codes, in which they along with another Scandinavian group, the Varangians were afforded significant ... with the Varangians , a term used in Eastern Europe to describe Scandinavian traders and pirates ... a clear distinction between Varangians and Kylfings, and Byzantines distinguished between them in the same ... sources explicitly associate the Varangians with Baltic region, which they called Varangia , and in Arabic ... it apparent that the Varangians and the Finnic tribes were able to cooperate well, and he points ... , but appear to distinguish between them and the Varangians. ref Norvin 12. ref ref Waldemar ... of specific ethne Varangians, Rus people Rus , Saracen s, Franks and Koulpingoi . In previous edicts ..., Varangians, Koulpingoi, Anglo Saxons Inglinoi , Normans Frangoi , German people Nemitsoi , Bulgars ... to Varangians Varyagi . ref E.g., Vernadsky 28. ref For instance, Varangians and Kylfings were entitled ..., the Varangians and the Kylfings were entitled to give shelter to a fugitive for as many as three days ... s v onepage&q &f false The Varangians of Byzantium . Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007 ISBN 978 0 ... more details
Infobox given name name Igor image Radzivill Igor 945.jpg imagesize caption Igor of Kiev , first from right. Illumination from the Radziwi Chronicle pronunciation gender Male meaning Protected region Eastern Europe origin Old Norse related names Ingvar name Ingvar , Inga footnotes Igor Russian language rus. , International Phonetic Alphabet IPA i r , Ukrainian language ukr. Ihor is a given name derived from the Norsemen Norse name Ingvar name Ingvar , that was brought to ancient Kievan Rus Rus by the Norse Varangians , in the form Ingvar or Yngvar . Igor son of the Varangian chief Rurik conquered Kiev . The name Igor s association with hunchbacked assistants has its origins in the Universal Studios horror films of the 1930s. See Igor fictional character . People solename Igor I of Kiev , ruler of Kiev from 913 to 945. Igor II of Kiev , Grand Prince of Kiev 1146 . Igor Akinfeev born 1986 , Russian football goalkeeper Igor Andreev born 1983 , Russian tennis player Igor Kunitsyn born 1981 , Andreev s Russian compatriot and tennis player Igor Larionov born 1960 , Soviet and Russian retired ice hockey player Igor Olshansky , Ukrainian football player Miami Dolphins Igor Rybak , Ukrainian born Soviet Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter Igor Sijsling born 1987 , Dutch tennis player Igor Sikorsky 1889 1972 , Russian American pioneer of aviation in both helicopters and fixed wing aircraft Igor Stravinsky 1882 1971 , Russian composer Igor Svyatoslavich , prince of Chernigov 1164 Igor Yuzov , musician and member of Russian American rock band Red Elvises given name Igor nocat Category Masculine given names Category Russian masculine given names Category Ukrainian masculine given names cs Igor de Igor it Igor hu Igor nl Igor voornaam no Igor pl Igor ru sk Igor sl Igor sr sv Igor uk ... more details
Sir Charles Raymond Beazley 1868 1955 was a British historian. ref cite journal title BEAZLEY, Charles Raymond journal Who s Who, year 1907 volume 59 pages p. 120 url http books.google.com books?id yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg PA120 ref He was Professor of History at the University of Birmingham from 1909 1933. He was educated at St Paul s School London St Paul s School , King s College London and Balliol College, Oxford . His academic career was as a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford , until his chair at Birmingham. Works James of Aragon 1890 Henry the Navigator 1895 The Dawn of Modern Geography three volumes 1897 1906 John and Sebastian Cabot 1898 The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea. Written by Gomes Eannes de Azurara 1899 translator with Edgar Prestage An English Garner Voyages and Travels mainly during the 16th and 17th Centuries 1902 two volumes Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen. Select Narratives from the Principal Navigations of Hakluyt 1907 edited with Edward John Payne A Note book of Mediaeval History AD323 AD1453 1917 Russia From The Varangians To The Bolsheviks 1918 with Nevill Forbes and G. A. Birkett Nineteenth Century Europe 1922 The Road to Ruin in Europe 1932 The Beauty of the North Cotswolds 1946 References reflist External links Wikisource author gutenberg author http www.a2a.org.uk html 150 us6.htm Page includes a biography worldcat id lccn n50 6968 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Beazley, Charles Raymond ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1868 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1955 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Beazley, Charles Raymond Category 1868 births Category 1955 deaths Category People educated at St Paul s School, London Category Academics of the University of