Refimprove date January 2008 Image SIF Overhead Wires 1 Cropped.jpg thumb right Utility pole supporting ... of Shoe tossing shoes can be seen hanging from the wires center left, far right . A utility pole ... and out of the way of people and vehicles. Utility poles can be made of wood, metal, concrete, or composites ... line s are carried on steel Electricity pylon transmission towers or pylons . Utility poles ... when this system proved faulty. Use Utility poles are commonly used to carry two types of electric ... their own dedicated poles. Description The standard utility pole in the United States is about convert ... Florida cite web title What s on a utility pole? work Consumer Assistance publisher Florida Public Service ... based on terrain. Joint use poles are usually owned by one utility, which leases space on it for other ... and Electronics Engineers IEEE , sets the standards for construction and maintenance of utility ... for Wooden Utility Poles . Pole materials Image Steel Utility pole.jpg thumb upright Steel utility pole in Darwin, Northern Territory Darwin , Australia . Most utility poles are made of wood ... species of long straight trees are used to make utility poles, including Douglas fir , Jack pine ... Association AWPA has developed the standards for preserving wood utility poles. Despite the preservatives ... ref ref http www.pmcpole.com cms rus bulletin 1730B 121.pdf ref Other common utility .... One particular patented utility pole variant used in Australia is the Stobie pole , made up of two ... China utility pole.jpg thumb left A joint use utility pole in People s Republic of China China . Distribution ... of an overload, the fuse melts and the device pivots open to provide a visual indication of the problem ... trees, the resultant sparks can start bushfires . To reduce this problem, aerial bundled conductors ... found on utility poles are copper or fibre optic cable FOC for telephone lines and coaxial cables ... Utility poles may also carry other equipment such as street lights , supports for traffic lights ... more details
Infobox software name Directory Utility logo Image Directory Utility Logo.png screenshot caption Directory Access Services tab developer Apple Computer latest release version 2.0.1 294.1 latest release date August 5, 2009 operating system Mac OS X genre Utility license Proprietary software Proprietary website URL http www.apple.com macosx Directory Utility is a utility included with the Mac OS X operating system to configure connections to directory services . In OS X 10.6 and up, Directory Utility is in the System Library CoreServices it can be accessed through the GUI via the Accounts System Preferences panel, after clicking Join next to Network Account Server, and then clicking Open Directory Utility. ref cite web last Griffiths first Rob url https www.macworld.com article 142495 2009 08 snowleopardwhatsgonewhere.html title Snow Leopard What s gone where & 124 Mac OS X publisher Macworld date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref ref cite web author wallsbk url http hints.macworld.com article.php?story 20090928101901621 title 10.6 Use Directory Utility in Snow Leopard Mac OS X Hints publisher Hints.macworld.com date accessdate 2011 09 18 ref Prior to Mac OS X 10.5 this tool was named Directory Access. See also Apple Open Directory References reflist Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub it Accesso Directory uk Directory Utility zh Directory Utility ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 Image UtilityVault.JPG thumb right 175px A open Utility Vault. ELEC on cover indicates Electrical Equipment Wires. A utility vault is an underground room providing access to subterranean public utility equipment, such as valve s for water or natural gas pipes, or switchgear for electrical or telecommunication s equipment. Utility vaults are commonly constructed out of reinforced concrete box es, poured cement or brick. Small ones are usually entered through a manhole or grate on the topside. Such vaults are considered confined space s and can be hazardous to enter. Large utility vaults are similar to mechanical room mechanical or electrical room s in design and content. See also Utility tunnel Utilidor Common utility duct Dartford Cable Tunnel External links http www.precast.org vault faq.htm National Precast Concrete Association Category Public utilities Category Rooms Category Subterranea geography room stub ... more details
