cell vacuole.svg thumb 300px Animal cell structure A vacuole is a Biological membrane membrane bound ... and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole ... vacuole In seeds, stored proteins needed for germination are kept in protein bodies , which are modified ... 09 02. ref and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria ... the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization journal FEMS Microbiology ... and the vacuole can occupy between 40 98 of the cell. ref cite journal author Kalanetra KM ... 7496.2004 url ref The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore ..., ref cite journal author Walsby AE title The Permeability of Blue Green Algal Gas Vacuole Membranes ... , in cells that have plasmolyzed Most mature plant cell s have one large central vacuole ... the vacuole. A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast word origin Gk t n os ... membrane , the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole, separating the vacuolar ... of proton s from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH , while making the vacuolar ... into or out of the vacuole. The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzyme s to act. Although ... one in the summer. Aside from storage, the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor ... into and out of the vacuole through active transport , pumping potassium K sup sup ion s into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis , water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure ... is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole. Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position. Another function of a central vacuole ... thumb Plant cell structure, showing vacuole in the middle. Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol. If the cell is broken, for example by a herbivore ... more details
about the Plasmodium intracellular organelle other organelles known as food vacuoleVacuole The food vacuole , or digestive vacuole , is an organelle found in parasites that cause malaria . During the stage of the parasites lifecycle where it resides within a human or other mammalian red blood cell, it is the site of haemoglobin digestion and the formation of the large haemozoin crystals that can be seen under a light microscope . ref pmid 11782538 ref References Reflist Category Malaria ... more details
or pulsating vacuole . Overview The CV pumps excess water out of the Cell biology cell . In freshwater ... from absorbing too much water and possibly exploding. The contractile vacuole should not be confused with the vacuole , a different organelle much more common than the CV. The CV, as its name suggests ... called the contractile vacuole complex CVC . The spongiome serves several functions in water transport ... of 1.5 m. In Paramecium , which presumably has the most complex and highly evolved CV, the vacuole ... fill with water, the water is pumped into the vacuole. When the vacuole is full, it expels the water ... 1042 year 2000 title The contractile vacuole and its membrane dynamics author Allen RD pmid 11056480 ... vacuole in Dictyostelium.jpg thumb right A Dictyostelium discoideum slime mold cell exhibiting a prominent contractile vacuole on its left side The way in which water enters the CV had been a mystery ... through the cytosol to the contractile vacuole author Stock C, Gronlien HK, Allen RD, Naitoh ... Presence of aquaporin and V ATPase on the contractile vacuole of Amoeba proteus author Nishihara ... 18004980 ref Acidocalcisome s have been implied to work alongside the contractile vacuole in responding to osmotic stress . They were detected in the vicinity of the vacuole in Trypanosoma cruzi and were shown to fuse with the vacuole when the cells were exposed to osmotic stress. Presumably the acidocalcisomes empty their ion contents into the contractile vacuole, thereby increasing the vacuole ... pmid 15466463 doi 10.1074 jbc.M410372200 title Acidocalcisomes and the Contractile Vacuole Complex ... clear. CV s also pump out water. References Reflist Wikisource1911Enc Contractile Vacuole DEFAULTSORT Contractile Vacuole Category Organelles ar cs Sta iteln vakuola de Kontraktile ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Cytoplasm to vacuole targeting Cvt is a autophagy related pathway in yeast. Under vegetative conditions it delivers hydrolases, such as Ape1, to the vacuole. ref cite web title The Cvt pathway as a model for selective autophagy url http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S0014579310001079 work FEBS Letters accessdate 4 January 2012 ref ref cite web title The molecular machinery of autophagy unanswered questions url http jcs.biologists.org content 118 1 7.full F1 work Journal of Cell Science ref References reflist Category Cellular processes ... more details
