In microeconomics , the utilitymaximizationproblem is the problem consumer consumers face how should I spend my money in order to maximize my utility ? It is a type of Optimal decision optimal decision problem . Basic setup Suppose their consumption set , or the enumeration of all possible consumption bundles that could be selected if there are no budget constraints, has L commodities and is limited to positive amounts of consumption of each commodity. Let x be the vector x x sub i sub i 1,... L containing the amounts of each commodity, then math x in textbf R L . math Suppose also that the prices p of the L commodities are positive math p in textbf R L , math and that the consumer s wealth is w , then the set of all affordable packages, the budget set , is math B p, w x in textbf R L langle p , x rangle leq w , math where math langle p , x rangle math is the Inner product inner product of p and x , or the total cost of consuming x of the products at price level p math langle p , x rangle sum i 1 L p i x i . math The consumer would like to buy the best package of commodities it can afford. Suppose that the consumer s utility function u is a real valued function with domain of the commodity bundles, or math u textbf R L rightarrow textbf R . math Then the consumer s optimal choices x p , w are the utility maximizing bundle that is in the budget set, or math x p, w operatorname argmax x in B p, w u x math . Finding x p , w is the utilitymaximizationproblem . If u is continuous ... between the utility function and Marshallian demand in the UtilityMaximizationProblem mirrors the relationship ... Choice Modelling Utility function Expenditure minimization problem Linear programming Profit maximization ... fuleky anatomy anatomy.html Anatomy of Cobb Douglas Type Utility Functions in 3D DEFAULTSORT UtilityMaximizationProblem Category Consumer theory Category Optimal decisions Category Utility ... Problem . In practice, a consumer may not always pick an optimal package. For example, it may require ... more details
In mathematics , the Regiomontanus angle maximizationproblem , is a famous Maxima and minima optimization problem posed by the 15th century German mathematician Johannes M ller ref Eli Maor , Trigonometric Delights , Princeton University Press , 2002, pages 46&ndash 48 ref also known as Regiomontanus . The problem is as follows Image Regiomontanus.problem.png right thumb 550px The two dots at eye level are possible locations of the viewer s eye. A painting hangs from a wall. Given the heights of the top and bottom of the painting above the viewer s eye level, how far from the wall should the viewer stand in order to maximize the angle subtended angle subtended by the painting and whose vertex is at the viewer s eye? If the viewer stands too close to the wall or too far from the wall, the angle is small somewhere in between it is as large as possible. The same approach applies to finding the optimal place from which to kick a ball in rugby. ref citation title Rugby and Mathematics A Surprising Link among Geometry, the Conics, and Calculus first1 Troy last1 Jones first2 Steven last2 Jackson journal Mathematics Teacher volume 94 issue 8 pages 649 654 year 2001 url http wesclark.com rrr rugby and math.pdf . ref For that matter, it is not necessary that the alignment of the picture be at right angles we might be looking at a window of the Leaning Tower of Pisa or a realtor showing off the advantages of a sky light in a sloping attic roof. Solution by elementary geometry Image Regiomontanus.solution.png right thumb 550px There is a unique circle passing through the top and bottom of the painting and tangent to the eye level line. By elementary geometry, if the viewer s position were to move along the circle, inscribed angle the angle subtended by the painting would remain constant . All positions on the eye level line except the point of tangency are outside of the circle, and therefore ... by calculus In the present day, this problem is widely known because it appears as an exercise ... more details
Maximization or maximisation can refer to Exaggeration Maximization in the sense of exaggeration Entropy maximizationMaximization economics Profit maximizationUtilitymaximizationproblem Budget maximizing model Shareholder value maximization Optimization mathematics Expectation maximization algorithm statistics See also Minimization disambiguation disambig ... more details
Expert subject Mathematics date November 2008 An entropy maximizationproblem is a convex optimization problem of the form maximize math f 0 vec x sum i 1 n x i log x i math subject to math A vec x leq b, quad mathbf 1 T vec x 1 math where math vec x in mathbb R n math is the optimization variable, math A in mathbb R m times n math and math b in mathbb R m math are problem parameters, and math mathbf 1 math denotes a vector whose components are all 1. See also Principle of maximum entropy External links cite book last Boyd first Stephen coauthors Lieven Vandenberghe title Convex Optimization publisher Cambridge University Press date 2004 pages p. 362 isbn 0521833787 url http www.stanford.edu boyd cvxbook bv cvxbook.pdf accessdate 2008 08 24 Category Mathematical optimization Category Convex optimization mathapplied stub ... more details