Category utility is a measure of category goodness defined in Harvtxt Gluck Corter 1985 and Harvtxt Corter ... for the category utility measure is similar to the Information gain in decision trees information ... to the mutual information , as discussed below. A review of category utility in its probabilistic ... 262 . Probability theoretic definition of the Category Utility The probability theoretic definition of category utility given in Harvtxt Fisher 1987 and Harvtxt Witten Frank 2005 is as follows math ... . The motivation and development of this expression for category utility , and the role of the multiplicand ... structure. Information theoretic definition of the Category Utility The information theoretic definition of category utility for a set of entities with size math n math binary feature set ... utility will, in the above formulation, be negative ??? . Category Utility and Mutual Information ... utility is equivalent to the mutual information . Here we provide a simple demonstration of the nature ... v i in F a p v i log p v i end align math If we will rewrite the original Category utility Definition of the Category Utility definition of the category utility from above, with math C c, bar c math , we ... math textstyle sum f i in F math in the category utility equation runs over independent ... of category utility to ordinality Like the mutual information , the category utility is not sensitive ... utility is concerned, the category set code small,medium,large,jumbo code is not qualitatively different than the category set code desk,fish,tree,mop code since the formulation of the category utility ... fred,joe,bob,sue,elaine code . As far as the category utility or mutual information are concerned, all category and feature variables are nominal variables. For this reason, category utility does not reflect ... such as the category utility , and some of the history that lead to the development of this particular ... Mill puts it Harv Mill 1843 1936 pp 466 468 , quotation The general problem of classification ... more details
Utilitarianism expanded Problems The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics . It was created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism . In the thought experiment, a hypothetical being is proposed who receives as much or more utility from each additional unit of a resource he consumes as the first unit he consumes. In other words, the utility monster is not subject to diminishing marginal returns with regard to utility, but instead experiences constant marginal returns, or even increasing marginal returns. Since ordinary people receive less utility with each additional unit consumed, if the utility monster existed, the doctrine of utilitarianism would justify the mistreatment and perhaps annihilation of everyone else, according to Nozick s argument. In his words Utilitarian theory is embarrassed by the possibility of utility monsters who get enormously greater sums of utility from any sacrifice of others than these others lose . . . the theory seems to require that we all be sacrificed in the monster s maw, in order to increase total utility. ref Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974 ref This thought experiment attempts to show that utilitarianism is not actually egalitarian , even though it appears to be at first glance. It is the opposite of the mere addition paradox , which argues that utilitarianism may lead to a very heavily populated world. See also Average and total utilitarianism References reflist Category Utilitarianism Category Thought experiments in ethics lt Laim s monstras ... more details
A utility room is a room within a house where equipment that are not used in day to day activities are kept. Utility refers to an item which is designed for usefulness or practical use, so in turn most of the items kept in this room have functional attributes. A utility room is generally the area where laundry is done, and is the descendant of the scullery room scullery . ref cite web title Utility ... 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room url http www.learnersdictionary.com search utility 20room work Merriam Webster, Incorporated accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Organized Utility Room url http www.hihut.com organized utility room.html work Hi Hut accessdate 2010 03 17 ref Utility room ... 200px Laundry equipment within a room The utility room has several uses but typically functions ... , Ironing ironing boards and clothes iron . ref cite web title Utility Room Laundry Aids url http .... ref cite web title Utility Room Closet Organizers url http www.utilityrooms.com closetorganizers work Utility Rooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 ref ref cite web title Utility Room Storage Cabinets url ... Utility Room Trash url http www.utilityrooms.com trashcans work UtilityRooms.com accessdate 2010 03 17 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref History The utility room was a modern spin off to the scullery ... 03 17 ref The term utility room was mentioned in 1760, when a cottage was built in a rural location in the United Kingdom that was accessible through Penarth and Cardiff . ref cite web title utility room history url http www.google.com search?q utility room history&hl en&sa X&tbo p&tbs tl 1,tl num ... Google Timeline Search for Publications on Utility Room accessdate 2010 03 17 ref A utility room for general ... title Utility Rooms url http news.google.com newspapers?id ahIwAAAAIBAJ&sjid 204DAAAAIBAJ&pg 2960,5453559&dq utility room history&hl en work St. Petersburg Times Aug 3, 1946 accessdate 2010 03 17 ref An American publication, the Pittsburgh Post Gazette, on July 24, 1949 ref cite web title Utility Room ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Confusing date February 2009 The Utility pattern is a software pattern that is used for utility Class computer science class es that do not require instantiation and only have static method s. The state computer