See also Industrial applicability Patent law In United States patent law , utility is a patentability ... showing that there is no specific, substantial, and credible utility. European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion. ref In this respect, decision http legal.european patent ... Beneficial utility was first recognized as a requirement in United States patent law in the 1817 case .... Manual of Patent Examining Procedure 706.03 a II Practical utility The last utility category ... real world use. ref Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 236 3d. ed. 2009 . ref The utility threshold is relatively ... did not satisfy the utility requirement because the patent applicants did not show that the steroid ... established the primary focus of utility in United States patent law until the twentieth century ... from which patent applications come, the United States Supreme Court has fashioned a higher bar of utility ... prosecution , the disclosed utility is presumed valid. The patent office bears the burden to disprove ... F.3d 1318 Fed. cir. 2005 . ref Novelty vs. utility Unlike novelty patent novelty , a court will not assume ... Group Sufficiency of disclosure Utility in Canadian patent law Utility model External links http ... for Compliance with the Utility Requirement USPTO website DEFAULTSORT UtilityPatent Category ... any new and useful process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter...may obtain a patent ... Mass. 1817 The law...does not look to the degree of utility it simply requires that it shall be capable of use.... ref The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, ref Janice M. Mueller, Patent Law 235 3d. ed. 2009 ref but the doctrine prevents the patenting of fantastic .... Patent Law and Policy Cases and Materials . 4th ed. New York LexisNexis. 1999 ref The patent examiner s guidelines require that a patent application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility. ref See Brenner v. Manson , 383 U.S. 519 1966 USPTO, Utility Examination Guidelines, 66 Fed. Reg ... more details
Canadian patent law Patent law WAP assignment course Wikipedia Canada Education Program Courses Intellectual Property Copyright, Trademark and Patent Ariel Katz university University of Toronto term 2011 Q3 project WikiProject Wikipedia In Canadian patent law , inventions must be useful , in addition to Novelty and non obviousness in Canadian patent law novel and non obvious , in order to be patented. ref http laws lois.justice.gc.ca eng acts P 4 index.html Canadian Patent Act , RSC 1985, c P 4, s 2. ref General principles Although utility can be demonstrated by commercial success, it only requires that the invention is directed to a practical use and that it does what is indicated in the patent. The mechanism underlying an invention s function does not need to be disclosed in the patent. If a mechanism is proposed in the patent but is subsequently disproven, the patent is not invalidated ... X v Canada Commissioner of Patents 1981 , 59 CPR 2d 7, 1981 FCJ No 1013. ref A patent is addressed ... into consideration when the patent is being interpreted by the courts. ref Burton Parsons Chemicals ... , 54 DLR 3d 711, 1976 1 SCR 555. ref If a patent s scope is so broad that a person skilled in the art ... v Noranda Mines Ltd 1952 , 15 CPR 133, 1952 JCJ No 2. ref To be valid, a patent s usefulness must be established, wither by demonstration or by sound prediction, at the time of the patent application. Any evidence of utility after this date is irrelevant, regardless of when the patent s validity is challenged. Later proof of an invention s inutility can be used to invalidate a patent. ref Apotex .... ref Sound prediction The utility of an invention can be established by sound prediction where utility ... from the factual basis. There must be proper disclosure. Rationale The grant of a patent gives the inventor ... Foundation Ltd. Apotex Inc v Wellcome Foundation Ltd , 2002 SCC 77, 2002 4 SCR 153. ref That a patent ... v Canada Commissioner of Patents X v Canada Commissioner of Patents Category Canadian patent law canadian ... more details
about the economic concept Utilitarianism In economics , utility is a measure of satisfaction, referring ... the simple meaning of term utility is The want satisfying capacity of a good is called Utility of that good Ex Satisfying the want of Writing is the utility of a pen, http www.investopedia.com terms u utility.asp axzz1eGQlDNsr , Definition of Utility by Investopedia ref but also referring to satisfaction received by its contingent production relations ref http www.thefreedictionary.com utility , Definition of Utility Economics by The Free Dictionary ref . Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of increasing or decreasing utility, and thereby explain economic behavior in terms of attempts to increase one s utility. Utility is often modeled to be affected by Consumption economics consumption ... of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion for the organization of society ... , society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for the greatest happiness ... maximize the utility of those with the lowest utility, raising them up to create a more equitable distribution across society. Utility is usually applied by economists in such constructs as the indifference ... accept to maintain a given level of satisfaction. Individual utility and social utility can be construed as the value of a utility function and a social welfare function respectively. When coupled with production ... is a central concept in welfare economics . In finance , utility is applied to generate an individual s price for an asset called the indifference price . Utility functions are also related to risk measure s, with the most common example being the entropic risk measure . Quantifying utility It was recognized that utility could not be measured or observed directly, so instead economists devised a way ... named by Paul Samuelson , were revealed e.g. in people s willingness to pay blockquote Utility ... Cardinal and ordinal utility Details cardinal utility Economists distinguish between cardinal ... more details