of utilitarianism saw the maximization of utility as a moral criterion for the organization of society ... von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern who used the assumption of expected utilitymaximization in their formulation ...about the economic concept Utilitarianism In economics , utility is a measure of satisfaction, referring ... the simple meaning of term utility is The want satisfying capacity of a good is called Utility of that good Ex Satisfying the want of Writing is the utility of a pen, http www.investopedia.com terms u utility.asp axzz1eGQlDNsr , Definition of Utility by Investopedia ref but also referring to satisfaction received by its contingent production relations ref http www.thefreedictionary.com utility , Definition of Utility Economics by The Free Dictionary ref . Given this measure, one may speak meaningfully of increasing or decreasing utility, and thereby explain economic behavior in terms of attempts to increase one s utility. Utility is often modeled to be affected by Consumption economics consumption ... , society should aim to maximize the total utility of individuals, aiming for the greatest happiness ... maximize the utility of those with the lowest utility, raising them up to create a more equitable distribution across society. Utility is usually applied by economists in such constructs as the indifference ... accept to maintain a given level of satisfaction. Individual utility and social utility can be construed as the value of a utility function and a social welfare function respectively. When coupled with production ... is a central concept in welfare economics . In finance , utility is applied to generate an individual s price for an asset called the indifference price . Utility functions are also related to risk measure s, with the most common example being the entropic risk measure . Quantifying utility It was recognized that utility could not be measured or observed directly, so instead economists devised a way ... named by Paul Samuelson , were revealed e.g. in people s willingness to pay blockquote Utility ... more details
refimprove date October 2006 In economics , profit maximization is the short run or long run process by which a firm determines the price and output economics output level that returns the greatest Profit economics profit . There are several approaches to this problem. The total revenue&ndash total cost perspective relies on the fact that profit equals revenue minus cost and focuses on minimizing this difference, and the marginal revenue &ndash marginal cost perspective is based on the fact that total profit reaches its maximum point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Basic definitions Any costs incurred by a corporation firm may be classed into two groups fixed costs and variable costs . Fixed costs, which occur only in the short run, are incurred by the business at any level of output, including zero output. These may include equipment maintenance, rent, wages of employees whose numbers cannot be increased or decreased in the short run, and general upkeep. Variable costs change with the level of output, increasing as more product is generated. Materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category, which also includes the wages of employees who ... total cost perspective Image profit max total small.svg right thumb 250px Profit Maximization The Totals ... right thumb 250px Profit maximization using the marginal approach An alternative perspective relies ... maximization solutions involve the use of game theory . Case in which maximizing revenue is equivalent ... by maximizing revenues. Changes in total costs and profit maximization A firm maximizes profit by operating ..., which is equivalent to picking a preferred quantity to produce and sell . The profit maximization ... maximization The general rule is that firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. The profit maximization issue can also be approached from ... ProfitMaximizationInPerfectCompetition Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition ... more details
No Problem may refer to No Problem Sonny Rollins album No Problem Sonny Rollins album , a 1981 album No Problem Fann Wong album No Problem Fann Wong album , a 2000 album No Problem TV series No Problem TV series , a British television series No Problem film No Problem film , a 2010 Bollywood film disambig it No problem ... more details