science stateless class is designated as static so that no instance can be created. Good candidates for utility classes are convenience methods that can be grouped together functionally. Furthermore, methods in Utility classes are usually deterministic. As the Utility class is stateless, all parameters in each method must pass all necessary information to the method. Example in C public static class LogUtil public static void LogError String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogError message public static void LogWarning String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogWarning message public static void LogInfo String message MyLogger logger new MyLogger logger.LogInfo message A simple example showing how the utility methods are used class MyProgram static void Main String args if args.Length 0 Call our utility helper methods. Note that these are static methods that are called directly off the class. LogUtil.LogError User ran app with arguments else LogUtil.LogInfo Running program. Run See also Utility class Category Software design patterns Compu prog stub ... more details
System utility may refer to System software System utility system engineering Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
The Utility Clothing Scheme was a rationing scheme introduced in the United Kingdom by the British government during World War II . In response to the shortage of clothing materials and labour due to the requirements of the war effort, the Board of Trade sponsored the creation of ranges of utility clothing meeting tight specifications regarding the amount of material and labour allowed to be used in their construction. Utility clothing, and later utility furniture , was marked with the CC41 mark. ref cite web url http www.hullcc.gov.uk museumcollections collections storydetail.php?irn 233&master 455 title 1940s Fashion Utility scheme publisher Hull City Council accessdate 2012 01 01 ref In spite of its austere specification, utility clothing designs were commissioned from leading fashion designers including Hardy Amies , Norman Hartnell and other members of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers . ref cite web url http www.nationalarchives.gov.uk podcasts fashion or ration.htm title Fashion or ration Hartnell, Amies and dressing for the Blitz publisher The National Archives author Robert Daoust date 18 Feb 2010 ref References reflist See also Limitation of Supplies Cloth and Apparel Order 1941 Utility Cloth Maximum Price Order Utility Clothing Maximum Prices and Charges Order Category Austerity Britain Category Rationing and licensing Category United Kingdom home front during World War II Category 1940s fashion fashion stub ... more details
Infobox Software name Apple AirPort Utility logo Image AirPort Utility icon.png 65px caption The logo of Airport Utility screenshot Commented out Image airportadmin.png 220px caption Screenshot of AirPort Admin Utility on Apple Mac OS X v10.4 developer Apple Inc latest release version 6.0 latest release date January 31, 2012 operating system Mac OS X br Windows XP , Windows Vista Vista , Windows 7 7 genre computer networking Networking utility software utility license Proprietary software Proprietary Next release ? Unknown website http www.apple.com airportexpress features utility.html Apple Airport Utility The AirPort Utility , formerly known as the AirPort Admin Utility , is a utility that allows users to configure an AirPort Wi Fi Base Station to create a wireless network and manage a USB device e.g., printer, external hard drive attached to the AirPort device. It is pre installed in Mac OS X and was later made available for download for Microsoft Windows operating systems. Version 6.0 supports Mac OS X Lion Version 5.5.3 supports Mac OS X Leopard and later, as well as Windows XP and later. Version 5.4.2 ref http support.apple.com kb DL839 AirPort Utility 5.4.2 for Mac ref is the final version supported by Mac OS X Tiger . Version 4.2 ref http support.apple.com kb DL455 AirPort 4.2 for Mac OS X 10.3.3 ref is the final version supported by Mac OS X Panther as well as Windows 2000 . ref http support.apple.com kb DL456 AirPort 4.2 for Windows ref References reflist External links http www.apple.com airportextreme features utility.html AirPort Utility http support.apple.com kb DL1390 AirPort Utility 5.5.3 for Mac http support.apple.com kb DL1391 AirPort Utility 5.5.3 for Windows ... Mac software stub May 2010 Windows software stub May 2010 DEFAULTSORT Airport Utility Category Mac OS X, Airport, Windows Software Network software stub Category Wireless Category Mac OS ko it Utility Amministrazione AirPort ru AirPort uk AirPort Admin Utility zh AirPort ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Heatpipe tunnel copenhagen 2009.jpg thumb Underground tunnel for heatpipes between Rigshospitalet and Amagerv rket in Denmark . Image Dec27 004.jpg right thumb A picture of a utility tunnel taken by an Urban Exploration urban explorer in Toronto Canada. Note the steam and electrical conduit. File Schiffbau tunnel.jpg thumb Utility tunnel in the center of Zurich , Switzerland A utility tunnel is a space for wires, conduits, pipes, and other conveyances used in the delivery of utilities