Unreferenced date December 2009 Evidence law An excited utterance , in the law of evidence law evidence , is a statement made by a person in response to a startling or shocking event or condition. The statement must be spontaneously made by the person the declarant while still under the stress of excitement from the event or condition. The subject matter and content of the statement must relate to event or condition. The statement could be a description or explanation as required for present sense impression , or an opinion or inference. Examples include Look out We re going to crash or I think he s crazy. He s shooting at us The basis for this hearsay exception is the belief that a statement made under the stress is likely to be trustworthy and unlikely to be premeditated falsehoods. Compared to present sense impression, excited utterance is broader in scope for permitting a longer time lapse between event and statement, and a wider range of content in the statement. Under the Federal Rules of Evidence , an excited utterance is a hearsay exception, and is admissible to prove the truth of the statement itself e.g., in the case of the first quotation above, to prove that the vehicle the declarant was riding in was, in fact, about to crash . To prove the truth of the statement means to persuade the finder of fact to believe the affirmative sense of the statement. Truth here does not mean truth from the subjective point of view of the declarant or from the objective point of view of a reasonably prudent person. It simply refers to the affirmative assertion of the statement. Spontaneity of the declarant is a key to admissibility. An excited utterance does not have to be made at time of the startling event, but must be made while the declarant is still in a state of surprise ... and thus not an excited utterance. However, under certain circumstances, it is possible for days to have ... and organization. DEFAULTSORT Excited Utterance Category Hearsay ko ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name First Utterance Type Album Artist Comus band Comus Cover FirstUtterance.jpg Background Orange Released 1971 Recorded November December 1970 Genre Psych folk , freak folk , progressive rock Length 49 17 Label Dawn DNLS 3019 Producer Barry Murray Last album This album First Utterance br 1971 Next album To Keep from Crying br 1974 First Utterance is the debut album of the United Kingdom British progressive rock band Comus band Comus . It was released in 1971, with the opening song Diana being released as a single. First Utterance was notable for its unique blend of progressive rock, folk, psychedelia, and elements of paganism and the macabre. The overall thematic tone of the album is of vulnerable innocence facing abusive power, ref http www.users.globalnet.co.uk rneckmag comus.html A Million Fleshy Things The Songs Of Comus by Chris Blackford ref the songs dealing with violence Drip Drip , rape Diana , Song to Comus , and insulin shock therapy The Prisoner . These themes contrast starkly with the acoustic sound of the record, featuring acoustic guitar, violin, flute, and lyrical, almost Arcadian, female harmonies. Although since reissued, the vinyl original has been known to change hands for 150.00 Inflation UK 150 1982 r 2 adjusted for inflation . ref Record Collector Magazine, Issue c. 1982 ref References to Comus by other bands and artists include Opeth , citing its lyrics in album and song titles and tattoos. Experimental outfit Current 93 also covered Diana as the opening song on their 1990 LP Horse . Artwork The cover artwork was drawn in ball point pen by Roger Wootton, lead singer and songwriter of the band. The centrefold artwork not shown was painted by guitarist Glenn Goring. Reception Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 3 5 ref Allmusic class album id r33760 first Richie last Unterberger accessdate ... Comus First Utterance release 2282473 First Utterance at discogs Category 1971 debut albums Category ... more details
, in making the utterance he performs the promise since promising is an illocutionary act, the utterance is thus a performative utterance. If Peter utters the sentence without the intention to keep the promise, or if eventually he does not keep it, then although something is not in order with the utterance ..., on the other hand, the utterance is to be assessed as happy or felicitous , rather than as true . The initial ... the word Go in order to command someone to leave the room then this utterance is part of the performance ... notion of Searle s account according to his conception, an utterance is a declaration , if the successful ... for a special justification for an utterance s performative effect. According to Bach and Harnish ... or metapragmatic verbs, verbs that draw attention to a particular relation between the utterance ... as it might be in the future. These categories are not exclusive, so an utterance may well have both ... more details