Birmingham Category Alumni of King s College London Category Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford Category British historians Category Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Category Knights Bachelor UK historian stub fr Raymond Beazley sv Raymond Beazley ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Gostomysl Lang ru is a legendary 9th century posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev , an 18th century historian. Gostomysl s rule is associated with the confederation of Northern tribes, which was formed to counter the Varangian threat in the mid 9th century and embraced the Ilmen Slavs , Krivichs , Merya , and Estonians Chud . Sergey Platonov and Aleksey Shakhmatov believed that the capital of the confederation was in modern Staraya Russa Russa and Gostomysl could have been one of its leaders. According to Tatishchev, who claimed to have derived his information from the now lost Ioachim Chronicle , Gostomysl was elected by the Ilmen Slavs their supreme ruler and expelled the Varangians from Russia. Once he had a dream of a large tree growing from the womb of his daughter, Umila. This was interpreted by pagan priests as a prophecy of Umila s son becoming a great leader and of his issue coming to rule a large territory. Indeed, after a period of civil disorder, Umila s son Rurik succeeded to his grandfather in Novgorod and his progeny came to rule the largest state in Europe. The legend of Gostomysl was much aired by the writers and composers working in the nationalist milieu of Catherine the Great Catherine II s reign. However, the historians Gerhardt Friedrich M ller and Nikolay Karamzin gave no credit to Tatischev s story, believing that the very name of Gostomysl resulted from a misinterpretation of two Slavic words gost guest and mysl thought . Although Gostomysl s existence is doubted by virtually every modern historian, the name is not an artificial derivation as was previously thought. It was indeed recorded in 844, when Louis the German defeated rex Gostomuizli of the Obodrites . Besides, the story of Umila s dream bears striking similarities to the account of Harald Fairhair s birth in some of the Norse saga s, which treat the genealogical tree seen in a dream by his mot ... more details
Vadim the Bold was a legendary chieftain of the Ilmen Slavs who led their struggle against Rurik and the Varangians in the 9th century. According to the Nikon Chronicle , an historic 16th century Russian chronicle that covered events of 859 1520 CE, the Novgorodians broke into rebellion against Rurik , their ruler, but his Varangian druzhina managed to quell the riots and murdered their leader, Vadim. The first Russian historian, Vasily Tatishchev , conjectured that Vadim s mother was the elder daughter of Gostomysl . Hence, Vadim was Rurik s elder cousin and had a better claim to the throne. In Russian literature After Tatischev s publications, Vadim became one of the most popular characters in the 18th century Russian literature . Yakov Knyazhnin , a leading playwright, penned a play in which he contrasted Vadim, a defender of Novgorod s ancient freedom, with the authoritarian Rurik. When the play appeared in 1791, Catherine the Great was enraged, although she had fictionalized Vadim s struggle against Rurik in one of her own plays. Against the background of the French Revolution , Knyazhnin was accused of Jacobinism and all printed copies of his play were to be burnt. Authenticity issues In the 19th century, Sergey Solovyov and other major historians cast a doubt on the historicity and Authentication authenticity of Vadim. ref http az.lib.ru k knjazhnin j b text 0030.shtml Vadim of Novgorod The tragedy in verse in five acts. Russian . http az.lib.ru The project Collection of classics Libraries Moshkova Lib.ru Classical . Accessed May 2011. ref Currently, he is considered a legendary personage. Yet his freedom loving character appealed to the spirit of Romanticism . Three leading Russian poets of the era, Alexander Pushkin , Vasily Zhukovsky and Mikhail Lermontov , based their poems on the subject of Vadim s legendary exploits. References reflist Category Characters of Russian folklore Category 9th century in Europe Category 9th century Russian people Category Medieval ... more details