with enough room for a human to enter. Modern pipes and cables need less attention and space than older varieties, so the construction of utility tunnels declined in the late 20th century. Modern underground utilities tend to be enclosed in pipe chases, which are not large enough for people. Steam pipe s, in particular, tend to be housed in large tunnels for easy access by workmen. A number of university campuses have a complex network of steam pipes student exploration thereof is referred to as roof and tunnel hacking . See also Common utility duct Jefferies tube Steam tunnel incident Utilidor Utility vault Dartford Cable Tunnel DEFAULTSORT Utility Tunnel Category Tunnels Architecture stub cs Kolektor tunel he ja zh ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 confused Public utility vehicle Utility vehicle is used to describe a vehicle , generally motorized , that is designed for a specific task. Types of utility vehicles Armored utility vehicle Sport utility vehicle Vehicles similar to a station wagon but built on a light truck chassis, usually with off road capability. main Sport utility vehicle Crossover utility vehicle Image Kawasaki Mule snow removal.jpg thumb 200px right Kawasaki Mule used for snow removal Station wagon s based on car chassis, but styled to look like sport utility vehicles main Crossover automobile Light equipment Vehicles like the Kawasaki motorcycles All Terrain Vehicles and utility vehicles Kawasaki s MULE in which a flat bed is added to an all terrain vehicle . Generally used as a maintenance vehicle. Coup utility or Tray utility vehicle Vehicles featuring a coupe passenger compartment with an attached cargo bed. All steel bodied utility vehicles, more commonly called utes , were invented in Australia . main Coup utilityUtility Terrain Vehicle A type of small vehicle like an All terrain vehicle ATV all terrain vehicle but with more truck like features for working instead of recreation. main Utility terrain vehicle UTV Characteristics UTV s differ from ATV s in that UTV s typically have a side by side seating arrangement, many have seat belts and roll over protection, and most have a cargo box at the rear of the vehicle. The UTV s generally have a higher payload capability and are longer and wider than ATV s. While most ATV s can carry 125 to 200 lbs. of cargo in addition to the operator s weight, the UTV payloads run from 800 to 1350 lbs. above the operator passenger s weight. The payload is usually carried on a UTV below the top of the tires as opposed to an ATV where the load is carried above the fenders. This lower load positioning can drastically lower the vertical center of gravity which will increase stability. UTV s come in a number of different configurations ... more details
In economics , the isoelastic function for utility , also known as the isoelastic utility function , constant relative risk aversion utility function , or power utility function , is used to express utility in terms of consumption economics consumption or some other economic variable that a decision maker is concerned with. It is math u c begin cases frac c 1 eta 1 1 eta & eta neq 1 log c & eta 1 end cases math where math c math is consumption, math u c math the associated utility, and math eta math is a non negative constant. ref Ljungqvist & Sargent Recursive Macroeconomic Theory , page 451 ref Since additive constant terms in objective functions do not affect optimal decisions, the term 1 in the numerator can be, and usually is, omitted except when establishing the limiting case of log c as below . When the context involves risk, the utility function is viewed as a von Neumann Morgenstern utility function , and the parameter math eta math is a measure of risk aversion. The isoelastic utility function is a special case of the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion HARA utility functions, and is used in analyses that either include or do not include underlying risk . Empirical parametrization There is substantial debate in the economics and finance literature with respect to the empirical value of math eta math . While relatively high values of math eta math as high as 50 in some models Citation needed date December 2010 are necessary to explain the behavior of asset prices, controlled experiments Citation needed date December 2010 lead to the conclusion that individuals have math eta math close to one. Risk aversion features This and only this utility function has the feature .... Special cases math eta 0 math this corresponds to risk neutrality , because utility is linear in c ... Exponential utility Risk aversion References references DEFAULTSORT Isoelastic Utility Category Macroeconomics Category Microeconomics Category Finance Category Utility ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 File Tillie Shafer.jpg right thumb 200px Tillie Shafer was a utility infielder for the New York Giants. A utility infielder UI is a baseball player, usually one who does not have a regular starting role on the team and who is capable of playing more than one of the four defensive infielder infield baseball positions positions ref cite book last Simon first Thomas P. title Deadball stars of the National League publisher Brassey