Mean Length of Utterance or MLU is a measure of linguistic productivity in children. It is traditionally calculated by collecting 100 utterance s spoken by a child and dividing the number of morpheme s by the number of utterances. A higher MLU is taken to indicate a higher level of language proficiency. Mean Length of Utterance is a good marker of language impairment. It is the number of words or morphemes in each of their spontaneous utterances. It can be used to benchmark language acquisition and is used to compare language intervention outcomes in autistic children. In testing of children ages 3 9 with diagnoses of autism or autism spectrum disorders and nonverbal IQ scores below 85, results indicated that children with autism persistently scored below the unaffected group without significant improvement in scores concerning mean length of utterance. There may be variability in outcomes due to sampling differences. ref cite journal last Rice first Maybel title Mean Length of Utterance Levels in 6 month Intervals for Children 3 to 9 Years with and without Language Impairments journal J Speech Lang Hear Res year 2010 pages 333 349 pmc 2849178 pmid 20360460 ref A study by Bishop and Adams 1990 suggests that MLU at 4.5 is a good predictor of reading ability at age 8. Nonetheless MLU is considered controversial, and should not be used as the only diagnostic measure of language proficiency in children. See also Language acquisition Language development References reflist Bishop, D. V. M., & Adams, C. 1990 . A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 1027 1050. External links http specgram.com PsQ.XVI.3 04.x.mlu.html The Effect of Coffee Consumption on Adults Average MLU at the Breakfast Table A humorous article demonstrating some of the criticisms of MLU&mdash namely that extra linguistic factors can greatly affect MLU. Category Reading Category ... more details
Refimprove article date May 2009 A bark is a noise most commonly produced by dog s and puppy puppies . Other animals that make this noise include wolves and quolls . Woof is the most common representation in the English language for this sound especially for large dogs . Other transliterations include the onomatopoeia onomatopoeic ruff , arf , au au , yip for small dogs , and bow wow . Why dogs bark Although dogs are descended from the Gray Wolf wolf , Canis lupus , their barking constitutes a significant difference from their parent species. Although wolves do bark, they do so only in specific situations. According to Coppinger and Feinstein, dogs bark in long, rhythmic stanzas but adult wolf barks tend to be brief and isolated. ref Coppinger R, Feinstein M Hark Hark The dogs do bark... and bark and hark. Smithsonian 21 119 128, 1991 ref Compared with wolves, dogs bark frequently and in many different situations. It has been suggested that the reason for the difference lies in the dog s domestication by humans. ref name MurrayPenridge2 Richard Murray and Helen Penridge. http www.petnet.com.au dcue Dogs and Cats in the Urban Environment A Handbook of Municipal Pet Management . Second edition, 2001, ch. 11. ref An increased tendency to bark could have been useful to humans to provide an early warning system. Domestication has altered the physical appearance of dogs. Dogs present a striking example of neoteny , the retention of juvenile characteristics in the adults. They are similar to young wolves in many of their mannerisms and physical features, such as large heads, flat faces, large eyes, submissiveness and vocalizing all of which are exhibited in wolf puppies. Individual dogs bark for a variety of reasons. They may bark to attract attention, to communicate a message, or to express excitement. Statistical analysis has revealed that barks can be divided into different subtypes based on context and that individual dogs can be identified by their barks. Disturbance ... more details
A roar is a deep, bellowing outburst of sound forced through an open mouth. It is produced by animal s of certain species. A roar is usually made using hyoid bone hyoid , a small bone which is not completely rigid in adults. Animals roar for various reasons, including territorial proclamation, communication with other members, and anger. See also Animal language References div class references small Ananthakrishnan, Gopal, Robert Eklund, Gustav Peters, Gopal & Evans Mabiza. 2011. http roberteklund.info pdf Ananthakrishnan et al 2011 LionRoars.pdf An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II Vocal tract characteristics . In Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8 10 June 2010, pp. 5 8.Download PDF from http roberteklund.info. Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Gopal Ananthakrishnan & Evans Mabiza. 2011. http roberteklund.info pdf Eklund et al 2011 LionRoars.pdf An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses . In Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8 10 June 2010, pp. 1 4. Download PDF from http roberteklund.info. div Category animal sounds Category Onomatopoeias Wiktionary roar ethology stub ca Rugit fr Rugissement mr ... more details
