refimprove date August 2009 In computerscience , a value is an expression computerscience expression which cannot be evaluation computerscience evaluated any further a normal form abstract rewriting normal form . sfn Mitchell 1996 p 92 The members of a type computerscience type are the values of that type. sfn Mitchell 1996 p 9 For example, the expression 1 2 is not a value as it can be reduction ... of the type natural number Nat and therefore is a value. The value of a variable is given by the corresponding ... In languages with assignable variable s it becomes necessary to distinguish between the R value or contents and the L value or location of a variable. sfn Mitchell 1996 pp 389&ndash 390 In Declarative programming declarative high level languages, values have to be referential transparency computerscience referentially transparent . This means that the resulting value is independent of the fact in which location a sub expression needed to compute the value is stored. Only the contents of the location ... meant something that could be assigned to coming from left value, indicating it was on the left side ... value , sometimes referred to as immediate for short. An immediate value is stored as part of the instruction ... value may reside in a register, or be stored elsewhere in memory, requiring the instruction to contain a direct or indirect address e.g. index register address to the value. The lvalue expression designates ..., a non lvalue is any expression that is not an lvalue. One example is an immediate value look below and consequently not addressable. Another example is the C expression 4 9 . When executed, the computer generates an integer value of 13, but because the program has not explicitly designated where in the computer this 13 is stored, the expression is an rvalue. On the other hand, if a C program declares a variable x and assigns the value of 13 to x, then the expression x has a value of 13 and is an lvalue ... language A value can be virtually any kind of data by a given data type, for instance a string ... more details
The science of value , or valuescience , is a creation of philosopher Robert S. Hartman , which attempts to formally elucidate value theory using both formal logic formal and symbolic logic . Fundamentals ... ideas in valuescience. Notes Reflist References Davis, John William, ed, Value and Valuation ... can actually be measured http www.valueinsights.com axiology.html Value Insights What is ValueScience ... car, with fewer of the properties of a car. He introduces three basic dimensions of value, systemic , extrinsic and intrinsic for sets of properties perfection is to systemic value what goodness is to extrinsic value and what uniqueness is to intrinsic value each with their own cardinality finite ... where the number of properties is countably infinite , the extrinsic dimension of value, the exposition ..., depending on the level of abstraction . ref The Structure of Value , page 204 ref Hence, if a thing ... as their value goes, so long as both are a part of one s definition of one s personal concept of a car ... of material objects is at most denumerably infinite . ref The Structure of Value , page 117 .... This is the cardinality of intrinsic value in Hartman s system. Although they play no role in ordinary ... has axiological value math frac 1 aleph 2 math , whereas taking a metaphor literally would be slightly preferable, the Reification fallacy reification having a value of math frac 1 aleph 1 math . Evaluation of Hartman s work Hartman invented the Hartman Value Profile, which is however not a description ... supporters. Hartman is out of the mainstream of value philosophy. Many would dispute the idea ... can be defined in terms of old ones. Philosophers speak of the problem of organic value Citation needed date March 2012 that results from observing the value of a whole is not merely the sum of the value ... one, can sometimes lead to the overall value going down. In this way we get over engineered software ... a mathematician s point of view, much of Hartman s work in The Structure of Value is rather novel ... more details
The Value of Science is a book by the French mathematician , physicist , and philosopher Henri Poincar . It was published in 1905. The book deals with questions in the philosophy of science and adds detail to the topics addressed by Poincar s previous book, Science and Hypothesis 1902 . Intuition and logic ... of quantum mechanics . In 1905, the same year as the publication of The Value of Science, Albert ... years later. The objective value of science What is the purpose of science? is the question repeatedly ... Henri Poincar title La valeur de la science year 1905 location Paris publisher Flammarion cite book author Poincar , Henri title The Value of Science publisher Dover Publications year 1958 cite book author Henri Poincar , Stephen Jay Gould Editor title The Value of Science Essential Writings of Henri .... 