rights are sometimes called plant patents , and utility model s and Gebrauchsmuster are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents . The additional qualification utilitypatent is sometimes ...Other uses Patent law Image US Patent cover.jpg thumb right 175px United States patent law U.S patent A patent IPAc en icon p t n t or IPAc en p e t n t is a form of intellectual property . It consists ..., however, a patent application must include one or more claim patent claim s defining the invention which must meet the relevant patentability requirements such as novelty patent novelty and inventive ..., in all fields of technology, ref Article 27.1. of the TRIPs Agreement. ref and the term of patent ... method patent business methods and software patent computer programs . Definition The word patent originates ... . More directly, it is a shortened version of the term letters patent , which was a royal decree granting exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system. Similar grants included land patent s, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patent s, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted ... of particular species of patents for inventions include biological patent s, business method patent s, chemical patent s and software patent s. History Main History of patent law File US patents ... url http www.uspto.gov web offices ac ido oeip taf h counts.htm title U.S. Patent Activity 1790 to the Present ... arising from which were secured to the inventor by patent for the space of a year. ref Charles ... architect Filippo Brunelleschi received a three year patent for a barge with hoist device ... MacLeod, Inventing the Industrial Revolution The English Patent System, 1660 1800 , Cambridge University ... English patent with a license of 20 years to John of Utynam for introducing the making of colored ... Kingdom Patent Applications publisher nexis.com accessdate 29 November 2010 ref Patents in the modern ... more details
Wiktionary utilityUtility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory. Utility may also refer to Public utility , an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves Utilitypatent , one of the requirements for patentability in Canadian and United States patent laws Utility software or a utility program, a software program that functions for a particular purpose Utility player , a baseball player who plays more than one position regularly. Utility model , an intellectual property right to protect inventions Utility Radio , a radio receiver manufactured in Great Britain during the 1939 45 World War Utility room , a room in a house, which is the descendant of the scullery Utility vehicle , a vehicle that is designed for a specific task Utility car , a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ute Utilities film Utilities film , a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform , often abbreviated to Utilities , the battledress uniform of the United States Marine Corps disambiguation de Utility es Utilidad eu Baliagarritasun argipena ko it Utilit nl Utility ja pl U yteczno pt Utilidade sk Utilita ... more details
Wiktionarypar Patentpatent patently patency For the Wikipedia template Template Patent A patent a set of exclusive rights granted by a state national government to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention. Types of intellectual property patents Biological patent Business method patent Chemical patent Design patent for an ornamental design or shape Software patentUtility model , also known as a petty patent, innovation patent, minor patent, or small patentUtilitypatent , for an invention that functions in a unique manner and not merely ornametal. Other meanings of patent Letters patent , a type of legal instrument issued by a monarch or president, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation Land patent , a land grant, such as in a patented mining claim Patent leather , a shiny form of leather originally produced by a patented process Patent medicine , medical compounds of questionable effectiveness sold under a variety of names and labels Patent bet , in the UK, a wager on three selections and consisting of 7 separate bets In medicine and biology, patent implies open, unobstructed, expanded, e.g. patent ductus arteriosus See also Plant Patent Act , legislation allowing plant breeds to be patented in the United States disambiguation de Patent Begriffskl rung nl Patent ja ru sk Patent sl Patent razlo itev ... more details
the utility model is called a Petty Patent . ref cite web url http www.wipo.int wipolex .... ref Utility Model Law 3 Abs. 1 ref In Spain , the novelty patent novelty requirement for obtaining ... in Spain is prejudicial against the novelty of the invention claim patent claim ed in the utility ... applications may be prepared and filed at local patent offices in countries where utility model protection ... center width 10 South Korea Korea south td td width 10 utilitypatent td td width 10 15 years td ...Intellectual property A utility model is an intellectual property right to protect invention s. This right ... sme en ip business utility models where.htm Where can Utility Models be Acquired? Bot generated title ref It is very similar to the patent , but usually has a shorter term of patent term often 6 to 15 years and less stringent patentability requirements. The Germany German and Austria n utility ... 