s year 2004 pages 173 isbn 1574888609 url http books.google.com books?id gEHVs0v0eIkC&pg PA173&dq utility infielder&lr &as brr 3&ei FYKrS7bvKYqizQT83rmIDg&cd 23 v onepage&q utility 20infielder&f false ref second baseman second base , third baseman third base , shortstop , and less typically first baseman first base . Utility infielders are generally considered excellent defensive players who do not hit well enough to remain in the starting lineup, ref cite book last Swaine first Rick title Beating the breaks major league ballplayers who overcame disabilities publisher McFarland year 2004 edition 2 pages 66 isbn 0786418281 url http books.google.com books?id wu1cJHb4yo0C&pg PA66&dq utility infielder&lr &as brr 3&ei FYKrS7bvKYqizQT83rmIDg&cd 29 v onepage&q utility 20infielder&f false ref but can fill in at multiple defensive positions to give the various starters a rest, or replace a starter late in a game to provide improved defense when the team is winning. Examples of current utility infielders include Geoff Blum ref cite web url http www.chron.com disp story.mpl sports bb 6925705.html title Blum understands role with Astros last Fallas first Bernardo date March 23, 2010 work Houston Chronicle accessdate 25 March 2010 ref , and John McDonald infielder John McDonald . References Reflist Baseball positions DEFAULTSORT Utility Infielder Category Baseball positions Baseball stub ko ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Software name Network Utility logo Image Network Utility icon.png 64px screenshot Image Network Utility ping.png 220px caption Network Utility performing a ping on en.wikipedia.org developer Apple Computer latest release version 1.5 85 latest release date July 20, 2011 operating system Mac OS X genre computer networking network software license website Network Utility is an application included with Mac OS X that provides a variety of computer networking computer network information. It is located at tt Applications Utilities Network Utility.app tt . Services Network interface device Network interfaces Netstat AppleTalk ping Lookup Traceroute Whois Finger protocol Finger Port scan Port scan Network Utility uses the tools supplied in the unix directories for most of its functions, however for the port scan it uses a unix executable in its resources folder, stroke software stroke , found at tt Applications Utilities Network Utility.app Contents Resources stroke tt . Gallery gallery Image Network Utility lookup any en.wikipedia.org.png Performing a DNS lookup on en.wikipedia.org gallery Mac OS X Category Mac OS X only software made by Apple Inc. Category Mac OS X Mac stub it Utility Network ja Macintosh uk Network Utility ... more details
Infobox aviation name Utility aircraft image Image YJAV5.JPG caption The Harbin Y 12 is a utility aircraft. A utility aircraft is a general purpose light plane or helicopter, usually used for transporting people or freight, but also for other duties when a more specialised aircraft is not required or available. The term can also refer to an aircraft Type certificate certified under American, Canadian, European or Australian regulations as a Utility Category Aircraft , which indicates that it is permitted to conduct limited aerobatics . The approved maneuvers include chandelle s, lazy eight s, Spin flight spins and steep turns over 60° of bank. ref name Crane Crane, Dale Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition , page 535. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1 56027 287 2 ref ref name FAR23 Cite web url http ecfr.gpoaccess.gov cgi t text text idx?c ecfr&sid b6f5e31413e8b959cea967c466bc74e5&rgn div8&view text&node 14 1.0.1.3.10.1.59.3&idno 14 title Title 14 Aeronautics and Space PART 23 AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS NORMAL, UTILITY, ACROBATIC, AND COMMUTER CATEGORY AIRPLANES Subpart A General accessdate 15 July 2011 last Federal Aviation Administration authorlink year 2011 month July ref ref name CAR523 Cite web url http www.tc.gc.ca eng civilaviation regserv cars part5 standards 523 sub ab 2061.htm 523 3 title Part V Airworthiness Manual Chapter 523 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic And Commuter Category Aeroplanes accessdate 15 July 2011 last Transport Canada authorlink year 2011 month July ref In the United States, military utility aircraft are given the prefix U in their United States Department of Defense aerospace vehicle designation designations . See also FAR Part 23 refers to utility category in US aviation regulations Utility helicopter References reflist Category Aircraft by type aero stub de Mehrzweckflugzeug es Avi n utilitario ja pl Samolot wielozadaniowy ... more details