Nikephoros Karantenos , List of Latinised names latinized as Nicephorus Carantenus Lang el lang grc , was a Byzantine general known for fighting against the Bulgarians in the Balkans and the Normans in Catapanate of Italy Italy . The main sources for his life is the continuator Skylitzes Continuatus of John Skylitzes , Lupus Protospatharius , and the Anonymus Bariensis Chronicon . Karantenos was rewarded for his service against the Bulgars with the post of military governor dux doux of Skopje . Then, in 1067, when Constantine X desired to retake the lost cities of Apulia , he sent Karantenos with Mabrikias to Bari . Taranto , Castellaneta , and Brindisi were reconquered from the Normans and a garrison of Varangian Guard Varangians was established at the latter under Karantenos. He was given the title of strategos of Brindisi. When the Normans put Brindisi under siege in 1070, Karantenos feigned surrender and then attacked the Normans as they were scaling the walls on ladders. He beheaded a hundred corpses and crossed the sea to Durazzo with the heads, thence shipping them off to Constantinople to impress the emperor. In 1072, he was back in Bulgaria to pacify the revolt of Constantine Bodin . Sources Gay, Jules. L Italie m ridionale et l empire Byzantin Livre II . Burt Franklin New York, 1904. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Karantenos, Nikephoros ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Karantenos, Nikephoros Category Byzantine generals Category 11th century Byzantine people Byzantine bio stub ar it Niceforo Caranteno ... more details
Infobox royalty name Rogvolod title Prince of Polotsk image Rogvolod Post stamp.jpg caption Rogvolod, post stamp of Belarus reign 945 978 coronation othertitles full name predecessor ? successor conquered spouse ? issue son br son br Rogneda house ? royal anthem father ? mother ? birth date c. 920? birth place death date 978 death place Polotsk date of burial place of burial ? Rogvolod lang ru , Rogvolod lang be , Rahva od c. 920 978 was first chronicled prince of Principality of Polatsk Polatsk 945 978 . In the Russian Primary Chronicle , he is known as , probably a slavicized version of the Old Norse name Ragnvald . He came from overseas i.e., from Scandinavia and established himself at Polatsk in the mid 10th century. According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Vladimir the Great sought an alliance with him in 980 by marrying his daughter Rogneda , but she insultingly refused, prompting Vladimir to attack Rogvolod and his sons and kill them, after which he forcibly took Rogneda as his wife. ref Janet Martin, Medieval Russia 980 1584 Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1995 , 1. ref References Reflist External links http kamunikat.fontel.net www czasopisy annus 2005 03.htm Oleg atyszonek, Ales Bely. On the Scandinavian origin of Rahvalod Annus Albaruthenicus 6. 2005. http freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com havens5 p26879.htm Rogvolod Prince of Polotsk at ancestry.com Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Rogvolod ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 978 PLACE OF DEATH Polotsk Category 10th century births Category 978 deaths Category Belarusian nobility Category Belarusian rulers Category Ruthenian nobility Category Fairhair dynasty Category Viking Age people Category Varangians Category 10th century Russian princes Category Orthodox monarchs Category People from Polotsk euro noble stub Link GA pl be be x old es R gvolod lv Ragnvalds no Rogvol ... more details
Halfdan and Gunnarr who died somewhere in the East, as Varangians. It has been suggested that the words ... Benedikz, Benedikt S. title The Varangians of Byzantium publisher Cambridge University Press year ... raised in memory of Varangians who died somewhere in the east, but these are different people ... more details
1043 Rus Byzantine War of 1043 , for which Vladimir of Novgorod had recruited Varangians. ref name ... PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ragnvald Ingvarsson Category Viking warriors Category Varangians Category ... more details
and disciplined. It contained formidable guards units such as the Varangians , the Immortals ... S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium , 163 ref Constantinople had a permanent garrison of 10,000 troops not including the 5,000 Varangians garrisoned in the two Imperial palaces. ref name Queller185 ... commanded a Tagmata military tagma regiment . The commander of the Varangians had a unique ... being the Varangians and vestiaritai , and probably the archontopouloi . ref Later references ... light axe tzikourion as a secondary weapon, whilst the Varangians were known as the Axe bearing ... types were to be found in its army. Infantry With the notable exception of the Varangians, the Byzantine ... Varangians Image Skylitzis Chronicle VARANGIAN GUARD.jpg thumb right 300px Varangian Guardsmen, with prominently ... broken. ref Birkenmeier, pp. 62 68. ref At Battle of Beroia Beroia the Varangians were more successful ... It is likely, given their elite status and their constant attendance on the emperor, that the Varangians ... Alexios I ordered the Varangians to dismount and march at the head of the army, in the opening ... I s reign, some 4,000 5,000 Varangians in total joined the Byzantine army. ref name Blondal140 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium , 140 ref Before he set out to relieve Dyrrhachion in 1081, the