Acidocalcisomes are rounded electron dense acid ic organelle s, rich in calcium and polyphosphate and between 100 nm and 200 nm in diameter . Acidocalcisomes were originally discovered in Trypanosome s the causing agents of African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness and Chagas disease but have since been found in Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis , Plasmodium malaria , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a green algae green alga , Dictyostelium discoideum a slime mould , bacteria and human platelets . Their lipid bilayer membrane s are 6 nm thick and contain a number of protein pump s and antiporter s, including aquaporin s, ATPase s and Calcium Ca sup 2 sup Hydrogen H sup sup and Sodium Na sup sup Hydrogen H sup sup antiporters. They may be the only cellular organelle that has been conserved between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organism s. They behave differently in different organisms and therefore it may be possible to design drugs that target acidocalcisomes in parasitism parasites but not those in the host. ref cite journal author Docampo R, de Souza W, Miranda K, Rohloff P, Moreno SNJ title Acidocalcisomes? Conserved from bacteria to man? journal Nat Rev Microbiol volume 3 issue 3 pages 251 261 year 2005 pmid 15738951 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1097 ref Acidocalcisomes have been implied in osmoregulation . They were detected in vicinity of the contractile vacuole in Trypanosoma cruzi and were shown to fuse with the vacuole when the cells were exposed to osmotic stress . Presumably the acidocalcisomes empty their ion contents into the contractile vacuole, thereby increasing the vacuole s osmolarity . This then causes water from the cytoplasm to enter the vacuole, until the latter gathers a certain amount of water and expels it out of the cell. ref cite journal journal J Biol Chem volume 279 issue 50 pages 52270 52281 year 2004 pmid 15466463 doi 10.1074 jbc.M410372200 title Acidocalcisomes and the Contractile Vacuole Complex Are Involved in Osmoregulation in Tryp ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Vaucheria domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Xanthophyceae ordo heterosiphonales familia Vaucheriaceae genus Vaucheria genus authority Augustin Pyramus de Candolle A.P. de Candolle Vaucheria is a genus of Xanthophyceae or yellow green algae. It is one of only two genera in the family Vaucheriaceae . ref name AlgaeBase2 AlgaeBase genus name Pseudodichotomosiphon id 42744 ref The type species of the genus is Vaucheria disperma . ref name AlgaeBase AlgaeBase genus name Vaucheria id 33081 ref ref name PhycologyLee Phycology RELee ref Vaucheria exhibits apical growth from the tip of filaments forming mats in either terrestrial or freshwater environments. ref name AlgaeBase ref name PhycologyLee Its filaments form coenocyte s with a large central vacuole pushing against the surrounding cytoplasm the vacuole extends along the entire filament except for the growing tip. ref name PhycologyLee The chloroplast s are located on the periphery of the cytoplasm with the nuclei aggregating toward the center near the vacuole. ref name PhycologyLee Species Vaucheria disperma Vaucheria litorea References reflist Category Heterokonts Chromalveolate stub de Vaucheria ko id Alga keemasan Vaucheria ru sr Vaucheria sv Slangalger ... more details
Image Phragmosome.svg thumb Phragmosome formation in a highly vacuolated plant cell. From top to bottom 1 Interphase cell with large central vacuole. 2 Cytoplasmic strands starting to penetrate vacuole. 3 Nucleus migration into center and formation of the phragmosome. 4 Phragmosome formation completed and formation of preprophase band marking future cell division plane. The phragmosome is a sheet of cytoplasm forming in highly vacuolated plant cell s in preparation for mitosis . In contrast to animal cells, plant cells often contain large central vacuole s occupying up to 90 of the total cell volume and pushing the cell nucleus nucleus against the cell wall . In order for mitosis to occur, the nucleus has to move into the center of the cell. This happens during G2 phase of the cell cycle just after DNA replication . Initially, cytoplasm ic strands form that penetrate the central vacuole and provide pathways for nuclear migration. Actin filaments along these cytoplasmic strands pull the nucleus into the center of the cell. These cytoplasmic strands fuse into a transverse sheet of cytoplasm along the plane of future cell division, forming the phragmosome. Phragmosome formation is only clearly visible in dividing plant cells that are highly vacuolated. Just before mitosis, a dense band of microtubule s appears around the phragmosome and the future division plane just below the plasma membrane. This preprophase band marks the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle as well as the future fusion sites for the new cell plate with the existing cell wall. It disappears as soon as the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle forms. When mitosis is completed, the cell plate and new cell wall form starting from the center along the plane occupied by the phragmosome. The cell plate grows outwards until it fuses with the cell wall of the dividing cell at exactly the spots predicted by the preprophase band. References P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn 2005 B ... more details