other uses A problem is an obstacle, impediment, difficulty or challenge, or any situation that invites ... or goal. A problem implies a desired outcome coupled with an apparent deficiency, doubt or inconsistency that prevents the outcome from taking place. Problem solving main Problem solving Every theoretical problem asks for an answer or solution. Trying to find a solution to a problem is known as problem solving . There are many standard techniques for problem solving, such as Proof by Contradiction ... Problem posed by Leonhard Euler . A problem is a gap between an actual and desired situation. The time it takes to solve a problem is a way of measuring complexity . ref cite book last first authorlink ... solution and are therefore classified as an open problem . See also List of unsolved problems ... to solve problems. Examples Mathematical problem is a question about mathematical objects and structures ... include Word problem mathematics education word problems at school level or deeper problems such as Four color theorem shading a map with only four colours . In society , a problem can refer to particular ..., and conversely diminished hostility and disruption. See also Wicked problem In business and engineering , a problem is a difference between actual conditions and those that are required or desired. Often, the causes of a problem are not known, in which case root cause analysis is employed to find the causes and identify corrective actions. In Chess problem chess , a problem is a puzzle ... Problem , regarding the Gospels relationship to each other. In academic discourse a problem is a challenge ... or idea. An optimization problem is finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. A good example of this type of problem is the travelling salesperson problem which is based on calculating the most efficient route between many places In computability theory a decision problem requires a simple yes or no answer. In rock climbing a problem is a series of Rock geology rock s that forces ... more details
about an algorithm Israeli food corporation Osem company In mathematical optimization , the ordered subset expectation maximization OSEM method NOT algorithm is an iterative method that is used in computed tomography . In applications in medical imaging , the OSEM method is used for positron emission tomography , for single photon emission computed tomography , and for Computed tomography X ray computed tomography . The OSEM method is related to the expectation maximization EM method of statistics. The OSEM method is also related to methods of filtered back projection . References Hudson, H.M., Larkin, R.S. 1994 Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data , IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging , 13 4 , 601&ndash 609 doi 10.1109 42.363108 Hutton, Brian F., Hudson, H. Malcolm, Beekman, Freek J. 1997 A clinical perspective of accelerated statistical reconstruction , European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging , 24 7 , 797&ndash 808 doi 10.1007 BF00879671 Ing Tsung Hsiao and Hsuan Ming Huang 2010 An accelerated ordered subsets reconstruction algorithm using an accelerating power factor for emission tomography , Physics in Medicine and Biology 55 599. doi 10.1088 0031 9155 55 3 003 External links http osem.s pla.net Home page with IEEE paper and more information http osem.s pla.net Software Category Optimization algorithms and methods Category Medical statistics Category Medical imaging statistics stub ... more details
Tone date March 2012 Wikify date March 2012 Customer value maximization CVM is a marketing practice that proponents say goes beyond basic customer resource management CRM capabilities, identifying and capturing full potential from existing customers. A well devised CVM program, claim proponents, helps companies offer the right things to the right people at the right time. Customer centricity CVM ref name Customer Value Maximization cite web url http www.xerago.com customer value.html title Customer Value Maximation ref shifts focus from managing products or marketing campaigns to managing the profitability of individual customers over the life of the relationship. While CVM may lead to better product offerings and more targeted campaigns, a customer value manager asks different questions than a traditional marketing manager. Instead of asking who will respond to a 10 off promotion, a customer value manager strives to understand who the customer is and what they can offer to increase the customer s lifetime value? The CVM framework evaluates current methods and effectiveness, makes changes where required, and sets up a measurement system that helps in evaluating effectiveness. The CVM framework operates as a continuous process in a closed loop. Marketing Scenario Today customers own the on and off switch to all media mediums, are more knowledgeable about various products and services they are being marketed to and have huge clutter to deal with. The remote if one can say is now firmly in the customer s hand. Most marketers have realized that traditional methods of marketing simply don t work in this new milieu. They are today actively seeking, investing and mastering newer methods and tools that go beyond making their brands merely visible to ones that allow better consumer understanding, precise targeting, customized offering and above all that which engage and let them ... to be tackled in a different way to ensure maximization of results. In addition to this channel cannibalization ... more details