emperor left 300 Varangians to guard Constantinople. ref name Blondal123 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium , 123 ref After the defeat, Alexios left 500 Varangians to garrison Kastoria in an unsuccessful attempt to halt the Norman advance. ref name Blondal127 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium , 127 ref At Dyrrhachion there were 1,400 Varangians while at Beroia, only 480 540 were present ... usually only brought around 500 Varangians for personal protection on campaigns, unless they needed a particularly strong force of infantry. ref name Blondal181 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium , 181 ref A garrison of Varangians was also stationed in the city of Paphos in Cyprus during the Komnenian ... more details
, where they encountered the Varangians of the Rus Khaganate and established an important ... dominated by the Varangians of the Rus Khaganate, who controlled the trade route between the Baltic ... the return of the Varangians to Novgorod and relocation of their capital to Kiev on the Dnieper . From ... more details
Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks Varangian runestones Notes reflist References Braun ... Runestones Category Varangians Category Byzantine Empire related inscriptions de Runenstein von Berezan ... more details
url http books.google.com ?id vFRug14ui7gC&pg PA1&dq varangians finnic v onepage&q 22this 20traffic 20originated 20mainly 20in 20sweden 22&f false title The Varangians of Byzantium isbn 9780521035521 ... it refers to as the Rus in adjacent passages, the Rus are grouped with Varangians , with the Slavs, and also set apart from the Slavs and Varangians. Danilevskiy suggests that the Rus nowiki nowiki ... magazine National Geographic , March 1985 When the Varangians arrived in Constantinople , the Byzantines ... tribute to the Varangians Chud s, Slavs , Merians and Krivichs drove the Varangians back beyond the sea ... according to custom. Thus they went overseas to the Varangians, to the Rus. These particular Varangians ... 11th Century and partially on the Primary Chronicle, does not name the Varangians asked by the Chuds ... mention of the Varangians as the Rus as the old list predates the Primary Chronicle and the Synod ... more details
History of Latvia Refimprove date March 2009 Semigallians Latvian language Latvian Zemga i , also Zemgalians, Semigalls, Semigalians were the Balts Baltic tribe that lived in the southcentral part of contemporary Latvia and northern Lithuania . They are noted for their long resistance 1219 1290 against the German crusaders and Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades . Semigallians had close linguistic and cultural ties with Samogitians . History During the Viking Age , the Semigallians were involved in battles with Semi legendary kings of Sweden Swedish Vikings over control of the lower part of the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks Daugava waterway . In Gesta Danorum the Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus wrote that the Viking Starkad crushed the Curonians , all the tribes of Estonia , and the peoples of Semgala. ref http medlem.spray.se abujaftiel saxo08.html ..obtrivi Kurios vel quas alit Estia gentes, et populos, Semgalla, tuos. Gesta Danorum 8.8.9. ref When the Rurikid successors of the Varangians tried to subjugate the Semigallians, they heavily defeated the invading army of Principality of Polotsk Polotsk led by Prince Rogvolod Vseslavich in 1106 . Ancient chronicles claim that 9000 of their soldiers were killed. ref . . . . 6 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 1993. . 315. ref According to the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia Livonian Chronicle of Henry , Semigallians formed an alliance with bishop Albert of Riga against rebellious Livonians before 1203 , and received military support to hold back Lithuanian people Lithuanian attacks in 1205 . In 1207 , the Semigallian duke Viestards lang la dux Semigallorum helped the christened Livonian chief Caupo of Turaida Caupo conquer back his Turaida Castle Turaida castle from pagan rebels. In 1219 , the Semigallian German alliance was cancelled after a crusader invasion i ... more details