2011 08 20 ref Definition A utility model is a statutory monopoly granted for a limited time ... of ordinary skill in the relevant art to perform the invention. The rights conferred by utility model laws are very similar to those granted by patent laws, but are more suited to what may be considered ... patent , innovation patent , minor patent , and small patent may also be considered to fall within the definition of utility model . ref Kelsey Martin Mott, The Concept of the Small Patent, in The International Business Executive, 5 February 2007, Volume 5, Issue 3 , pp 23 24 ref A utility innovation ... 12&Itemid 7 Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia MyIPO Patent Manual and Specification Bot generated title ref Requirements for grant Most countries having utility model laws require that the invention be new. However, many patent or utility model offices do not conduct substantive examination and merely grant the utility model after checking that utility model applications comply with formalities. Some countries exclude particular subject matter from utility model protection. For example ... more details
For archive utility applications in general see file archiver . For the MAC OS Archive Utility service application see Archive Utility . disambiguation ... more details
Utility Trailer may refer to Trailer vehicle , an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company , an American semi trailer manufacturer disambiguation ... more details
law, other type of patent like rights with shorter terms. Utility model s are an example of such rights. Their term is usually 6 or 10 years. United States main Term of patent in the United States In the United States, for utility patents filed on or after June 8, 1995, the term of the patent is 20 years from the earliest filing date of the application on which the patent was granted and any prior U.S. or Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT applications from which the patent claims priority. For patents filed prior to June 8, 1995, the term of patent is either 20 years from the earliest earliest ...The term of a patent is the maximum period during which it can be maintained into force. It is usually expressed in number of years either starting from the filing date of the patent application or from the date of grant of the patent. In most patent law s, renewal annuities or maintenance fee patent maintenance fee s have to be regularly paid in order to keep the patent in force. Otherwise the patent lapses before its term. The term of a patent or specific claim patent claims in a patent may also be curtailed by judgment of a court, as where a claim or patent is held invalid under the relevant ... of patent term across national laws was provided in the 1990s by the implementation of the World ..., in most patent laws nowadays, the term of patent is 20 years from the filing date of the application ... Patent and Trademark Office USPTO delays the issuance of a patent, it is possible to receive extensions ... include Delayed response to an application request for patent. Exceeding 3 years to consider a patent application. Delays due to a secrecy order or appeal. It is possible to receive time extensions equal to the amount of delay. Europe The European Patent Convention requires all jurisdictions to give a European patent a term of 20 years from the actual date of filing an application for a European patent or the actual date of filing an international application under the PCT designating the EPO ... more details
In computer programming , a utility class is a class computer science class that defines a set of methods that perform common, often re used functions. Most utility classes define these common methods under static see Static variable scope. Examples of utility classes include java.util.Collections http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collections.html which provides several utility methods such as sorting on objects that implement a Collection java.util.collection http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collection.html . See also Utility pattern External links http c2.com cgi wiki?UtilityPattern Utility Pattern For a utility class, which does not require instantiation and only has static methods, use a private constructor Category Programming constructs Compu prog stub ... more details
Infobox aviation name Utility helicopter image Image CH 146 Griffon Helicopter.jpg caption The Canadian Forces Bell CH 146 Griffon is a typical utility helicopter A utility helicopter is a multi purpose helicopter . A utility Military helicopters military helicopter can fill roles such attack helicopter ground attack , air assault , cargo , MEDEVAC , command and control, and troop transport. ref name FD Cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Utility helicopter title Utility helicopter accessdate 10 January 2012 last Farlex, Inc date 2012 ref A utility helicopter is generally of a size between a medium transport helicopter and a Light Observation Helicopter light observation helicopter . References Reflist Aviation lists DEFAULTSORT Utility Helicopter Category Military helicopters Aero stub ca Helic pter utilitari es Helic ptero utilitario it Elicottero utility lt Bendrosios paskirties sraigtasparnis ms Helikopter utiliti ja ... more details
Transferable utility is a term used in Cooperative game cooperative game theory and in economics . Utility is transferable if one player can losslessly transfer part of its utility to another player. Such transfers are possible if the players have a common currency that is valued equally by all. Note that being able to transfer cash payoff s does not imply that utility is transferable wealthy and poor players may derive a different utility from the same amount of money. Transferable utility is assumed in many cooperative game s, where the payoff s are not given for individual players, but only for coalitions. In this case the assumption implies that irrespective of the division of the coalitional payoff, members of the coalition enjoy the same total utility . References cite book last Myerson first Roger B. authorlink Roger B. Myerson title Game Theory Analysis of Conflict publisher Harvard University Press date 1991 location Cambridge, Massachusetts pages 568 url doi id isbn 0 674 34116 3 game theory Category Game theory Category Utility ... more details
