authority or violence over a given territory. See monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force . the right of civilians acting on their own behalf to engage in violence for the sake of self defense. See right of self defense disambig Category Law law term stub ... more details
A use of force continuum is a standard that provides law enforcement officials & security officers such as police ... use of forceforce may be used against a resisting subject in a given situation. In certain ways it is similar ... and citizens, the complex subject of use of force by law officers. They are often central parts of law enforcement agencies use of force policies. Although various criminal justice agencies ..., 2001, p. 36. ref The first examples of use of force continua were developed in the 1980s and early ... level before reaching the final level of force. These progressions rest on the premise that officers should escalate and de escalate their level of force in response to the subject s actions. ref Stetser, 2001, p.38. ref Although the use of force continuum is used primarily as a training tool for law ... law hearings by police review boards. In particular, a graphics graphical representation of a use of force continuum is useful to a jury when deciding whether an officer s use of force was reasonable. ref Grossi, 2006. ref Example model While the specific progression of force varies considerably especially the wide gap between empty hand control and deadly force among different agencies and jurisdictions, one of the more general models cited in a U.S. government publication on use of force ... , beanbag round s and etc. 5 Lethal force. To illustrate how different agencies may use differing models ..., Hard controls, Soft controls, Intermediate Weapons, and Lethal force. Hard controls includes the use ... date June 2, 2006 accessdate 2006 11 25 cite book last Stetser first Merle title The Use of Force ... are presented in stair step fashion, with each level of force matched by a corresponding level of subject ... during which higher levels of force may have been required. Notes reflist References cite web format ... Measuring the Amount of Force Used By and Against the Police in Six Jurisdictions last Garner first ... 09 26 cite web last Grossi first Mark title Setting the record straight on force continuums url http ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 The use of force by states is controlled by both customary international ... in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political ... 2770&lang en ref Although some commentators interpret Article 2 4 as banning only the use of force ... the effect of banning the use of armed force except for two situations authorized by the UN Charter ... the use of force was in 1950 to secure a North Korean withdrawal from South Korea . Although it was originally ... of Taiwan . The Security Council did not authorize the use of significant armed force again until ... passed United Nations Security Council Resolution Resolution 678 , which authorized the use of force ... to international peace and security, and recalled that resolution 678 authorized the use of force to restore peace and security. Thus it is arguable that 1441 impliedly authorized the use of force. The UN has also authorized the use of force in peacekeeping or humanitarian interventions, notably ... in the Nicaragua v. United States Nicaragua Case on the use of force. Some commentators believe ... is imminent and inevitable. The right to use interventionary , pre emptive armed force in the face ... of nationals The controversial claim to a right to useforce in order to protect nationals abroad ... of the phrasing of article 2 4 , specifically about the use of the solitary word force. There is a strain ... to in article 51, the use of the word force in 2 4 holds a wider meaning, encompassing economic force ... the use of actual armed force would not be. See also Laws of War International Law Sources of International Law References Reflist For Further Reading Barzilai, Gad and Efraim Inbar. The Use of Force ... cgi content abstract 22 4 511 Hendrickson, Ryan C. NATO s Secretary General and the Use of Force Willy ... afs.sagepub.com cgi content abstract 31 1 95 Use dmy dates date February 2011 DEFAULTSORT Use Of Force ... reason to prevent states from using force as they felt so inclined , said Louise Doswald Beck , Secretary ... more details
Distinguish Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 The Authorization for Use of Military Force ref Text of Resolution, http www.gpo.gov fdsys pkg PLAW 107publ40 pdf PLAW 107publ40.pdf ref is a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress on September 14, 2001, authorizing the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on September 11, 2001 . The authorization granted the President of the United States President the authority to use all necessary and appropriate force against those whom he determined planned, authorized, committed or aided the September 11th attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups. The AUMF was signed by President George W. Bush on September 18, 2001. The AUMF was unsuccessfully cited by the George W. Bush administration in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld , in which the Supreme Court of the United States U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the administration s Guantanamo military commission military commissions at Guantanamo Bay detainment