In statistics , an expectation maximization EM algorithm is an iterative method for finding maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori MAP estimates of parameter s in statistical model s, where the model depends on unobserved latent variable s. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation E step, which computes the expectation of the Likelihood function Log likelihood log likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the parameters, and a maximization M step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log likelihood found on the E step. These parameter estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step. History The EM algorithm was explained and given its name in a classic 1977 paper by Arthur P. Dempster Arthur Dempster ... theta mathbf X , mathbf Z right , math Maximization step M step Find the parameter that maximizes ... circumstances, it is convenient to view the EM algorithm as two alternating maximization steps. ref ... Maximization step Choose to maximize F math theta t 1 operatorname arg ,max theta F q t , theta ... of a portfolio. The EM algorithm and its faster variant Ordered subset expectation maximization ... conditional maximization ECM replaces each M step with a sequence of conditional maximization CM steps ... This idea is further extended in generalized expectation maximization GEM algorithm, in which one ... likelihood ratio and the divergence. Obtaining this Q function is a generalized E step. Its maximization ... first Yasuo title The EM algorithm Surrogate likelihood maximization using logarithmic information ... download?doi 10.1.1.9.9735&rep rep1&type pdf The Expectation Maximization Algorithm , by Frank Dellaert, gives an easier explanation of EM algorithm in terms of lowerbound maximization. http www.seanborman.com publications EM algorithm.pdf The Expectation Maximization Algorithm A short tutorial ... Class hierarchy in C GPL including Gaussian Mixtures DEFAULTSORT Expectation maximization ... more details
Ordinal utility in ordinal approch utility can not be measured but can be renked. Economic theory states that while the utility of a particular good economics good or service cannot be measured using a numerical scale bearing economic meaning in and of itself, pairs of alternative bundles combinations of goods can be ordered such that one is considered by an individual to be worse than, equal to, or better than the other. This contrasts with cardinal utility theory, which generally treats utility as something whose numerical value is meaningful in its own right. Indifference curve mappings When ... of utility. The slope of the curve the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X ... Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer ... curves an ordinal approach gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility ... Revealed preference theory addresses the problem of how to observe ordinal preference relations ... utility functions An ordinal utility function describing a consumer s preferences over, say, two ... preferences could be expressed as another utility function that is a monotonic transformation of u math g x, y equiv f u x, y , math where f is any globally increasing function. Utility functions g and u give rise to identical indifference curve mappings. Thus in ordinal utility theory, there is no concept of diminishing marginal utility , which would correspond to the second derivative of utility being negative. For example, even if u has a negative second derivative with respect to x , the equivalent utility function g may have a positive second derivative with respect to x . See also Cardinal utility Consumer theory Marginal utility References Reflist External links Ordinal utility vs. Cardinal utility Murray N. Rothbard , http mises.org daily 2205 Towards a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics Category Utility nl Ordinaal nut ... more details
Image Cardinal utility example.png thumb alt An example of two cardinal utility functions A simple example of cardinality. Y 2x 3 In economics , a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index ... name Ellsberg, Daniel 1954 Ellsberg, Daniel. 1954 . Classic and current notions of Measurable utility . Economic Journal 64 255 528 556 ref ref Strotz, Robert. 1953 . Cardinal utility . American economic review Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 384 397 ref Two utility indices are related by a linear transformation ... of the form math v x 1 au x 1 b math , for fixed constants a and b . Thus the utility ... and origin. ref name Ellsberg, Daniel 1954 Cardinal utility is mostly considered to be an outdated idea. Only within specific contexts such as expected utility theory decision making under risk ... evaluations , is cardinal utility usually accepted. ref K bberling, Veronika. 2006 . Strength of preference and cardinal utility . Economic theory , No. 27, p. 375 ref Elsewhere, such as in general Consumer choice consumer theory , ordinal utility is preferred. History Modern work in cardinal utility theory began in the 18th century, when Daniel Bernoulli noted how the diminishing marginal utility of wealth would satisfactorily explain why a riddling game like the St. Petersburg ... utility function accounted well for the diminishing marginal utility of wealth since people ... ground for a theory of utility was laid down, though it was yet to be linked to the economic analysis of demand. The first initiatives to theorize about utility treated it as if it was a physical ... reflected on how satisfaction or utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination. Driven by a desire to establish the principle of utility as the basis of all legislation and social ... . The development of utility theory. I . Journal of political economy Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 307 327 ref In the 18th and 19th centuries the issue of the measurability of utility received plenty of attention ... more details