patent law Patent prosecution describes the interaction between applicants and their representatives, and a patent office with regard to a patent , or an patent application application for a patent . Broadly, patent prosecution can be split into pre grant prosecution, which involves negotiation with a patent office for the grant of a patent, and post grant prosecution, which involves issues such as post grant amendment and opposition proceeding opposition . Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation, which describes legal action relating to the patent infringement infringement of patents . The rules and laws governing patent prosecution are often laid out in manuals released by the Patent Offices of various governments, such as the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure MPEP in the United States, or the Manual of Patent Office Practice MOPOP in Canada. Pre grant prosecution Preparation of an application To obtain patent rights for an inventor, the practitioner typically first drafts ... clarify its novelty patent novel features. Practitioners need to ascertain what is already known to people .... During this initial phase, sometimes termed patent preparation , the practitioner ... of inventors may incurably invalidate any patent that might result from an application. This determination ... for a patent may prevent the issuance of the patent. In the U.S. these laws are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code , 102. After drafting an application for patent, complying with any further ... the applicant s permission, the practitioner files the patent application with the patent office ... are filed, only the party who filed first will be entitled to a patent under the First to file ... may prevent the use of certain materials from being applied against the patent application as prior art while the patent application is pending before the patent office. However, three consecutive congressional ... to file rule with the Patent Reform Act of 2005 , the Patent Reform Act of 2007 , and the Patent ... more details
Infobox software name Directory Utility logo Image Directory Utility Logo.png screenshot caption Directory Access Services tab developer Apple Computer latest release version 2.0.1 294.1 latest release date August 5, 2009 operating system Mac OS X genre Utility license Proprietary software Proprietary website URL http www.apple.com macosx Directory Utility is a utility included with the Mac OS X operating system to configure connections to directory services . In OS X 10.6 and up, Directory Utility is in the System Library CoreServices it can be accessed through the GUI via the Accounts System Preferences panel, after clicking Join next to Network Account Server, and then clicking Open Directory Utility. ref cite web last Griffiths first Rob url https www.macworld.com article 142495 2009 08 snowleopardwhatsgonewhere.html title Snow Leopard What s gone where & 124 Mac OS X publisher Macworld date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref ref cite web author wallsbk url http hints.macworld.com article.php?story 20090928101901621 title 10.6 Use Directory Utility in Snow Leopard Mac OS X Hints publisher Hints.macworld.com date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref Prior to Mac OS X 10.5 this tool was named Directory Access. See also Apple Open Directory References reflist Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub it Accesso Directory uk Directory Utility zh Directory Utility ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 Image UtilityVault.JPG thumb right 175px A open Utility Vault. ELEC on cover indicates Electrical Equipment Wires. A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valve s for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunication s equipment. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete box es, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined space s and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical room mechanical or electrical room s in design and content. See also Utility tunnel Utilidor Common utility duct Dartford Cable Tunnel External links http www.precast.org vault faq.htm National Precast Concrete Association Category Public utilities Category Rooms Category Subterranea geography room stub ... more details
Utilitarianism expanded Problems The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics . It was created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism . In the thought experiment, a hypothetical being is proposed who receives as much or more utility from each additional unit of a resource he consumes as the first unit he consumes. In other words, the utility monster is not subject to diminishing marginal returns with regard to utility, but instead experiences constant marginal returns, or even increasing marginal returns. Since ordinary people receive less utility with each additional unit consumed, if the utility monster existed, the doctrine of utilitarianism would justify the mistreatment and perhaps annihilation of everyone else, according to Nozick s argument. In his words Utilitarian theory is embarrassed by the possibility of utility monsters who get enormously greater sums of utility from any sacrifice of others than these others lose . . . the theory seems to require that we all be sacrificed in the monster s maw, in order to increase total utility. ref Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974 ref This thought experiment attempts to show that utilitarianism is not actually egalitarian , even though it appears to be at first glance. It is the opposite of the mere addition paradox , which argues that utilitarianism may lead to a very heavily populated world. See also Average and total utilitarianism References reflist Category Utilitarianism Category Thought experiments in ethics lt Laim s monstras ... more details