2, No. 6. Apr., 1893 , pp. 271 272. DEFAULTSORT Value Of Science Category Philosophy of science ... which parts of science correspond to each of these two categories of scientific thought, and outlines ... of science &ndash new theories incorporating previous ones, even while breaking old patterns ... number of laws. Their objective value consists in forming a scientific convention, in other words ... that all of past physics has no intellectual value. Consequently, Poincar had great confidence ... them to begin with. Moreover, it was the value of mathematical physics in terms of the scientific ..., the history of twentieth century physics is marked by a paradigm where probability reigns. In The Value of Science, Poincar writes and repeats his enthusiasm for two lines of research statistical ... Sur la logique de l invention , On the logic of invention that science is intrinsically anti intellectual ... the thought of Pierre Duhem . He explains that the notion that science is anti intellectual is self ... of experiment. He wishes rather to demonstrate that objectivity in science comes precisely ... of science would be the development of a more and more mathematized language, a coherent ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Q value nuclear science Other uses Q value disambiguation Q value In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry chemistry , the Q value for a nuclear reaction reaction is the amount of energy released by that reaction math Q E left text Reactants right E left text Products right , math A reaction with a positive Q value is exothermic has a net release of energy , while a reaction with a negative Q value is endothermic requires a net energy input . ref name Krane cite book author K.S. Krane year 1988 title Introductory Nuclear Physics page 381 publisher John Wiley & Sons isbn 047180553X ref Q values are also featured in particle physics . For example in Sargent s rule , which states that the reaction rate of weak interactions is proportional to Q sup 5 sup . The Q value is the kinetic energy released in the decay of the particle at rest. For example, for neutron decay ref name Martin cite book author B.R. Martin and G. Shaw year 2007 title Particle Physics page 34 publisher John Wiley & Sons isbn 0 471 97285 1 ref math Q m text n m text p m mathrm overline nu m text e c 2 math where m sub n sub is the mass of the neutron , m sub p sub is the mass of the proton , m sub overline &nu sub is the mass of the electron antineutrino and m sub e sub is the mass of the electron . See also Fusion energy gain factor Notes and references reflist External links http www nds.iaea.org queryensdf Nuclear Structure and Decay Data IAEA with query on decays Q values Category Nuclear physics chem stub zh Q ... more details
Wiktionary Value or values may refer to Concepts of worth Value theory overview of approaches in various disciplines Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value economics Theory of value economics Value investing Value marketing Value law i.e. consideration Concepts of quantity, amount, or entity Value semiotics Value mathematics Valuecomputerscience Note value music Colour theory Lightness Values usually refers to Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value law Disambiguation af Waarde ar cs Hodnota de Valor es Valor fr Valeur it Valore he ja no Verdi pl Warto pt Valor ro Valoare sk Hodnota fi Arvo t smennyssivu sv V rde vi Gi tr ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 Consciousness Science, Society, Value, and Yoga CONSSAVY is a sub project of the Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture , a 80 volume national project on India n science and civilization under the general editorship of Professor D. P. Chattopadhyaya . The series also contains 20 monographs. This sub project consists of five planned volumes each with several books Volume 1. Levels of Reality Volume 2. Theories of Natural and Life Sciences Volume 3. Natural and Cultural Sciences Volume 4. Science, Technology, Philosophy and Yoga Volume 5. Yoga DEFAULTSORT Consciousness Science, Society, Value, And Yoga Category Science and technology in India ... more details
Computerscience or computing science abbreviated CS or CompSci designates the science scientific and mathematics mathematical approach in computing . ref Cite doi 10.1145 63238.63239 Computerscience ... author Wegner, P. title Research paradigms in computerscience booktitle Proceedings of the 2nd ... date October 13 15, 1976 publisher IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA quote Computerscience ..., while others, such as Computer graphics computersciencecomputer graphics , emphasize real ... graphics link Computer graphics computerscience File 3 Tastenmaus Microsoft.jpg 94px alt Microsoft ... interaction div class thumbcaption Computerscience deals with the theoretical foundations of information ... div div History Main History of computerscience The earliest foundations of what would become computerscience predate the invention of the modern digital computer . Machines for calculating fixed numerical ... science broadened to study computation in general. Computerscience began to be established as a distinct ... Cl.cam.ac.uk date accessdate 2011 11 19 ref The world s first computerscience degree program, the Cambridge Diploma in ComputerScience , began at the University of Cambridge Cambridge Computer Lab Computer Laboratory in 1953. The first computerscience degree program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962. ref http www.cs.purdue.edu feature conte.html Computerscience pioneer ... that formed part of the computerscience revolution during this time. IBM short for International Business ... to start the whole process over again . ref name Levy1984 During the late 1950s, the computerscience ... seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computerscience technology. Modern ... academic discipline, computerscience has made a number of fundamental contributions to science ..., R.L. date March 2000 url http www.cs.cornell.edu cis dean bgu.pdf title ComputerScience Achievements ... science A number of computer scientists have argued for the distinction of three separate paradigms ... more details