camp Guantanamo Bay were not competent tribunal s as constituted and thus illegal. The AUMF has also been cited by the administration as authority for engaging in electronic surveillance in ACLU v. NSA without obtaining a warrant of the special Court as required by the Foreign ... assembled, Section 1 Short Title This joint resolution may be cited as the Authorization for Use of Military Force . Section 2 Authorization For Use of United States Armed Forces a IN GENERAL That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations ... for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 . National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal ... for Use of Military Force bill Category 2001 in law Category Causes and prelude of the Iraq War Category ... relations de Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists ... To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks ... more details
Wikisource The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution short title USPL 102 1 or Joint Resolution to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 official title , was the United States Congress s January 14, 1991 authorization of the use of U.S. military force in the Gulf War . President George H. W. Bush requested a Congressional joint resolution on January 8, 1991, one week before the January 15, 1991 deadline issued to Iraq specified by the November 29, 1990 United Nations United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 . President Bush had deployed over 500,000 U.S. troops without Congressional authorization to Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf region in the preceding five months in response to Iraq s August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait . President Bush said that as Commander in chief he did not need Congressional authorization to use military force against Iraq and that his request for a Congressional joint resolution was merely a courtesy to Congress. Legislative History Senate Joint Resolution 2 was approved in the United States Senate on January 12, 1991 by a vote of 52 to 47. USBill 102 S.J.Res. 2 was sponsored by John Warner Republican Party United States R with 34 cosponsors 29 Republicans and 5 Democrats. The Democrats were Howell Heflin , Bennett Johnston Jr. Bennett Johnston , Joe Lieberman , Chuck Robb , and Richard Shelby . Approved 52 47 at 2 44 PM EST on Saturday, January 12, 1991. Democrats 10 45. 10 18 of 56 Democratic Senators voted for the resolution John Breaux , Richard Bryan , Al Gore , Bob Graham , Howell Heflin , Bennett Johnston Jr. Bennett Johnston , Joe Lieberman , Harry Reid , Chuck Robb , Richard Shelby Alan Cranston was recovering from surgery and did not vote, but would have voted against the resolution. Republicans 42 2. Chuck Grassley and Mark Hatfield voted against the resolution. House Joint Resolution 77 was approved in the United States House of Representatives ... more details
Authority for Use of Military Force to Combat Terrorist Activities Within the United States is the name of a 37 page Classified information classified United States Department of Justice memorandum dated March 13, 2003. Its existence is known because it was referred to in another Department of Justice memo. According to the latter memo, the former memo argued that the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution had no application to domestic military operations. The memo has been released to the public. ref http www.justice.gov olc docs memomilitaryforcecombatus10232001.pdf ref References references terrorism stub Category United States Department of Justice Category United States public law Category War on Terror ... more details
wiktionarypar useUse may refer to Use law , an obligation on a person to whom property has been conveyed Use mention distinction , the distinction between using a word and mentioning it See also Use case User story USE disambiguation disambig es Uso ... more details
USE or U.S.E. can refer to United States of Europe , a term sometimes used to refer to a hypothetical Federal Europe The fictional United States of Europe in the alternate history novel 1632 novel 1632 and the following 1632 series 1632 book series United State of Electronica , an American rock band U.S.E. album U.S.E. album , a self titled album by the band Uganda Securities Exchange , a stock exchange Uzbekistan Stock Exchange disambig ... more details
No first use NFU refers to a pledge or a policy by a List of states with nuclear weapons nuclear power not to use nuclear weapons as a means of war fare unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear ... richard h ullman no first use of nuclear weapons.html No First Use of Nuclear Weapons Richard ... ref have publicly declared their commitment to no first use of nuclear weapons. NATO has repeatedly ... s Nuclear Weapons The Rationale for No First Use Arms Control Association July August 1999 Jack Mendelsohn ... February 2011 In 1993, Russia dropped a pledge given by the former Soviet Union not to use nuclear weapons first. ref cite news last Schmemann first Serge title Russia Drops Pledge of No First Use of Atom Arms url http www.nytimes.com 1993 11 04 world russia drops pledge of no first use of atom arms.html ... military doctrine stated that Russia reserves the right to use nuclear weapons in response to a large ... No First Use of Nuclear Weapons meeting paper by Yuri Fedorov, Russia s Doctrine on the Use ... no first use People s Republic of