A US design patent covers the ornamental design for an object having practical utility. An object with a design that is substantially similar to the design claimed in a design patent cannot be made, used, copied or imported into the United States. The copy does not have to be exact for the patent ...Image Coke bottle patent.JPG thumb right US design patent D48,160 for the original Coca Cola bottle. In the United States , a design patent is a patent granted on the ornamental design of a functional ... on a computer screen, thus making them part of an article of manufacture with practical utility ... b 2 A iv ref a design patent application is not published and is kept secret until granted. In Brazil ... the registration has been granted. Notable design patents In 1842, George Bruce Design patent George Bruce was awarded the first design patent, US patent D1 . The design patent was for a new typeface font . In 1879, Fr d ric Bartholdi Auguste Bartholdi was awarded design patent US patent D11,023 for the Statue of Liberty . This patent covered the sale of small copies of the statue. Proceeds from ... design patents were granted for the badge of the American Legion , US patent D54,296 the badge of the American Legion Women s Auxiliary , US patent D55,398 and the badge of the Sons of the American Legion , US patent D92,187 . The original terms of these patents were to have expired in 1933, but Congress ... 22, 2006. ref In Brief Amendment Extending Patent Passed in Senate . Bureau of National Affairs BNA Patent, Trademark & Copyright Journal , June 30, 2006. ref In 1936, Frank A. Redford was awarded US patent D98,617 for the Wigwam Motel . Comparison to utility patents US utilitypatent s protect the functionality of a given item. Providing the maintenance fees are paid, utility patents are generally ... practical utility e.g. the shape of a gear . Design patents are valid for 14 years from the date of issue ... utility e.g. a statue or be separable from the useful substrate e.g. picture on a coffee mug ... more details
A patent examiner or, historically, a patent clerk ref The title patent clerk is used for instance in Gary Stix, http www.sciam.com article.cfm?articleID 0007DCB9 91CE 111A BAF583414B7F4945 The Patent ... , usually a civil service civil servant , working at a patent office . Major employers of patent examiners are the European Patent Organisation European Patent Office EPO , the United States Patent and Trademark Office USPTO and the Japan Patent Office . Duties Patent examiners review patent application s to determine whether the claimed invention should be granted a patent . The work of a patent ... , and examining patent applications substantively by examining whether the claim patent claim ed invention meets the patentability requirements such as novelty patent novelty , inventive step and non obviousness inventive step or non obviousness , industrial application or utility and sufficiency of disclosure ... their supervision in supporting roles. For example, in the Indian Patent Office , an entry level ... of Patent Examiner Representatives expressed concern that quote in many patent office s, the pressures ... of higher productivity demands, increasingly complex patent applications and an ever expanding body of relevant patent and non patent literature have reached such a level that, unless serious measures ... history. ref http www.popa.org pdf misc epocipo2007.pdf Open Letter From a Coalition of Patent Examiner Representatives To Mr. Jon Dudas , Director, United States Patent and Trademark Office , Prof. Alain Pompidou , President, European Patent Office , Dr. J rgen Schade , President, Deutsches Patent ... Patentamt Re The Future of the Patent System, April 13, 2007. ref According to Indian newspaper Mint newspaper Mint , Indian patent examiners have the world s highest workload and lowest pay. While a patent examiner in the European Patent Office would handle less than seven patent applications ... than a third of his her counterparts in other foreign patent offices. ref C.H. Unnikrishnan, http www.livemint.com ... more details
A utility room is a room within a house where equipment that are not used in day to day activities are kept. Utility refers to an item which is designed for usefulness or practical use, so in turn most of the items kept in this room have functional attributes. A utility room is generally the area where laundry is done, and is the descendant of the scullery room scullery . ref cite web title Utility ... 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room url http www.learnersdictionary.com search utility 20room work Merriam Webster, Incorporated accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Organized Utility Room url http www.hihut.com organized utility room.html work Hi Hut accessdate 2010 03 17 ref Utility room ... 200px Laundry equipment within a room The utility room has several uses but typically functions ... , Ironing ironing boards and clothes iron . ref cite web title Utility Room Laundry Aids url http .... ref cite web title Utility Room Closet Organizers url http www.utilityrooms.com closetorganizers work Utility Rooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room Storage Cabinets url ... Utility Room Trash url http www.utilityrooms.com trashcans work UtilityRooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref History The utility room was a modern spin off to the scullery ... 