image Labeledcyclohexane.png thumb 400px right The A value for a methyl group is 1.74 as derived from the chemical equilibrium above. This means it costs 1.74 kcal mol of energy to have a methyl group in the axial position compared to the equatorial position. A Values are numerical values used in the determination of the most stable orientation of atoms in a molecule Conformational isomerism Conformational Analysis , as well as a general representation of steric bulk . A values are derived from energy ... axial substitution and the lower energy conformation equatorial substitution is the A value for that particular ... the substituent with the largest A value is equatorial is favored. image methyltbutyl cyclohexane.png thumb 600px center A methyl substituent has a significantly smaller A value than a tert butyl ... help predict the steric effect of a substituent. In general, the larger a substituent s A value, the larger the steric effect of that substituent. Methyl has an A value of 1.74 while butyl tert butyl has an A value of 5. Because the A value of tert butyl is higher, tert butyl has a larger steric effect ... publisher University Science Books location Sausalito, CA pages 104 105 isbn 978 1 891389 31 3 ref ... conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is reduced from what would be predicted based ... Havinga first4 E. ref class wikitable style text align center Substituent A Value Substituent A Value Substituent A Value D 0.006 CH sub 2 sub Br 1.79 OSi CH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 0.74 F 0.15 CH CH sub ... value of a favorable intramolecular hydrogen bond can be calculated. ref name HBondApprox cite journal .... The carboxylic acid substituent shown below is axial in the ground state, despite a positive A Value ... effect. For example, the tert butyl group A value 4.9 has a larger A value than the trimethylsilyl group A value 2.5 , yet the tert butyl group actually occupies less space. This difference can be attributed ... effectively makes the trimethylsilyl group less sterically hindering, thus, lowering it s A value ... more details
Dablink T value can also refer to the Student s t test . The United States Department of Agriculture defines the T Value as the maximum average soil loss in tons per year that will still allow economical maintenance of the current level of production into the future. ref http agriculture.house.gov info glossary tu.htm USA Department of Agriculture ref References Reflist colwidth 40em references references Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
teapot , an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by Martin Newell computer scientist Martin Newell in 1975. Computer graphics is a sub field of computerscience which studies methods for digitally ... Processing , http www.eg.org events Symposium on Rendering, and Symposium on Computer Animation . As in the rest of computerscience, conference publications in computer graphics are generally more ...dablink This article is about the scientific discipline of computer graphics. For other uses see Computer ... computer graphics three dimensional computer graphics , it also encompasses 2D computer graphics two dimensional graphics and image processing . Overview Computer graphics studies the manipulation .... Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of visualization graphic visualization , although ... visualization Computer vision Image processing Computational geometry Computational topology Applied mathematics Applications of computer graphics include Special effect Special effects Visual effects Video game Video games Digital art History One of the first displays of computer animation ... and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them ... An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at http accad.osu.edu waynec history lessons.html this page . ref Subfields in computer graphics A broad classification of major subfields in computer ... geometric quantities for the discrete surfaces used in computer graphics. ref name columbia ddg ... with light . See Rendering computer graphics for more information. Transport light transport theory ... in computer graphics multicol Jim Blinn Jack E. Bresenham Loren Carpenter Edwin Catmull Robert L. Cook Paul Debevec Ronald Fedkiw Ron Fedkiw James D. Foley multicol break David Forsyth computer ... Williams multicol end See also multicol 3D computer graphics Cloth modeling Computer facial animation ... reflist Further reading James D. Foley Foley et al . Computer Graphics Principles and Practice . Shirley ... more details
Function value may refer to In mathematics, the value of a function mathematics function when applied to an argument In computerscience, a closure computerscience closure disambiguation ... more details
L value or L value may refer to A valuecomputerscience that has an address The value assigned to an L shell , a particular set of planetary magnetic field lines A measure of brightness of a lunar eclipse on the Danjon scale See also R value disambiguation disambig ... more details