The term utility station is used to describe fixed radio broadcasters disseminating signals that are not intended for reception by the general public but such members are not actively prohibited from receiving . Utility stations, as the name suggests, do broadcast signals that have an immediate practical use, by means of analog or usually digital modes most often utility transmissions are of a point to point nature, intended for a specific receiving station. Utility stations are most prevalent on shortwave frequencies, though they are not restricted to the shortwave frequencies. Examples of utility station and modes One common use of utility stations is disseminating weather information. Weather information is often broadcast using radioteletype RTTY and sending synoptic code s, or weather chart s are sent using radiofax , which are used by mariners and others. Airports make voice weather broadcasts on High frequency HF , known as VOLMET . Some examples include New York Radio, which broadcasts weather information for locations in the eastern United States, or Shanwick Radio, which does the same for Europe. HF frequencies are still often used for trans oceanic air traffic control. News agencies previously used RTTY for news stories, and, less commonly, radiofax for the images, although is no longer done. Satellite communications and the Internet have replaced HF for this application. Many maritime radio services are often known as utility stations, including as ship to shore and vice ... of Automatic link establishment modes to set up communication links automatically. Some utility stations ... other utility type signals are piggybacked on Subsidiary Communications Authority FM broadcast ... Utility World with various sound samples of utility modes http kb9ukd.com digital KB9UKD Digital Modes with mostly non HF utility modes samples http www.wunclub.com Shortwave Utility Radio with information and links to utility sites, information, and products Category Radio stations radio comm stub ... more details
Infobox software name Disk Utility logo Image Diskutil.png 64px screenshot Image Disk Utility screenshot.png 220px Disk Utility screenshot caption author developer Apple Inc. released latest release version 12.1 latest release date February 1, 2012 latest preview version latest preview date operating system Mac OS X platform language genre Software utilityUtility license Proprietary software Proprietary website Disk Utility is the name of a Utility software utility created by Apple Inc. Apple for performing Disk storage disk related tasks in Mac OS X . These tasks include ref http docs.info.apple.com article.html?path DiskUtility 10.5 en duh1008.html Disk Utility 10.5 Help Testing and repairing a disk or volume ref the creation, conversion, compression and encryption of disk image s from a wide range of formats read by Disk Utility to .dmg or for CD DVD images .cdr Mount computing mount ... ref http support.apple.com kb HT1452 About Disk Utility s Repair Disk Permissions feature ref ... Mac OS X How to combine RAID sets in Disk Utility ref , and repairing RAID sets restoring volumes from ... Technology S.M.A.R.T status of a hard disk. Disk Utility functions may also be accessed from ... commands. Disk Utility was updated with Mac OS X v10.3 . Prior to v10.3, the functionality of Disk Utility was spread across two applications Disk Copy and Disk Utility. Disk Copy was used for creating and mounting disk image files, and Disk Utility was used for formatting, partitioning, verifying and repairing ... Bot generated title ref Further changes introduced in 10.4.3 allowed Disk Utility to be used to verify ... base ref http docs.info.apple.com article.html?artnum 302672 Using Disk Utility in Mac OS X 10.4.3 ..., similar functionality to the verification features of Disk Utility could be found in the Disk First ... Palimpsest Disk Utility GNU Parted diskpart fdisk cfdisk References Reflist External links http ... software Category Data erasure it Utility Disco ja ru Disk Utility uk Disk Utility zh ... more details
See also Industrial applicability Patent law In United States patent law , utility is a patentability ... Mass. 1817 The law...does not look to the degree of utility it simply requires that it shall be capable of use.... ref The majority of inventions are usually not challenged as lacking utility, ref Janice ... s guidelines require that a patent application expresses a specific, credible, and substantial utility. ref See Brenner v. Manson , 383 U.S. 519 1966 USPTO, Utility Examination Guidelines, 66 Fed. Reg ... showing that there is no specific, substantial, and credible utility. European patent law does not consider utility as a patentability criterion. ref In this respect, decision http legal.european patent ... under EPC Article 52 2 and 3 even where they have practical utility headnote III. , thus ruling out the utility of an invention as a decisive patentability criterion. ref Instead, it requires ... Convention , see for instance EPC Article 57 . ref Utility criterion In considering the requirement of utility for patents, there are three main factors to review operability of the invention, a beneficial ... of functionality, also known as General Utility. Operability concerns whether the invention actually works or accomplishes the utility that the inventor claims. The operability of an invention ... inoperative embodiments does not necessarily render a claim invalid as lacking utility. ref name ... asserts the utility of shrinking cancer tumors. If it is established that the embodiment of the invention ... the utility asserted for the genus. ref name JMMueller247 She further explains, however, that while ... to practice the invention without undue experimentation. ref name JMMueller247 Beneficial utility Beneficial utility was first recognized as a requirement in United States patent law in the 1817 case Lowell v. Lewis ref name lowell Lowell v. Lewis, 15 F. Cas. 1018 C.C.D. Mass. 1817 ref the utility ... asserts that, t he threshold of utility is not high An invention is useful under section 101 if it is capable ... more details