unreferenced date July 2011 The anal pore is where waste leaves a microscopic organism after the nutrients from the food has been absorbed into the cytoplasm. Some of these single celled organisms have multiple anal pores to help deal with their larger food needs. The waste is ejectd by the food vacuole that has nothing but waste products remaining bursting and the waste products proceed to flow out. It is essentially a miniature version of the anus found in more complex organisms. cell biology stub Category Cell biology ... more details
italic title Plasmodium diploglossi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba . Like all Plasmodium species P. diploglossi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptile s. Taxobox name Plasmodium diploglossi image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. diploglossi binomial Plasmodium diploglossi Description The parasite was first described by Aragio and Neiva in 1909. It is the type species of the subgenus Sauramoeba . Pigment does not occupy a distinct vacuole but may be clumped. The large schizont s considerably enlarge the host erythrocyte and may completely encircle the host cell Cell nucleus nucleus . The mature gametocyte s are broad. Like the schizonts, the gametocytes may almost encircle the host cell nucleus. A small cytoplasmic vacuole may be present in some gametocytes. Geographical occurrence This species is found in eastern Panama . ref name Telford2007 Telford, Jr. S. R. 2007 Saurian malarial parasites in eastern Panama. J. Euk. Microbiol. 17 4 566 574 ref Clinical features and host pathology This species infects the anguid lizard Diploglossus fasciatus and Mabuya mabouya . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Diploglossi Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub id Plasmodium diploglossi ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A Berkeley Body is an organelle unique to the yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae , with a secretory mutation in the genes ARFGEF2 sec7 and SEC14L5 sec14 . The function of the organelle lies in the CTV cytoplasm to vacuole targeting Pathway, which is a transport pathway for certain vacuolar hydrolases to be degenerated. The Berkeley Body acts as the transport medium from the cytoplasm to the vacuole within this pathway. Studies have shown that Berkeley Bodies share stuctural similarites with autophagosomes, which are involved in autophagy ref Fulvio Reggiori, Chao Wen Wang, Usha Nair, Takahiro Shintani, Hagai Abeliovich, and Daniel J. Klionsky, Early Stages of the Secretory Pathway, but Not Endosomes, Are Required for Cvt Vesicle and Autophagosome Assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , from Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 15, 2189 2204, May 2004. ref The organelle consists of two enclosed membranes forming an enclosed lumen, which contains cytoplasm. It is formed by vesicles budding off the Golgi Apparatus or the Endoplasmic Reticulum . They were discovered in 1980 by Novick and Schekman. ref Peter Novick, Charles Field and Randy Schekman. Identification of 23 Complementation Groupsm, Required for Post translational Events in the Yeast Secretory Pathway. Cell , Vol. 21, 205 215, August, 1980. ref References references Category Organelles biology stub ... more details
Citations missing date June 2008 Image Plant cell structure svg.svg thumb 200px Schematic of typical plant cell Cytorrhysis is the complete collapse of a plant cell biology cell s cell wall within plant s due to the loss of water through osmosis . This always follows plasmolysis . Cytorrhysis will cause a much greater loss of shape and structure. Usually this is very bad for the cell, resulting in extreme damage and possible death of the cell. Although the cell wall is not actually destroyed, the vacuole seems to increase in size and finally collapses, releasing its components into the cytosol.The plasma membrane seems to be appressed to the cell wall. Cytorrhysis occurs when the size of the molecules constituting the osmoticum exceeds that of the pores of the cell wall matrix . Category Plant physiology Botany stub Cell biology stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A cytostome or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis , usually in the form of a microtubule supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuole s. Only certain groups of protozoa , such as the ciliate s and excavate s, have cytostomes. Such examples include Balantidium coli a ciliate. In others, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption. Category Organelles Cell biology stub cs Bun n sta de Cytostom es Citostoma fr Cytostome it Citostoma ja pl Cytostom pt Citostoma sr ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced May 2008 expert subject November 2008 orphan February 2009 In human cell biology globules of fat are the individual pieces of intracellular fat inside other cell types than adipocyte s fat cells . In simpler terms a vacuole or Drop liquid droplet of triglyceride or some other Blood lipids blood lipid , which is located inside a Cell biology cell that is not an adipocyte fat cell , as opposed to fat cells in between other cells in an Organ anatomy organ . See also Steatosis Category Cell biology cell biology stub ... more details