R value can refer to Properties of materials R value insulation , the efficiency of insulation of a house R value soils , stability of soils and aggregates for pavement construction valuecomputerscience r value , in computerscience, a value that does not have an address in a computer language R factor crystallography , a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the diffraction data In statistics, r or r value refers to the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient , often called simply correlation coefficient In the physical sciences, the gas constant is often denoted by the symbol R In ophthalmic optics, r value refers to the distance between the segment optical center and the segment top See also L value disambiguation disambig ... more details
Terminal value can mean several things Terminal value accounting , the salvage or residual value of an asset Terminal value finance , the future discounted value of all future cash flows beyond a given date Terminal value philosophy , core moral beliefs Terminal value in Backus Naur form , a grammar definition denoting a symbol that never appears on the left hand side of the grammar list In computerscience generally, character s that signify the end of a line disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 In computerscience , precision of a numerical quantity is a measure of the detail in which the quantity is expressed. This is usually measured in bits, but sometimes in decimal digits. It is related to precision arithmetic precision in mathematics , which describes the number of digits that are used to express a value. Rounding error further2 Floating point Precision is often the source of rounding error s in computation . The number of bits used to store a number will often cause some loss of accuracy. An example would be to store sin 0.1 in IEEE single precision floating point standard. The error is then often magnified as subsequent computations are made to the data it can also be reduced . See also Integer computerscience Arbitrary precision arithmetic Precision arithmetic IEEE754 IEEE floating point standard Category Computer data ja ... more details
In computerscience , a value object is a small simple Object computerscience object , like money or a date range, whose equality isn t based on identity. ref name fowler cite web last Fowler first Martin url http martinfowler.com eaaCatalog valueObject.html title Value Object work Catalog of Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture publisher Martin Fowler martinfowler.com accessdate 17 July 2011 authorlink Martin Fowler year 2003 ref ref name c2 cite web title Value Object url http c2.com cgi wiki?ValueObject work Portland Pattern Repository s Wiki publisher Cunningham & Cunningham, Inc. c2.com accessdate 17 July 2011 ref See also Data transfer object References Reflist software eng stub Category Object oriented programming ... more details
saved book title Computerscience subtitle cover image cover color Computerscience Main article Computerscience Supporting article History of computerscience Category Wikipedia books on computerscienceComputerscience ... more details
, a valuecomputersciencevalue . The variable name is the usual way to Reference computerscience reference the stored value this separation of name and content allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it represents. Dubious Dubious date February 2012 A variable name in computer source code is an Identifier In computer languages identifier that can be Name binding bound to a Valuecomputersciencevalue during Run time program lifecycle phase run time , and the value ..., a value is represented by some Object computerscience data object , which is stored ... accessed or Assignment computerscience changed at any time. However, in Pure function ... programming lifetime due to the requirements of referential transparency computerscience referential ... language, variables may only be able to store a specified datatype e.g. Integer computerscience integer or string computerscience string . Alternatively, a datatype may be associated only with the current ... of the variable, such as access permission, Lock computerscience locks , Semaphore programming ... computerscience closure . Unless the programming language features garbage collection computer ... by modifying each other s variables. Doing so also prevents action at distance computerscience action ... See also Identifier Namespace computerscience Unlike their mathematical counterparts, programming ... is a kind of variable its value is the value of the referenced cell see also reference computer ...refimprove date November 2009 In computer programming , a variable is a memory location storage location ... not directly correspond to the concept of Variable mathematics variables in mathematics . The value ..., a variable may be employed in a repetitive process assigned a value in one place, then used elsewhere, then reassigned a new value and used again in the same way see Iteration Computing iteration . Variables in computer programming are frequently given long names to make them relatively descriptive ... more details