China China , ref http www.nuclearfiles.org menu key issues nuclear weapons issues policies no first use 1995 04 05.htm Key Issues Nuclear Weapons Issues Policies No First Use Policy Bot generated title ref Republic of India India , and North Korea , ref name nk nofirstuse have pledged not to be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict. China China is the first ... to use nuclear weapons at any time or under any circumstances . Nonetheless, some scholars ... China nfuorg.htm No First Use NFU China s nuclear declaratory policy ref ref http jir.janes.com public .... However, China has repeatedly re affirmed its no first use policy in recent years, doing so in 2005 ... over the conditions under which China s no first use policy would or would not apply...there has been ... use doctrine ref Chinese nuclear forces, 2010. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists ref ref http www.mcclatchydc.com ... no first use nuke policy UPI 15471232462751 ref ref http www.chinasecurity.us index.php?option com ... more details
. Use errors vs. force majeure A mishap is typically considered as either a use error or a force majeure ref name Weiler A use error is a mishap in which a human operator is involved. Typically ...The term Use Error has recently been introduced to replace the commonly used terms human error and user ... device s see Use errors in health care below for references , suggests that accident s should ... source for the use errors is the human operator. For example, the U.S. Department of Defence DoD ... use errors attributed to the human operator, disregarding improper design and configuration setting ... the Risks of Use Errors The ITS Warning Systems Case Study ref . The need for changing the term was due ... , Dekker, 2007 The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error ref A force majeure is a mishap that does not involve a human being in the chain of events preceding the event. Use errors in health ... Use Error is formally defined in several international standard s, such as International Electrotechnical ... by the user. ISO standards about medical devices and procedures provide examples of use errors, which ... ucm202502.htm , FDA, Medical Devices, Glossary ref Safe and effective use of a medical device means ... and effective use is not achieved, use error has occurred. Why and how use error occurs is a human factors concern. With this interpretation by ISO and the FDA, the term use error is actually synonymous with user error . Another approach, which distinguishes use errors from user errors , is taken ... uses the concept of use error. This term was chosen over the more commonly used term of human error because not all errors associated with the use of medical device are the result of oversight or carelessness of the part of the user of the medical device. Much more commonly, use errors are the direct ... IT usability, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST defines use error in healthcare IT this way Use error is a term used very specifically to refer to user interface designs that will engender ... more details
Drug use may refer to any drug use or Drug abuse Drug addiction Entheogen ic spiritual drug use Medication Performance enhancing drug use Recreational drug use Self medication disambig ko ... more details
Energy use or similar terms are discussed in the following articles Efficient energy use World energy resources and consumption energy use intensity disamb ... more details
Use Me may refer to Use Me song Use Me song , 1972 song by Bill Withers Use Me a 1994 gospel song on that appears on God Is Able Ron Kenoly album God Is Able Ron Kenoly album Use Me a 2002 song by Garbage that was the B side for some editions of their Cherry Lips Cherry Lips single Use Me Kid Courageous song Use Me Kid Courageous song , 2005 song by Kid Courageous Use Me Hinder song Use Me Hinder song , 2008 song by Hinder Use Me album Use Me album , a 2011 album by David Bromberg disambig ... more details
Socialism sidebar Production for use is a defining criterion of a socialist economy and distinguishes ... Diff Syst 06 12.pdf ref Production for use is contrasted with production for profit subjecting production ... for use implies that the production of goods and services would be undertaken to satisfy economic demands and human needs directly and the value of economic output would be based on its Use value usefulness ... and social needs. In contrast to production for use, production for profit implies that economic ... satisfaction of use values by orienting production toward generating a profit to be reinvested ... is structured around the perpetual need for a continuous accumulation of capital. ref Production for Use ... on production for use and the end of the profit system. ref Is the New Deal Socialism? , by Norman .... ref Let s produce for use, not profit , Socialist Standard, May 2010. Retrieved August 07, 2010 http ... sufficient demand and need for housing units. Production for use was the historically dominant modality until the initial primitive accumulation of capital. Production for use is not in conflict with Market ... access according to needs . Economic planning is not synonymous with production for use . Planning ... with state capitalism As an objective criterion for socialism, production for use can be used ... for use and economic democracy self management . Vladimir Lenin described the Soviet economy as state ... collectivism . Contrary socialist theories The concept of production for use has been rejected ... for use or production for profit is a false dichotomy since, in the theoretical abstraction of Perfect ... criticism, elaborated by the Austrian school of economics , states the implication that use value can be determined without a profit and loss mechanism is false use value can only be discovered ... production of use values through the free cooperation of producers who have access to distributed ... code. In both cases, production is carried out directly for use software is produced solely for their use ... more details