Signet ring cell squamous cell carcinoma occasionally rendered as signet ring cell squamous cell carcinoma is a histology histological variant of skin cancer . As the name implies, it is a subtype of squamous cell carcinoma , and is characterized by concentric rings composed of keratin and large vacuole vacuoles corresponding to markedly dilated endoplasmic reticulum . ref name Fitz2 Freedberg, et. al. 2003 . Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine . 6th ed. . McGraw Hill. ISBN 0071380760. ref rp 743 These vacuoles grow to such an extent that they radically displace the Cell biology cell cell nucleus nucleus toward the cell membrane, giving the cell a distinctive superficial resemblance to a signet ring when viewed under a microscope . References reflist Epidermal growth stub Skin tumors, epidermis Category Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts ... more details
orphan date April 2010 There are two major types of digestion extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion is digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism, as in many unicellular protozoans. Examples Most organisms that use intracellular digestion belong to Kingdom Protista, such as amoeba and paramecium . Amoeba Amoeba uses pseudopodia to capture food in a process called phagocytosis . Paramecium Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. At the end of the gullet, a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. Euglena Euglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms. Category Cell biology ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Climacostomum virens regnum Animal ia phylum Protazoa classis ordo familia genus Climacostomum species C. virens binomial Climacostomum virens binomial authority Climacostomum virens is a species of protazoa ns. Description The species are green coloured, and are flattened and ovoid ed in shape. It have somatic ciliation uniform, with a peristome , that have a large AZM on the left edge. The AZM spirals down to the cytostome , which is on the right. It also haven a contractile vacuole posterior , that is connected to two longitudinal canal s. ref http protist.i.hosei.ac.jp PDB Images Ciliophora Climacostomum virens.html Description ref References Reflist Category Heterotrichea Protist stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Blepharisma japonicum domain Eukaryote regnum Animal ia phylum Protozoa classis Heterotrich ea ordo Heterotrich ida familia Blepharismidae genus Blepharisma species B. japonicum binomial Blepharisma japonicum binomial authority Suzuki , 1954 Blepharisma japonicum is a species of protozoa ns, that can be found in Japan . Description The body of an organism is elongate d and ovoid ed. It have curved anterior apex that is over the peristome . It have cytostome which is a two layered undulating membrane , on the right front edge, and also contractile vacuole with cytopyge terminal. It is either brown or rose coloured. ref http protist.i.hosei.ac.jp PDB Images Ciliophora Blepharisma japonicum.html Description ref References Reflist Category Animals described in 1954 ... more details
. Eventually she agrees to be transported into a forming vacuole in an attempt to be returned to her ..., so that Kim can be transported back through a vacuole using the burial pod and Hatil can escape ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Taxobox name Peritrichs color taxobox color Chromalveolata domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Alveolata phylum Ciliate Ciliophora classis Oligohymenophorea subclassis Peritrichia subclassis authority Friedrich von Stein Stein 1859 subdivision ranks Typical orders subdivision Sessilida br Mobilida The peritrichs Latin Peritrichia are a large and distinctive group of ciliate protozoa . They are usually bell or disc shaped, with a prominent paroral membrane arising from the oral cavity and circling counter clockwise around the anterior of the cell, accompanied by a smaller series of biological membrane membranelles . The oral cavity is apical and funnel shaped, with a vacuole contractile vacuole discharging directly into it. When disturbed, the anterior of the cell can contract. The rest of the body is unciliated, except for a telotroch band circling the posterior in mobile species and stages. The larger order of peritrichia are the Sessilida . Most of these have modified posterior kinetosome s which secrete a contractile stalk. The unattached stage, called a telotroch , is mouthless. These are common in both freshwater and marine environments, and many live attached to aquatic plants and animals. They are either solitary or produce branched colonies. A few secrete a Lorica biology lorica . Vorticella is one of the best known genera. Stalks may be as long as 2 mm, and in some cases where they are highly contractile can be extended up to 3 mm. The other peritrichia make up the order Mobilida . In these the posterior of the cell is enlarged and modified to form a complex holdfast, allowing the cell to temporarily attach to some host organism. Most live on the integument or gills of freshwater and marine invertebrates, but other hosts occur, including fish and even other ciliates, and other locations as well. Some can be pathenogenic in high populations. The peritrichs were first defined by Friedrich von Stein in 1859. Initial ... more details