In computer programming , a sentinel value also referred to as a flag value , trip value , rogue value , signal value , or dummy data ref cite book last Knuth first Donald authorlink Donald Knuth title The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 1 Fundamental Algorithms second edition publisher Addison Wesley date 1973 pages 213&ndash 214, also p. 631 isbn 0201038099 ref is a special valuecomputersciencevalue whose presence guarantees termination of a Control flow loop that processes data structure structured especially sequential access sequential data computing data . The sentinel value makes it possible to detect the end of the data when no other means to do so such as an explicit size indication is provided. The value should be selected in such a way that it is guaranteed to be distinct from all legal data values, since otherwise the presence of such values would be taken to signal the end of the data, prematurely. Below are some examples of common sentinel values and their uses Null ... of file , a non character value returned by certain input routines to signal that no further characters are available from a file High Values , a key value of hexadecimal 0xFF used in business programming A related practice, used in slightly different circumstances, is to place some specific value at the end ... loop, because the value will trigger termination by the tests already present for other reasons. For instance, when searching for a particular value in an unsorted array data structure array , every element will be compared against this value, with the loop terminating when equality is found however to deal with the case that the value should be absent, one must also test after each step for having completed the search unsuccessfully. By placing a copy of the value searched for in an additional ... last Knuth first Donald authorlink Donald Knuth title The Art of Computer Programming, Volume 3 ... the value so placed at the end of the data a dummy value rather than a sentinel. Sentinel values are often ... more details
Expert subject Computerscience date August 2009 In computerscience , the term value type is commonly ... C and C , expressions are treated as Valuecomputerscience lvalues or rvalues the latter can be thought of as having value types . Types of Objects with Deep Copy Semantics Some programming languages ... 0 321 63537 2 ref defines a value to be a sequence of Binary digit bits , called datum , together with its interpretation. A value type, then, is a correspondence between a set of data and a set of abstract ... a species . For example, a value type call it code small int value code can establish the correspondence ... a Two 27s complement two s complement representation. Value types do not include constraints on how their values are stored. E.g., the type code small int value code in the example above does not determine ... digit bit byte s used to store the 16 Binary digit bits of the value type s representation. Since the values underpinning value types are not stored, value types also do not include a notion of mutation ... are therefore value types in the sense described here. In contrast, imperative programming ... us library s1ax56ch.aspx C Reference Manual for Microsoft s Visual C language ref use the term value ... int i1 42 int is a value type. int i2 i1 i2 uses distinct storage for its value the value of i1 is deep copied into i2. object o1 i1 Boxing see below from the value type int to a reference type compatible with object . object o2 o1 Since o1 and o2 have reference type, they now refer to the same value ... language Java do not formally define the term value type , but their practitioners informally use ... type s . Boxing and Unboxing Programming languages that distinguish between value types and reference ... Boxing boxing , to wrap some or all of their value types in reference type reference types . This permits the use of value types in contexts expecting reference type reference types . The converse process to unwrap the value type is known as unboxing . References references DEFAULTSORT Value Type ... more details
An expression in a programming language is a combination of explicit valuecomputersciencevalue s, Constant programming constants , variable programming variable s, operator programming operator s, and function programming function s that are interpreted according to the particular Order of operations rules of precedence and of association for a particular programming language, which computes and then produces returns , in a state computerscience stateful environment another value. This process, like for mathematical expression s, is called evaluation. The value can be of various Data type type s, such as numerical, string, and logical. For example, 2 3 is an arithmetic and programming expression which evaluates to 5. A variable is an expression because it denotes a value in memory, so y 6 is an expression. An example of a relational expression is 4 4, which evaluates to false. ref https developer.mozilla.org en Core JavaScript 1.5 Guide Expressions Javascript expressions, Mozilla Accessed July 6, 2009 ref ref https www.cs.drexel.edu rweaver COURSES ISTC 2 TOPICS expr.html Programming in C Accessed July 6, 2009 ref In C programming language C and most C derived languages, a call to a function with a Void type void return type is a valid expression, of type void. ref http www.open std.org JTC1 SC22 WG14 www docs n1256.pdf ISO IEC 9899 1999 section 6.3.2.2, accessed August 31, 2009 ref Values of type void cannot be used, so the value of such an expression is always thrown away. A function, and hence an expression containing a function, may have Side effect computerscience side effect s. An expression with side effects does not normally have the property of referential transparency computerscience referential transparency . In many languages e.g. C , statements may be ended with a semicolon code code to turn the expression into an expression Statement programming statement . This asks the implementation to evaluate the expression for its side effects only, and disregard ... more details