end of the nonconforming use allows for a complete return on the investment. ref Gage ref See also Grandfather clause Zoning Zoning in the United States land use Variance land use Spot zoning Special use permit References references External links http www.answers.com topic nonconforming use Definition ... more details
near the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore . Land use is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in zoning . Land use is the human use of land. Land use involves the management and modification ... climate ipcc land use 045.htm IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land Use Change And Forestry, 2.2.1.1 Land Use ref Land use and regulation Land use practices vary considerably across the world ... use concerns the products and or benefits obtained from use of the land as well as the land management ... use is a key term in the language of city planning. ref http www.informaworld.com smpp content db ... land use planning and regulate the use of land in an attempt to avoid land use conflicts . Land use plans are implemented through land division and use ordinances and regulations, such as zoning regulations ... these regulations before they are codified. Image Europe land use map.png thumb left 500px A land use map of Europe major non natural land uses include arable farmland yellow and pasture light green Land use and the environment Land use and land management practices have a major impact on natural resources including water , soil , nutrient s, plant s and animal s. Land use information can be used ... system, is believed to be the oldest form of land use in the world. ref cite book title Forest ... to control the growth of wild plants, is undoubtedly the oldest form of land use in the world. ref The major effect of land use on land cover since 1750 has been deforestation of temperate ... effects of land use include urban sprawl , soil erosion , soil degradation , salinization ... and Land Use Cover Data Sources ret. 26 June 2007 ref Land use change, together with use ... there has been an absence of any land use planning, or of its orderly execution, or the existence of financial or legal incentives that have led to the wrong land use decisions, or one sided central planning ... are central. This will ensure the long term quality of the land for human use, the prevention or resolution ... more details
One source date February 2011 Orphan date February 2011 An allegation of use is a necessary filing in the prosecution of an intent to use ITU trademark application in the United States trademark law United States . Background An AOU can come in the form of an amendment to allege use or a statement of use . In the United States system, a person may file an application for a trademark that the applicant intends to use, but is not currently using in commerce. In order to convert the ITU application into an actual use application, thereby enjoying the full benefit of a U.S. registration, the applicant must file an acceptable AOU within three years of the application clearing examination by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office USPTO . An acceptable AOU includes a declaration signed by the applicant or his or her representative that states that the trademark is currently in use. The AOU must also include specimens that show the trademark used in commerce in connection with the goods or services identified in the application. Once the USPTO accepts an AOU, the application is converted into an actual use registration, with the date of filing of the ITU used as the priority date or the date of first use. References http tess2.uspto.gov tmdb tmep 1100.htm T1103 Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure 1103 reflist Category Trademark law US law stub ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Channel Use Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Channel use is a quantity used in signal processing or telecommunication related to symbol rate and channel capacity . Capacity is measured in bits per input symbol into the channel bits per channel use . If a symbol enters the channel every T sub s sub seconds for every symbol period a symbol is transmitted the channel capacity in bits per second is C T sub s sub . The phrase 1 bit per channel use denotes the transmission of 1 symbol of duration T sub s sub containing 1 data bit. See also Adaptive communications End instrument Spectral efficiency and modulation efficiency in bit s Hz DEFAULTSORT Channel Use Category Data transmission Category Information theory Telecomm stub ... more details