Taxobox image Wilson1900Fig3.jpg image width 250px image caption domain Eukaryota regnum Amoebozoa phylum Tubulinea ordo Tubulinida familia Amoebidae genus Amoeba species A. proteus binomial Amoeba proteus Amoeba proteus , previously Chaos diffluens , is an amoeba closely related to the Chaos amoeba Giant Amoebae . These are the species that are commonly bought at science supply stores. This small protozoan uses tentacle tentacular protuberances called pseudopodia to move and phagocytosis phagocytose smaller unicellular organisms, which are enveloped inside the cell s cytoplasm in a food vacuole , ref name pmid15665503 cite journal author Nishihara E, Shimmen T, Sonobe S title Functional characterization of contractile vacuole isolated from Amoeba proteus journal Cell Struct. Funct. volume 29 issue 4 pages 85 90 year 2004 month December pmid 15665503 doi 10.1247 csf.29.85 url http joi.jlc.jst.go.jp JST.JSTAGE csf 29.85?from PubMed format dead link date May 2010 ref where they are slowly broken down by enzymes. Amoeba proteus is very well known for its extending pseudopodia. It occupies freshwater environments and feeds on other protozoans, algae, rotifers, and even other smaller amoebae. Due to phytochrome phytochromes , A. proteus may appear in a variety of colors often yellow, green and purple under a microscope. A. proteus possesses a cell nucleus nucleus containing granular chromatin , and is therefore a eukaryote . Its cell membrane membrane is mostly gram negative. Video Gallery File Amoeba proteus.ogg thumb Amoeba proteus in motion File Amoeba engulfing diatom.ogg thumb Amoeba engulfing a diatom References reflist See also Amoeba Category Amoebozoa Protist stub cs M avka velk et Tavaline am b fr Amoeba proteus id Amoeba proteus it Amoeba proteus hu ri sam ba ru vi Tr ng bi n h nh tr n ... more details
italic title Plasmodium pifanoi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Paraplasmodium . Like all Plasmodium species P. pifanoi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are lizard s. Taxobox name Plasmodium pifanoi image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. pifanoi binomial Plasmodium pifanoi Description This species was first described by Scorza and Dagert in 1956. It was redescribed in 2003 by Telford. ref name telford2003 Telford S. R. Jr., Telford S.R. III 2003 Rediscovery and redescription of Plasmodium pifanoi and description of two additional Plasmodium parasites of Venezuelan lizards. J. Parasitol. 89 2 362 368 ref The asexual stages are irregular in shape and do not have a vacuole. Schizonts measure 6.2 4.5 micrometres range 4 8 3 6 and produce on average 11.9 range 7 16 merozoites. Gametocytes average 12.4 6.0 micrometres range 8 16 4 10 . The average length width product is 72.9 range 52 112 and the average length width ratio is 2.18 range 1.1 3.3 . The gametocytes always contain 1 5 prominent vacuole s. Macrogametocytes during active infection are longer than microgametocytes with a greater length width product. Gametocytes in chronic infection are slightly smaller and are not sexually dimorphic in their dimensions. Geographical occurrence Found in Venezuela , South America . Clinical features and host pathology Known hosts are the lizards Ameiva ameiva and Kentropyx calcarata References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Pifanoi Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub id Plasmodium pifanoi ... more details
italic title Plasmodium pessoai is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium . Like all Plasmodium species P. pessoai has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptile s. Taxobox name Plasmodium pessoai image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. pessoai binomial Plasmodium pessoai Description The parasite was first described by Ayala et al. in 1978. ref name Ayala1978 Ayala S.C., Moreno Robles E., Bola os Herrera, R. 1978 Plasmodium pessoai sp. n. procedentes de dos serpientes costarricenses. J. Parasitol. 64 2 330 335 ref The species is named after Dr Samuel B Pessoa a parasitologist at the Instituto Butantan , S o Paulo , Brazil . Morphologically this species appears to be related to Plasmodium aurulentum . Geographical occurrence This species is found in Costa Rica , Central America . Clinical features and host pathology This species is one of the three known to infect snakes the other two species infecting snames are Plasmodium wenyoni and Plasmodium tomodoni . This species infects the rat snake Spilotes pullatus and the bush master Lachesis muta . The gametocyte s are small and sausage shaped 10.4 x 4.6 micrometre s Immature schizont s often contain a digestive vacuole . Mature schizonts are spherical or bouquet shaped and produce 22 32 merozoite s. They may possess an intensely staining magenta or rose coloured substance in the matrix of the surrounding vacuole. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Pessoai Category Plasmodium plasmodium stub id Plasmodium pessoai ... more details