In economics and finance , exponential utility refers to a specific form of the utility function , used in some contexts because of its convenience when risk sometimes referred to as uncertainty is present, in which case Expected utility hypothesis expected utility is maximized. Formally, exponential utility is given by math u c 1 e a c math , where math c math is a variable that the economic decision ... for its irrelevance is that maximizing the expected value of utility math u c 1 e a c math gives ... since expected values of utility as opposed to the utility function itself are interpreted Ordinal utility ordinally instead of Cardinal utility cardinally , the range and sign of the expected utility values are of no significance. The exponential utility function is a special case of the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility functions. Risk aversion characteristic Exponential utility implies ... utility function is considered unrealistic. Mathematical tractability Though isoelastic utility , exhibiting risk aversion constant relative risk aversion , is considered more plausible as are other utility functions exhibiting decreasing absolute risk aversion , exponential utility is particularly ... . Then under exponential utility, expected utility is given by math text E u c text E 1 e a c x epsilon ... asset portfolio example Consider the Modern portfolio theory portfolio allocation problem of maximizing expected exponential utility math text E e aW math of final wealth W subject to math W x r W 0 x ... r is Joint normality jointly normally distributed . Then expected utility can be written as math text ... This is an easy problem in matrix calculus , and its solution is math x frac 1 a V 1 mu r f cdot ... shows the two key features of exponential utility tractability under joint normality, and lack of realism ... utility Isoelastic power utility function References reflist DEFAULTSORT Exponential Utility Category Economics of uncertainty Category Financial economics Category Utility ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Final Utility is the utility of a good economics good when applied to our least desirable use of it. It is the estimated utility of the last use of a supply, i.e., the least important use of that supply. For example, if a use of a good must be given up, it will logically be the last use of the good we would choose. This is because we give up the least important of our satisfactions first which would be the uses satisfied by the last good since we satisfy our more important needs first. See Marginal Utility Law of Marginal Utility For example, if we lost a unit of a good, the value economics value of the loss would be the value of the least important use of the good. This last good, which represents its final utility, was being applied to our least important wants. In the case of the lost good, it is replaced and the value to which we can assign the loss is not the value of the first most important use of the good, but the least important what we call the final utility. ref B hm Bawerk , Eugen von. The Law of Final Utility Eugen von B hm Bawerk Mises Daily . The Ludwig von Mises Institute . http mises.org daily 4637 accessed April 29, 2011 . ref According to the law of marginal utility , the value of each good in a stock of identical goods is utility of the last ... Bawerk s Value, Cost, and Marginal Utility . Ludwig von Mises Institute. mises.org pdf asc 2002 .... Ludwig von Mises writes blockquote When face with the problem of the value to be attached to one unit ... of the units of the whole supply he decides on the basis of marginal utility. ref name humanaction .... The Law of Marginal Utility, Human Action , online version, referenced 2011 04 30. ref blockquote ... it is said that a homogeneous stock of goods is valued according to its final utility according ... utility is the logical conclusion of marginal utility and a corner stone of price theory. See also Austrian School of Economics Marginal Utility Law of Marginal Utility Reference reflist Category Utility ... more details
For archive utility applications in general see file archiver . For the MAC OS Archive Utility service application see Archive Utility . disambiguation ... more details