A licence to use or LTU is a licence to use an intellectual property such as a patent or trademark . This is distinct from other types of licence such as a licence to manufacture or copy the invention or design. It is the sort of licence commonly issued for the use of computer software . ref citation url http books.google.co.uk books?id 7G5A2pyvCQUC&pg PA328 title From patent to profit secrets & strategies for the successful inventor author Bob DeMatteis ref References reflist Category Intellectual property law law stub ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 context October 2009 Expert subject finance date May 2009 Property Use Pertaining to residential Mortgage loan mortgages and their risk based pricing methods, the property use is sub categorized as follows Primary residence , Second home , Non owner occupied or investment property A primary residence is viewed and priced as the lowest risk factor of Property Use. There are no adjustments to pricing or rate. A second home is viewed and priced according to lender, some will asses the same risk factor as a primary residence while others will factor in a 0.125 to 0.5 pricing increase to mitigate the perceived risk. Lenders perceive that the borrower is less likely to value the second home if the borrower was faced with financial difficulties. A non owner occupied property is viewed and priced as the highest risk factor of property use. Lenders will factor in a 0.5 to 2.5 pricing increase to mitigate the perceived risk. Ask a corresponding mortgage broker , mortgage banker , or retail banker for specific pricing adjustments according to property use. DEFAULTSORT Property Use Category Mortgage ... more details
UML diagram types File Use case restaurant model.svg thumb right A Unified Modeling Language UML Use ... software and systems engineering , a use case pronounced ju s , a case in the use of a system ... system. In systems engineering, use cases are used at a higher level than within software engineering ... textual, structural and visual modeling techniques for specifying use cases. In 1992 his co ... but found that neither of these terms sounded natural in English, and eventually he settled on use case . ref name cockburn http alistair.cockburn.us index.php Use cases 2C ten years later Alistair Cockburn, Use cases, ten years later ref Since then, others have contributed to improving this technique, notably including Alistair Cockburn . Use case structure Martin Fowler Martin Fowler states There is no standard way to write the content of a use case, and different formats work well in different cases. ref name Fowler Fowler, 2004. ref rp 100 He describes a common style to use as follows ref name Fowler rp 101 Title goal the use case is trying to satisfy ref name Fowler rp 101 Main Success ... 101 Alistair Cockburn Alistair Cockburn describes a more detailed structure for a use case, but permits it to be simplified when less detail is needed. His fully dressed use case structure is ref name Cockburn2001 Cockburn, 2001 ref rp 9 10 Fully dressed use case structure Cockburn s Fully dressed use case template lists the following fields ref name Cockburn120 Cockburn, 2001. Page 120. ref Title ... cover. Field Use Case Title . ref Primary Actor Goal in Context Scope Level Stakeholders and Interests ... to indicate the nature of each use case icons for design scope and goal level. Cockburn s approach ... use case template from software to systems of all kinds, with the following fields differing from ... scenarios Casual use case structure Cockburn recognizes that projects may not always need detailed fully dressed use cases. He describes a Casual use case with the fields ref name Cockburn120 Title ... more details
Nominative use , also nominative fair use , is a legal doctrine that provides an affirmative defense to trademark infringement as enunciated by the United States United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Ninth Circuit , ref name Doellinger cite journal url http www.law.northwestern.edu journals njtip v1 n1 5 Doellinger.pdf first Chad J. last Doellinger title Nominative Fair Use Jardine and the Demise of a Doctrine year 2003 volume 1 issue 1 accessdate 2007 12 02 format pdf journal Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property publisher Northwestern University ref by which a person may use the trademark of another as a reference to describe the other product, or to compare it to their own. Nominative use may be considered to be either related to, or a type of trademark fair use sometimes called classic fair use or statutory fair use . All trademark fair use doctrines, however classified, are distinct from the fair use fair use doctrine in copyright law . The nominative use test essentially states that one party may use or refer to the trademark of another if The product or service cannot be readily identified without using the trademark e.g. trademark is descriptive ... sponsorship or endorsement by the trademark holder. This applies even if the nominative use is commercial, and the same test applies for metatags . Furthermore, if a use is found to be nominative ... The nominative use doctrine was first enunciated in 1992 by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth .... This use was extended to metatags in Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Welles , ref Playboy Enterprises ... website . The court found that Welles had to use the term to completely describe herself, as she had ... older cases, identifying a unifying principle that they then named nominative use . Among the older .... See also Fair use U.S. trademark law References reflist Category United States trademark law Category Fair use Category Legal doctrines and principles ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