03 17 ref The term utility room was mentioned in 1760, when a cottage was built in a rural location in the United Kingdom that was accessible through Penarth and Cardiff . ref cite web title utility room history url http www.google.com search?q utility room history&hl en&sa X&tbo p&tbs tl 1,tl num ... Google Timeline Search for Publications on Utility Room accessdate 2010 03 17 ref A utility room for general ... title Utility Rooms url http news.google.com newspapers?id ahIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid 204DAAAAIBAJ&pg 2960,5453559&dq utility room history&hl en work St. Petersburg Times Aug 3, 1946 accessdate 2010 03 17 ref An American publication, the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, on July 24, 1949 ref cite web title Utility Room ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Confusing date February 2009 The Utility pattern is a software pattern that is used for utility Class computer science class es that do not require instantiation and only have static method s. The state computer science stateless class is designated as static so that no instance can be created. Good candidates for utility classes are convenience methods that can be grouped together functionally. Furthermore, methods in Utility classes are usually deterministic. As the Utility class is stateless, all parameters in each method must pass all necessary information to the method. Example in C public static class LogUtil public static void LogError String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogError message public static void LogWarning String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogWarning message public static void LogInfo String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogInfo message A simple example showing how the utility methods are used class MyProgram static void Main String args if args.Length 0 Call our utility helper methods. Note that these are static methods that are called directly off the class. LogUtil.LogError User ran app with arguments else LogUtil.LogInfo Running program. Run See also Utility class Category Software design patterns Compu prog stub ... more details
System utility may refer to System software System utility system engineering Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
The Utility Clothing Scheme was a rationing scheme introduced in the United Kingdom by the British government during World War II . In response to the shortage of clothing materials and labour due to the requirements of the war effort, the Board of Trade sponsored the creation of ranges of utility clothing meeting tight specifications regarding the amount of material and labour allowed to be used in their construction. Utility clothing, and later utility furniture , was marked with the CC41 mark. ref cite web url http www.hullcc.gov.uk museumcollections collections storydetail.php?irn 233&master 455 title 1940s Fashion Utility scheme publisher Hull City Council accessdate 2012 01 01 ref In spite of its austere specification, utility clothing designs were commissioned from leading fashion designers including Hardy Amies , Norman Hartnell and other members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers . ref cite web url http www.nationalarchives.gov.uk podcasts fashion or ration.htm title Fashion or ration Hartnell, Amies and dressing for the Blitz publisher The National Archives author Robert Daoust date 18 Feb 2010 ref References reflist See also Limitation of Supplies Cloth and Apparel Order 1941 Utility Cloth Maximum Price Order Utility Clothing Maximum Prices and Charges Order Category Austerity Britain Category Rationing and licensing Category United Kingdom home front during World War II Category 1940s fashion fashion stub ... more details
, such as utilitypatent s, plant patent s, and design patent s, each of which can have their own ...Patent law A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and claim patent claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention the patent specification , together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The term patent application is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent, or to the patent specification itself i.e. the content of the document filed with a view to initiating the process of applying for a patent ref name Oxonica43 . In order to obtain the grant of a patent, a person, either legal or natural, must file an application at a patent office with jurisdiction to grant a patent in the geographic area over which coverage is required. This will often be a national patent office but could be a regional body, such as the European Patent Office . Once the patent specification complies with the laws of the office concerned, a patent may ... or arguing with a patent office for the grant of a patent, and interaction with a patent office with regard to a patent after its grant, is known as patent prosecution . Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation which relates to legal proceedings for patent infringement infringement of a patent after it is granted. Definition As pointed out by Peter Prescott QC , the expression patent ... him a patent and that request is still outstanding. The content of the document or documents ... what the Patent Office does, or anyone else does. It exists in perpetuity. ref name Oxonica43 ref Some of the early patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office from July 1790 when the first U.S. patent was issued to July 1836 were however lost in a disastrous fire on December 15, 1836. The information content of at least some of these patent documents if not recovered ... more details
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