Image Berezan.jpg thumb 300px Berezan Island as seen from a distance. Berezan Ancient Greek Borysthenes former lang tr Pirezin is an island in the Black Sea at the entrance of the Dnieper Southern Bug Bug estuary , Mykolaiv Oblast , Ukraine . The island measures approximately 900 metres in length by 320 metres in width. It is separated from the mainland to which it may have been connected long ago by about a mile and a half of shallow water. History Berezan was home to one of the earliest Greek colony Greek colonies possibly known as Borysthenes , after the Greek name of the Dnieper in the northern Black Sea region. The island was first settled in the mid 7th century B.C. ref Eusebius of Caesarea Eusebius states in his Chronicon Eusebius Chronikoi kanones that the colony was founded in 647 646 BC, by settlers from Miletus . ref and was largely abandoned by the end of the 5th century B.C., when Olbia, Ukraine Olbia became the dominant colony in the region. ref Treister, Michail J. Vinogradov, Yuri G. Archaeology on the Northern Coast of the Black Sea , American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 97, No. 3. 1993 , p. 538. ref In the 5th century BC, Herodotus visited it to gather information about the northern course of the eponymous river. The colony thrived on wheat trade with the Scythian hinterland most cereals consumed in Ancient Greece were purchased from Scythians at Olbia and Borysthenes. In the Middle Ages, the island was of high military importance because it commanded the mouth of the Dnieper. During the period of Kievan Rus there was an important station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks . It was there that Varangians first came into contact with the Greeks. Image Ancient Greek Colonies of N Black Sea.png right 350px thumb Borysthenes and other Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea in the 5th century Common Era BCE . The only Runic inscription in Southern Ukraine, the Berezan Runestone , w ... more details
. Varangians Varangian mercenaries joined in the pursuit of the fleeing Normans, but became separated ... p 134 Anna Comnena. The Alexiad , 4.5. ref The Varangians had been ordered to march just in front ... 2001 p 134 . ref The archers had been commanded to move in front of the Varangians and fire a volley ... positions. Guiscard hoped the feint would draw up the Varangians however, this plan failed .... The Varangians stood their ground while the Byzantine left, including some of Alexius elite troops ... of the Norman right, the knights were in danger of being outflanked. At this point, the Varangians ... of the Norman right. With their massive battle axe s, the Varangians attacked the Norman knights, who were driven away after their horses panicked. The Varangians soon became separated from the main ... remaining Varangians fled into the church of the Archangel Michael . The Normans immediately set the church on fire, and all Varangians perished in the blaze. ref name H135 J harvnb Haldon 2001 p ... p 34 . ref He lost about 5,000 of his men, including most of the Varangians. Norman losses are unknown ... more details
, which states that Chud s, Slavs , Merias , Vepsians Veses and Krivichs drove the Varangians ... between Varangians and Slavic women, was of mixed Slavic Varangian descent. This theory is based ... more closely associated with North Germanic languages Northern Germanic language speakers Varangians ... Category Varangians Category 9th century rulers in Europe Category 9th century Russian people af ... more details
Infobox Coat of arms name Coat of arms of Crimea image Crimea Emblem.png image width 150 lesser lesser width lesser caption armiger Crimea year adopted 24 Semtember 1992 crest torse shield supporters compartment motto orders other elements earlier versions use The coat of arms of Crimea lang uk , lang ru is the official coat of arms of the Crimea Autonomous Republic of Crimea , Ukraine . It is in use since 1992 and was officially adopted on April 21, 1999. The coat of arms consists of a red Varangians Varangian shield and a right facing silver griffin with azure heraldry azure pearl in its right paw. On either sides of the shield are two white pillars. At the top of the shield sits the rising sun . Winding around both columns and under the shield rests the Flag of Crimea , a blue white red tricolor ribbon, unto which the Motto of Crimea, translated as Prosperity in unity , is inscribed. The Varangian shield is symbolic of the fact that the region of Crimea was for a long time a crossing of major trade routes. ref name fotw http www.fotw.net flags ua krim.html coa fotw.net Crimea Autonomous Republic Ukraine ref The red field of the coat of arms symbolizes the heroic and dramatic Crimea History history of Crimea . ref name fotw The Griffin is placed on the coat of arms because it is commonly used to represent the territory north of the Black Sea , and is known as the coat of arms of Chersonesos Taurica Chersonesos and Panticapaeum , where one can see the griffin on artifacts from the area. ref name fotw Another variation in the symbolism is that the pearl is symbolic of Crimea as a part of Earth , and the Griffin as the defender of the young republic. ref name fotw The pearl s azure is reminiscent of the combined culture of Crimea. The white pillars are said to be reminiscent of the ancient civilizations which inhabited the peninsula. The rising sun is symbolic of prosperity and regeneration. ref name fotw See also Coat ... more details
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