italic title Plasmodium kentropyxi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba . Taxobox name Plasmodium kentropyxi image caption image image width regnum Protista phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. kentropyxi binomial Plasmodium kentropyxi Description The parasite was first described by Lainson et al. in 2001. ref name Lainson2001 Lainson R, Landau I, Paperna I. 2001 Plasmodium kentropyxi n.sp. Apicomplexa Haemosporina Plasmodiidae and a Plasmodium tropiduri like parasite in the lizard Kentropyx calcarata Lacertilia Teiidae in north Brazil. Parasite 8 2 107 113 ref Young asexual stages are initially polar in the erythrocyte but with matuation, move to a lateral position. The larger meront s may slightly enlarge the erythrocyte but most asexual stages do not. Conspicuous greenish black pigment granules are located in a distinct vacuole . The largest schizont s contain 30 40 nuclei. The gametocyte s are at first polar in the erythrocyte but gradually move to a lateral position. They eventually assume a smooth, curved cylindrical shape with evenly rounded ends. Pigment is scattered or concentrated around a conspicuous vacuole which is slowly developed as the gametocytes mature. The mature gametocytes occasionally enlarge the erythrocyte. Mature male parasites measured 11.8 x 4.0 micrometre s range 9.6 x 4.2 13.2 x 3.6 micrometres and females 13.5 x 4.5 micrometres range 12.0 x 4.5 15.0 x 4.8 micrometres . Clinical features and host pathology Like all Plasmodium species P. kentropyxi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptile s. Vertebrate hosts The only known host is the teiid lizard Kentropyx calcarata . Geographical occurrence This species is found in Brazil and Surinam , South America . References Reflist External links http www.uvm.edu jschall lizardmalaria surinam.html Images at www.uvm.edu DEFAULTSORT Plasmodium Kentropyxi Category ... more details
Taxobox regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Thiotrichales familia Beggiatoaceae genus Thioploca genus authority Lauterborn , 1907 Thioploca is a genus of filamentous sulfur bacteria which occurs along convert 3000 km mi of coast off the west of South America . A large vacuole occupies more than 80 of their cell volume and contains sulfide and nitrate which they use to make energy for their metabolism by oxidising sulfate with nitrate. The concentration of nitrate in the vacuole is extremely high 500 Molarity Units mM even though the sediments in which they live are relatively very low in nitrogen 25 M . ref cite journal journal Nature journal Nature volume 374 pages 713 715 year 2002 doi 10.1038 374713a0 title Concentration and transport of nitrate by the mat forming sulphur bacterium Thioploca author H. Fossing, V. A. Gallardo, B. B. J rgensen, M. H ttel, L. P. Nielsen, H. Schulz, D. E. Canfield, S. Forster, R. N. Glud, J. K. Gundersen, J. K ver, N. B. Ramsing, A. Teske, B. Thamdrup & O. Ulloa issue 6524 ref Because they utilise both sulfur and nitrogen compounds they may provide an important link between the nitrogen cycle nitrogen and sulfur cycle s. They secrete a sheath of mucus which they use as a tunnel to travel between the sulfide containing sediment and the nitrate containing sea water. ref cite news url http www.eurekalert.org pub releases 1999 04 AAft BBEF 160499.php title Biggest bacteria ever found publisher EurekAlert date April 16, 1999 author Gabe Paal ref Species Thioploca contains at least three species ref cite journal url http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 2984152 journal Systematic and Applied Microbiology year 1996 volume 18 issue 4 pages 517 526 title Phylogeny of Thioploca and related filamentous sulfide oxidizing bacteria author A. Teske, N. B. Ramsing, J. K ver & H. Fossing ref Thioploca araucae Thioploca chileae Thioploca ingrica References Reflist Proteobacteria stub Category Proteoba ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida subclass Haemosporidiasina ordo Achromatorida subordo Babesiina familia Babesiidae genus Echinozoon subdivision ranks Species subdivision Echinozoon hoogstraali Echinozoon is a genus of parasitic protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexia . There is one species in this genus Echinozoon hoogstraali . History The species and genus was described in 1951 by Garnham. ref name Garnham1951 Garnham PCC 1951 A new piroplasm from the rock hyrax. J. Parasitol. 37, 6 528 ref The parasite was isolated from a bush rock hyrax Heterohyrax brucei Heterohyrax brucei hoogstraali in 1950 by Hoogstraal and Lawless in Torit , South Sudan . Description Filaments are present on parasitized erythrocytes making their identification easy. The earliest stages ring forms are less than two micrometers in size and are oval or round in shape. No filaments are evident at this stage unlike all later stages. The parasites occur singly in the erythrocytes. A vacuole is present. The nucleus is irregular. Later stages occur in two forms. The smaller of these may be up to 5 micrometers in size, circular in outline, with pale blue cytoplasm that is free of granules. The nucleus lies to the size of the vacuole. The larger form may be up to nine micrometers in size. The cytoplasm is redish purple in colour and may contain granules. It is oval or pear shaped. The host erythrocyte may be enlarged. The nucleus lies to one side. Trophozoite s these multiply by binary fission in the erythrocyte s and form pairs. Vectors The tick Haemaphysalis bequaerti may be the vector for this species. References reflist Protist stub Alveolata Category Apicomplexa ... more details
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