Image White Pigeon Bird 74 wing feathers at week and a half.jpg thumb right A young utility squab. Utility pigeons are Domestic Pigeon domesticated pigeon s bred for a source of meat called Squab food squab . Squabs have been used as a food by many nations for centuries. ref cite book last Levi first Wendell title The Pigeon year 1977 publisher Levi Publishing Co, Inc location Sumter, S.C. isbn 0853900132 ref They were Selective breeding selected as birds that would breed and grow quickly. ref name Seymour Seymour, Rev. Colin Ed 2006 Australian Fancy Pigeons National Book of Standards . ref Because they are bred for squab production, conformation to a show Breed standard standard is usually deemed unimportant. Utility pigeons are one of three main breed groupings used by pigeon fanciers. The other two are Flying Sporting Pigeons Flying Sporting and Fancy pigeons Fancy . The characteristics of utility pigeons of most importance to the businessperson who is keeping them are rapid growth and high fecundity. There are certain breeds of pigeons which at one time were raised for utility purposes but which are now raised for show purposes ref cite book last Hiatt first Shannon coauthors Jon Esposito, DVM title The Pigeon Guide publisher Silvio Mattacchione and Company date 2000 location Port Perry, Ontario isbn 1895270189 pages 32 ref . Fanciers usually distinguish between the two sub breeds by appending the word show or utility to the name of the breed. For example, there are show King pigeon king s and utility kings and they are two different breeds of pigeon. The show breeds can still be used for squabbing purposes. Show utility breeds American Giant Runt Carneau French Mondain King pigeon King References reflist See also List of pigeon breeds Category Domesticated pigeon breeds Category Domestic pigeons Domesticated pigeon breed stub poultry stub ... more details
A Roadster utility is an automobile with an open topped roadster body and a rear cargo bed. The concept is similar to that of the coupe utility which combines a closed coupe body with a rear cargo bed. ref name AussieUte Larry O Toole, The Good Old Aussie Ute, 2000, page 6 ref The style was common in Australia prior to World War II ref name AussieUte and was revived by Ford Australia in 1953 for its Ford Popular Ford Popular Roadster Utility . ref name Darwin The History of Ford in Australia, Norm Darwin, 1986, page 101 ref In the United States this body style was called a Roadster Pickup and was popular during the 1920s and early 1930s, some surviving as restored Vintage car vintage cars or jalopy relics of curiosty. Several manufacturers like Ford or Dodge offered it as standard models in their commercial vehicle catalogues. File SAM 0154.jpg thumb centre Chevrolet at Camden Show, NSW References references External links http www.roadsterute.com index3.htm Roadster Utility Vehicle Category Car body styles lt Rodsteris pikapas ... more details
Infobox software name PANGU , Planet and Asteroid Natural scene Generation Utility logo screenshot caption developer ESA and University of Dundee frequently updated operating system Windows and Linux genre license website The PANGU Planet and Asteroid Natural scene Generation Utility is a computer graphics utility which development has been funded by ESA and performed by University of Dundee . It generates scenes of planets, moons, asteroids, spacecraft and rovers. The main purpose of the tool is to test and validate navigation techniques based on processing of images coming from on board sensors, such as camera or imaging LIDAR on a planetary lander. External links http spacetech.dundee.ac.uk research planetary lander technology pangu pangu planet and asteroid natural scene generation utilit PANGU User Resources http spacetech.dundee.ac.uk node 226 Category Graphics software ... more details
Utility Group is the name of a Breed Groups dog breed group of Dog dogs , used by Kennel club kennel clubs to classify a defined collection of dog breeds. How Utility Group is defined varies among kennel clubs, and different kennel clubs may not include the same breeds in their Utility Group . Some kennel clubs do not use the Utility Group classification. Utility Group is not a term used by the international ... its breed groupings by dog type and breed history. Definitions of Utility Group There are two different kennel club definitions of Utility Group . In one, dogs which do not fit elsewhere are placed in the Utility Group , and in the other, certain breeds of working dogs are designated as part of the Utility ... places in the Utility Group dog breeds that do not quite fit in other groups, such as the Shih Tzu ... to be too large. Other dogs are placed in the Kennel Club s Utility Group group because the working ... Utility Utility.html Utility Group on Our Pets ref such as the function of the Dalmatian dog Dalmatian to run alongside horse