Semantic interpretation is an important component in dialog system s. It is related to natural language understanding , but mostly its refers to the last stage of understanding. The goal of interpretation is binding the user utterance to concept, or something the system can understand. Typically it is creating a database query based on user utterance. Category Multimodal interaction Comp eng stub ... more details
TUTT may refer to TUTT linguistics , time of utterance a temporal reference for establishing tense TUTT meteorology , a tropical upper tropospheric trough disambig ... more details
no footnotes date February 2012 DISPLAYTITLE T sub UTT sub linguistics In linguistics, T sub UTT sub always written as uppercase T plus uppercase UTT in subscript is an abbreviation for the time of utterance , the primary temporal reference in establishing tense. Grammatical tense represents the contrast between two measurements along the timeline of an utterance, with one of those measurements being the time of utterance T sub UTT sub the time at which the actual utterance is made . T sub UTT sub is always the primary point of reference for tense. There are three additional references to which T sub UTT sub can be contrasted T sub AST sub the time of assertion , T sub COM sub the time of completion , and T sub EVL sub the time of evaluation these are secondary references. The type used for the secondary reference is determined by Grammatical aspect aspect and type of utterance. References Mezhevich, Ilana 2008 Time Relational Approach to Tense and Mood. Bybee, Joan 1995 Modality & Grammar in Discourse. Amsterdam, John Benjamins. Ward, Drew 2009 An Inventory & Discussion of English Futurity. CALLE Category Linguistics Category Grammar ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In linguistics and the philosophy of mind , a locutionary act is the performance of an utterance , and hence of a speech act . The term equally refers to the surface meaning of an utterance because, according to J. L. Austin s posthumous How To Do Things With Words , a speech act should be analysed as a locutionary act i.e. the actual utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance , as well as an illocutionary act the semantic illocutionary force of the utterance, thus its real, intended meaning , and in certain cases a further perlocutionary act i.e. its actual effect, whether intended or not . For example, my saying to you Don t go into the water a locutionary act with distinct phonetic, syntactic and semantic features counts as warning you not to go into the water an illocutionary act , and if you heed my warning I have thereby succeeded in persuading you not to go into the water a perlocutionary act . This taxonomy of speech acts was inherited by John R. Searle , Austin s pupil at Oxford and subsequently an influential exponent of speech act theory. DEFAULTSORT Locutionary Act Category Discourse analysis Category Oral communication Category Statements Ling stub de Lokution ko hu Lok ci ... more details
MLU may stand for Monroe Regional Airport Louisiana IATA code MLU , an airport near Monroe, LA Mean length of utterance Mirror lock up Mid life update Mountain Locator Unit Martin Luther University disambig de MLU es MLU it MLU ... more details
Verbum may refer to Word Utterance Verb Logos Dei Verbum is one of the principal documents of the Second Vatican Council. Verbum magazine A 1942 lithograph entitled Verbum by M.C. Escher wiktionary Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages disambiguation nl Verbum sk Verbum ... more details
Lalia may refer to Laila Ali , the daughter of Muhammad Ali See also Coprolalia , involuntary utterance of obscene words Glossolalia , vocalizing of fluent speech like but unintelligible utterances Echolalia , the repetition of vocalizations made by another person Palilalia , the repetition or echoing of one s own spoken words Colisa lalia , dwarf gourami, a fish disambig de Lalia ... more details
Bow wow may be Bark utterance Bow wow theory disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE T sub AST sub No footnotes date May 2010 In linguistics, T sub AST sub always written as uppercase T plus uppercase AST in subscript is an abbreviation for the time of assertion , a secondary temporal reference in establishing tense. Grammatical tense represents the contrast between two measurements along the timeline of an utterance, with one of those measurements being the time of utterance T sub UTT sub the time at which the actual utterance is made . T sub UTT sub is always the primary point of reference for tense. There are three additional references to which T sub UTT sub can be contrasted T sub AST sub the time of assertion, T sub COM sub the time of completion , and T sub EVL sub the time of evaluation these are secondary references. The type used for the secondary reference is determined by aspect and type of utterance. T sub AST sub is the time at which the action of a verb takes place. It can be a single point in time in the non durational aspects such as in English I had dinner at 5pm. Or, it can be a range of time in the durational aspects such as I was eating dinner from 5 till 7. References Mezhevich, Ilana 2008 Time Relational Approach to Tense and Mood. Bybee, Joan 1995 