File Using a Utility Locator.jpg thumb right Utility locator in use. Perry, OK, 2011 Utility location is the process of identifying and labeling public utility mains which are underground. These mains may include lines for telephones, electricity electricity distribution , natural gas , cable television , optical fibers fiber optics , traffic lights , street light s, storm drain s, water supply network water mains , and wastewater pipes. In some locations, major pipeline transport oil and gas pipelines , national defense communication lines, public transport mass transit , rail and road tunnels also compete for space underground. http www.nal.usda.gov ttic utilfnl.htm Because of the many different types of materials that go into manufacturing each of these different types of underground lines, different detection and location methods must be used. For metal Pipe material pipe s and wire cable s, this is often done with Electromagnetism electromagnetic equipment consisting of a transmitter ... . In older cities, it is especially a problem since maps may be very inaccurate, or may be missing entirely. Call before you dig , Digger s Hotline , One call , Miss Utility , or Underground Service Alert are services that allow construction workers to contact utility companies, who will then denote ... causes a major utility power outage outage or serious accident, or an evacuation due to a gas ... below street gas utility line. New York city , 2007. Utility color code s are used for identifying ... during excavation. Public utility systems are often run underground some by the very nature of their function ... the type of underground utility. A special type of spray paint, which works when the can is upside ... the company or municipal utility which the lines belong to, or an advertisement for a company which ... www.ditchwitch.com utility locators Ditch Witch http solutions.3m.com wps portal 3M en US Telecom Home ... ttic utilfnl.htm Statement of Need Utility Locating Technologies . Accessed October 31, 2007 ... more details
Wiktionary utilityUtility is a measure of the happiness or satisfaction gained from a good or service in economics and game theory. Utility may also refer to Public utility , an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service, or the services themselves Utility patent , one of the requirements for patentability in Canadian and United States patent laws Utility software or a utility program, a software program that functions for a particular purpose Utility player , a baseball player who plays more than one position regularly. Utility model , an intellectual property right to protect inventions Utility Radio , a radio receiver manufactured in Great Britain during the 1939 45 World War Utility room , a room in a house, which is the descendant of the scullery Utility vehicle , a vehicle that is designed for a specific task Utility car , a term used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to a pickup truck or coupe utility vehicle ute Utilities film Utilities film , a 1981 movie starring Robert Hays Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform , often abbreviated to Utilities , the battledress uniform of the United States Marine Corps disambiguation de Utility es Utilidad eu Baliagarritasun argipena ko it Utilit nl Utility ja pl U yteczno pt Utilidade sk Utilita ... more details
utility to the problem of determining bridge tolls. ref Dupuit, Jules De la mesure de l utilit ...In economics , the marginal utility of a Good economics good or Service economics service is the gain .... Economists sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility , meaning that the first units of measurement unit of consumption of a good or service yields more utility than the second and subsequent units. citation needed date February 2012 The concept of marginal utility played a crucial ... marginal utility may be expressed in terms of differential calculus . Marginal utility can be defined ... unit of a discrete good or service, such as a motor vehicle or a haircut. Utility Main Utility Different concepts of utility underlie different theories in which marginal utility plays a role. It has been common among economists to describe utility as if it were quantifiable , that is, as if different levels of utility could be compared along a numerical scale. ref George Stigler Stigler, George Joseph The Development of Utility Theory , I and II, Journal of Political Economy 1950 , issues 3 and 4. ref ref George Stigler Stigler, George Joseph The Adoption of Marginal Utility Theory History of Political ... of marginal utility. Concepts of utility that entail quantification allow familiar arithmetic operations ... goods, services, or uses thereof with quantities, and defines utility as such a quantification ... choice and demand , Utility representations . ref Another conception is Utilitarianism Benthamite ... especially by way of John Stuart Mill , viewed utility as the feelings of pleasure and pain ... outside of the mainstream methods, there are conceptions of utility that do not rely on quantification ... mc culloch ref name georgescu rogen Nicholas Georgescu Roegen Georgescu Roegen, Nicholas Utility , International ... Marginal Utility , Zeitschrift f r National konomie 37 1977 3& 4 September . ref In any standard ... 1913 Ch VII, pp 86 7. ref Diminishing marginal utility This section is linked from Law of diminishing ... more details