The term Theoretical ComputerScience may refer to The field of theoretical computerscience . Theoretical ComputerScience journal , a journal covering this field. disambig ... more details
history of computing Cleanup date March 2012 The history of computerscience began long before the modern discipline of computerscience that emerged in the 20th century, and hinted at in the centuries .... ref http www.cs.uwaterloo.ca shallit Courses 134 history.html History of ComputerScience ref ... Emergence of a discipline The mathematical foundations of modern computerscience began to be laid ... computer. Turing is so important to computerscience that his name is also featured on the Turing ... pioneers in computerscience List of computer term etymologies , the origins of computerscience ... Courses 134 history.html A Very Brief History of ComputerScience http www.computerhistory.org Computer ... 0337.pdf History of ComputerScience . M lardalen University . External links http purl.umn.edu .... Bowker discusses his role in the formation of the Stanford University computerscience department, and his vision, as early as 1956, of computerscience as an academic discipline. http purl.umn.edu ... of Minnesota. Traub discusses why computerscience has developed as a discipline at institutions including .... Golub discusses his career in computerscience at Stanford University. http purl.umn.edu 107356 ... contrasts the emergence of computerscience at Stanford with developments at Harvard and the University ... Forsythe , who established Stanford University s program in computerscience. http purl.umn.edu 107544 .... Newell discusses his entry into computerscience, funding for computerscience departments and research, the development of the ComputerScience Department at Carnegie Mellon University, including the work of Alan Perlis Alan J. Perlis and Raj Reddy , and the growth of the computerscience and artificial intelligence research communities. Compares computerscience programs at Stanford, MIT, and Carnegie ... Institute , University of Minnesota. Fein discusses establishing computerscience as an academic discipline ... , University of Minnesota. Galler describes the development of computerscience at the University of Michigan ... more details
In functional programming , in particular the ML programming language ML programming language family, the value restriction means that declaration computer science declaration s are only parametric polymorphism polymorphically let generalization generalized if they are syntactic values also called non expansive . The value restriction prevents reference cell s from holding values of different types and preserves type safety . See also Hindley&ndash Milner type inference References Andrew Wright 1995 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.37.5096 Simple imperative polymorphism . In LISP and Symbolic Computation , p. 343 356. External links http mlton.org ValueRestriction Value Restriction &mdash MLton http users.cis.fiu.edu smithg cop4555 valrestr.html Notes on SML97 s Value Restriction &mdash Principles of Programming Languages, Geoffrey Smith, Florida International University Category Type inference Category ML programming language family plt stub ... more details
In computerscience , having value semantics also value type semantics or copy by value semantics means for an object that only its value counts, not its identity. ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 location http www.velocityreviews.com publisher velocity reviews title Some Basic QUESTIONS quote The important consideration for value semantics is that only the value of an object is significant, not its identity. So you can copy it copy constructor or assignment as much as you like, and any copy can be used in place of the original with no change. url http www.velocityreviews.com forums t677086 some basic questions.html ref ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 author Daniel Elstner location http mail.gnome.org publisher GTK & GNOME Mailing Lists title Re extending Gdk Region quote What are value semantics? ... It s an ad hoc shorthand for value type semantics , or copy by value semantics . url http mail.gnome.org archives gtkmm list 2009 May msg00107.html ref The concept in software design, like in the Standard Template Library for C to some extend. If the concept is fully applied, value semantics implies immutability of the object. ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 location http www.velocityreviews.com publisher velocity reviews title Some Basic QUESTIONS quote An object represents an immutable value vs. an object represents a system with a mutable state. ... Not necessarily, at least not in C . I do like the idea that an object with value semantics can only be modified by the assignment operators, but this is far from the general case std string, for example, clearly has value semantics, despite a large number of mutator functions. One can argue that this is a design error ... , substitutivity of identity , unfoldability , and Referential transparency computerscience ... publisher velocity reviews title Some Basic QUESTIONS quote The important consideration for value semantics is that only the value of an object is significant, not its identity. So you can copy it copy ... more details
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