Modality & Grammar in Discourse. Amsterdam, John Benjamins. Ward, Drew 2009 An Inventory & Discussion of English Futurity. CALLE DEFAULTSORT Tast Category Linguistics Category Grammar ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE T sub EVL sub context date August 2010 In linguistics, T sub EVL sub always written as uppercase T plus uppercase EVL in subscript is an abbreviation for the time of evaluation , a secondary temporal reference in establishing tense. It is used determining tense of generalizations and habitual truths. In these types of utterances, there is no specific verb occurrence to observe and thus no assertion . Instead, the purpose of such utterances is to merely inform. In these utterances, a generalization or an habitual truth is attested as true or questioned for trueness in interrogative forms . The earliest point at which these attestations can be evaluated as true or not serves as the secondary temporal reference for such constructions. Grammatical tense represents the contrast between two measurements along the timeline of an utterance, with one of those measurements being the time of utterance T sub UTT sub the time at which the actual utterance is made . T sub UTT sub is always the primary point of reference for tense. There are three references to which T sub UTT sub can be contrasted T sub AST sub the time of assertion , T sub COM sub the time of completion , and T sub EVL sub the time of evaluation these are secondary references. The type used for the secondary reference is determined by aspect and type of utterance. References Mezhevich, Ilana 2008 Time Relational Approach to Tense and Mood. Bybee, Joan 1995 Modality & Grammar in Discourse. Amsterdam, John Benjamins. Ward, Drew 2009 An Inventory & Discussion of English Futurity. CALLE Category Linguistics Category Grammar ... more details
wiktionary grumble Grumble may refer to S 300 missile S 300F S 300 missile , a Russian cruise missile, known colloquially as Grumble Grumble sound , an utterance one makes usually in the form of a complaint or annoyance See also Mustn t Grumble disambiguation Grumbles from the Grave , a 1989 autobiography by Robert A. Heinlein dab ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A symbolic linguistic representation is a representation of an utterance that uses symbol s to represent linguistic information about the utterance, such as information about phonetics , phonology , morphology linguistics morphology , syntax , or semantics . Symbolic linguistic representations are different from non symbolic representations, such as recordings, because they use symbols to represent linguistic information rather than measurements. A typical kind of symbolic linguistic representation is phonetic transcription . Symbolic linguistic representations are frequently used in computational linguistics . DEFAULTSORT Symbolic Linguistic Representation phonetics stub ling morph stub syntax stub Category Linguistic morphology Category Phonetics Category Syntax Category Computational linguistics ... more details
In J.L. Austin J.L. Austin s formulation of Speech act theory , a performative utterance is neither true nor false, but can instead be deemed felicitous or infelicitous according to a set of conditions whose interpretation differs depending on whether the utterance in question is a declaration I sentence you to death , a request I ask that you stop doing that or a warning I warn you not to jump off the roof . Felicity conditions for declarations Conventionality of procedure the procedure e.g. an oath follows its conventional form Appropriate participants and circumstances the participants are able to perform a felicitous speech act under the circumstances e.g. a judge can sentence a criminal in court, but not on the street Complete execution the speaker completes the speech act without errors or interruptions Sincerity condition the utterance counts as the speaker s will Felicity conditions for requests Propositional content condition the requested act is a future act of the hearer Preparatory precondition 1 the speaker believes the hearer can perform the requested act 2 it is not obvious that the hearer would perform the requested act without being asked Sincerity condition the speaker genuinely wants the hearer to perform the requested act Essential condition the utterance counts as an attempt by the speaker to have the hearer do an act Felicity conditions for warnings Propositional content condition it is a future event Preparatory precondition 1 the speaker believes the event will occur and be detrimental to the hearer 2 the speaker believes that it is not obvious to the hearer that the event will occur Sincerity condition the speaker genuinely believes that the event will be detrimental to the hearer Essential condition the utterance counts as an attempt by the speaker to have the hearer recognize that a future event will be detrimental References No footnotes date May 2009 J. L. Austin Austin, J. L. 1962 How to Do Things With Words . Oxford University Press See ... more details