drawn coaches. The Kennel Club defines Utility as meaning fitness for a purpose ... Club Utility Group ref taken to mean fitness for a purpose not covered by other Groups . Therefore ... National Kennel Council each recognize a Utility Group , with a different emphasis. In Australia and New Zealand, the Utility Group includes large breeds of Livestock guardian dog livestock ... www.nzkc.org.nz breederlistings2.html?sub 6 New Zealand Kennel Club Utility Group defined ref Other major kennel clubs in the English speaking world that do not use the Utility Group category include the American Kennel Club and the Canadian Kennel Club . How the Utility Group breeds are placed by those kennel clubs and by the F d ration Cynologique Internationale are detailed in the section on Utility ... kennel clubs, and the breeds found in the Working Group of those kennel clubs are found in the Utility ... Kennel Club breed groups ref The Australian National Kennel Council Utility Group is defined in a similar ... more details
Infobox company company name First Utility company logo File Logo of First Utility.gif company type foundation ... homepage http www.first utility.com www.first utility.com footnotes First Utility is a supplier ... their meter readings. First Utility is part of the same group as First Telecom, which is a provider of telecommunications services. Since its launch in 2008, First Utility has positioned itself as a provider ... title First utility emerges as cheapest energy supplier url http www.which.co.uk news 2009 09 firstutility ... First Utility boss has the power to challenge the big six suppliers url http www.guardian.co.uk business 2010 may 06 mark daeche first utility publisher Guardian accessdate 20 April 2012 ref and in October ... across the UK. ref cite web title First Utility kicks off nationwide smart meter roll out url http www.businessgreen.com bg news 1869927 first utility kicks nationwide smart meter roll publisher .... ref name fasttrack cite web title Fast Track 100 First Utility url http www.fasttrack.co.uk fasttrack ... ref In March 2012, First Utility s iSave v10 scheme was named the cheapest energy deal in the UK ... 2012 ref History In 2009 a study by Which? revealed First Utility to be the UK s cheapest supplier ... Utility s price rises for new customers shortly after they had signed up as extremely concerning behaviour . First Utility disputed the price rise claims, stating First Utility has managed to keep most ... in wholesale costs. First Utility remains the cheapest energy supplier in the UK. ref http www.bbc.co.uk news business 11916422 ref In July 2011 First Utility signed up for the Which? Smart Meter Promise ... First Utility claimed could potentially save UK customers around 400m a year. ref cite web title First Utility and Opower partner to nudge households towards energy saving url http www.businessgreen.com bg news 2086096 utility opower partner nudge households energy saving publisher Business Green accessdate 28 March 2012 ref The same year saw First Utility criticise an announcement from Scottish and Southern ... more details
Utility ratemaking is the formal regulatory process by which public utility public utilities set the prices ... utility public utilities , and thus have been legally mandated to go through the ratemaking process ... of public utility public utilities has changed over time, typically such businesses must constitute .... Prominent public utility public utilities which must utilize ratemaking to set rates includes ... sfn Principles of Public Utility Rates Capital Attraction Reasonably Priced Energy Efficiency ... the history of utility regulation. These five goals attempt to serve the several interests of the utility ... for customers. Utility companies are therefore allowed to charge reasonable rates, which are generally regarded as rates that allow utilities to encourage people to invest in utility stocks and bonds ... decline, consumption rises. The price of a utility s products and services will affect its consumption ... of utilities and thereby affect the consumption. With declining block rates , the per unit price of utility ... for all consumption. Income Transfer Ratemaking distributes wealth from consumers to utility owners. Ratemaking also involves redistribution of wealth among and within classes of customers. Utility ... a utility s revenue requirement R O V D r The elements of the traditional rate formula are defined as R is the utility s total revenue requirement or rate level. This is the total amount of money a regulator allows a utility to earn. O is the utility s operating expenses. V is the gross value of the utility s tangible and intangible property. D is the utility s accrued depreciation. Combined V D constitute the utility s rate base utility rate base , also known as its capital investment. r is the rate of return a utility is allowed to earn on its capital investment or on its rate base. The traditional ... base. The more a utility invests, the more money it earns. Operating Expenses A firm s operating ... be recouped if the utility is to stay operational. Operating costs are most often the largest component ... more details
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