Utility Trailer may refer to Trailer vehicle , an unpowered vehicle pulled by a powered vehicle Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company , an American semi trailer manufacturer disambiguation ... more details
Refimprove date March 2009 The Utility Radio or Wartime Civilian Receiver was a vacuum tube valve domestic Superheterodyne receiver superhet radio receiver, manufactured in United Kingdom Great Britain during World War II starting in July 1944. Both AC and battery operated versions were made. ref name Miller00 Charles Edward Miller, Valve Radio and Audio Repair Handbook Newnes, 2000 ISBN 0750639954 pages 144 151 ref When war broke out in 1939 all the British radio manufacturers switched to producing a wide range of military radio equipment for the armed forces . Perhaps the most famous product was the R1155 communications receiver used by the RAF . After a few years there was a shortage of radio repairmen as they had all been called up to maintain vital radio and radar equipment. Similarly there was a shortage of spare parts, particularly valves, as all production was for the services. This meant it was very difficult to get a radio repaired and with no new sets available there was a desperate need to overcome the problem. The Government solved this by arranging for all radio manufacturers to produce a standard design with as few components as possible. Earlier the Government had introduced the Utility brand to ensure that all clothing, which was rationed, was produced to a reasonable quality standard as prior to its introduction a lot of shoddy goods had appeared on the market. So the Utility brand was adopted for this wartime radio. The only significant shortcoming compared with pre war radios was the absence of a long wave band and a simple tuning dial. This resulted in fewer tuning circuits and the absence of a wave change switch. The tuning dial was a very crude affair ... below show that 44 different manufacturers produced the Utility set, today only two brands remain Roberts ... links http www.thorneyhill.freeserve.co.uk othersets.html Utility Set 1 http www.thevalvepage.com radios wartime mains warmains.htm Utility Set 2 http www.thevalvepage.com radios wartime mains ... more details
In computer programming , a utility class is a class computer science class that defines a set of methods that perform common, often re used functions. Most utility classes define these common methods under static see Static variable scope. Examples of utility classes include java.util.Collections http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collections.html which provides several utility methods such as sorting on objects that implement a Collection java.util.collection http java.sun.com j2se 1.5.0 docs api java util Collection.html . See also Utility pattern External links http c2.com cgi wiki?UtilityPattern Utility Pattern For a utility class, which does not require instantiation and only has static methods, use a private constructor Category Programming constructs Compu prog stub ... more details
Infobox aviation name Utility helicopter image Image CH 146 Griffon Helicopter.jpg caption The Canadian Forces Bell CH 146 Griffon is a typical utility helicopter A utility helicopter is a multi purpose helicopter . A utility Military helicopters military helicopter can fill roles such attack helicopter ground attack , air assault , cargo , MEDEVAC , command and control, and troop transport. ref name FD Cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Utility helicopter title Utility helicopter accessdate 10 January 2012 last Farlex, Inc date 2012 ref A utility helicopter is generally of a size between a medium transport helicopter and a Light Observation Helicopter light observation helicopter . References Reflist Aviation lists DEFAULTSORT Utility Helicopter Category Military helicopters Aero stub ca Helic pter utilitari es Helic ptero utilitario it Elicottero utility lt Bendrosios paskirties sraigtasparnis ms Helikopter utiliti ja ... more details
Transferable utility is a term used in Cooperative game cooperative game theory and in economics . Utility is transferable if one player can losslessly transfer part of its utility to another player. Such transfers are possible if the players have a common currency that is valued equally by all. Note that being able to transfer cash payoff s does not imply that utility is transferable wealthy and poor players may derive a different utility from the same amount of money. Transferable utility is assumed in many cooperative game s, where the payoff s are not given for individual players, but only for coalitions. In this case the assumption implies that irrespective of the division of the coalitional payoff, members of the coalition enjoy the same total utility . References cite book last Myerson first Roger B. authorlink Roger B. Myerson title Game Theory Analysis of Conflict publisher Harvard University Press date 1991 location Cambridge, Massachusetts pages 568 url doi id isbn 0 674 34116 3 game theory Category Game theory Category Utility ... more details
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