wiktionarypar nonsense Nonsense is an utterance or written text that does not in fact carry any identifiable meaning. Nonsense may also mean Abstract nonsense , a term used by mathematicians to describe certain kinds of arguments and concepts in category theory In genetics , a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a DNA sequence sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon . Nonsense verse Fashionable Nonsense disambig ... more details
orphan date January 2008 In a simple form of communication between two people, e.g. a short dialog, the speaker s utterance and transmission of speech sounds or speech signal to the hearer encompass 7 phases of speech, namely neurolinguistic programming, neuromuscular phase, organic phase, aerodynamic phase, acoustic phase, neuroreceptive phase, neurolinguistic identification. Source J.C. Catford, A Practical Introduction to Phonetics , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 0 19 924635 9 Phase 1 Neurolinguistic programming DEFAULTSORT Phases Of Speech Category Phonetics Sci stub ... more details
Tutt is a surname , and can refer to Andy Tutt b. 1968 English cricketer. Charles L. Tutt Jr. President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1975 1976 J. W. Tutt zoologist 1858 1911 Jason Tutt , Australian rules footballer William Thayer Tutt , hockey builder hockey builder , 1978 Hockey Hall of Fame Colorado College Tutt Library As an acronym , it may stand for TUTT linguistics T sub UTT sub linguistics The Time of Utterance in Linguistics Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough in meteorology disambig ... more details
confusing date November 2010 An eternal statement is a statement whose type token distinction token instances all have the same truth value . For instance, every inscription or utterance of the sentence On July 15, 2009 it rains in Boston. has the same truth value, no matter when or where it is asserted. This type of statement is distinguished from others in that its context will not influence its truth value. References W.V.O. Quine , Philosophy of Logic Category Philosophical logic Category Statements Category Veracity ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE T sub COM sub linguistics In linguistics, T sub COM sub always written as uppercase T plus uppercase COM in subscript is an abbreviation for the time of completion , a secondary temporal reference in establishing tense. Grammatical tense represents the contrast between two measurements along the timeline of an utterance, with one of those measurements being the time of utterance T sub UTT sub the time at which the actual utterance is made . T sub UTT sub is always the primary point of reference for tense. There are three additional references to which T sub UTT sub can be contrasted T sub AST sub the time of assertion , T sub COM sub the time of completion, and T sub EVL sub the time of evaluation these are secondary references. The type used for the secondary reference is determined by aspect and type of utterance. T sub COM sub is the point in time at which a verb is completed. T sub COM sub is used with perfected forms. In perfected non durational aspects it represents the time by which a verb is finished, as in English I have eaten dinner. In perfected durational aspects it represents either the time at which a verb is finished, or more normally, a time up to which the verb is completed but that it may continue beyond this meaning of interrupting the verb is the more standard use of this form and allows the duration of the verb to be measured up to a given point T sub COM sub . Consider I had been eating for 2 hours by 7pm, in which an action eating has a duration, of which two hours of it is completed as of 7pm. References Mezhevich, Ilana 2008 Time Relational Approach to Tense and Mood. Bybee, Joan 1995 Modality & Grammar in Discourse. Amsterdam, John Benjamins. Ward, Drew 2009 An Inventory & Discussion of English Futurity. CALLE Category Linguistics Category Grammar ... more details
orphan date December 2007 RASTA filtering and Mean Subtraction was introduced to support Perceptual Linear Prediction PLP preprocessing It uses bandpass filter ing in the log spectral domain . Rasta filtering then removes slow channel variations. It has also been applied to cepstral feature based preprocessing with both log spectral and the cepstral domain filtering. In general a RASTA filter is defined by math T z k sum n N 1 2 z n 1 rho x , math the numerator is a regression filter with N being the order must be odd and the denominator is an integrator with time decay. The pole controls the lower limit of frequency and is normally around 0.9. RASTA filtering can be changed to use mean subtraction,implementing a moving average filter. Filtering is normally performed in the cepstral domain . The mean becomes the long term cepstrum and is typically computed on the speech part for each separate utterance. A silence is necessary to detect each utterance. References http trappist.elis.ugent.be ELISgroups speech cost249 report references papers sve95b.pdf Category Signal processing ... more details
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