In MIMO communication systems, array gain means a power gain of transmitted signals that is achieved by using multiple antennas at transmitter and or receiver, with respect to Single Input and Single Output SISO case. It can be simply called power gain . In a broadside array, the array gain is almost exactly proportional to the length of the array. This is the almost always the case provided that the elements of the antenna are not spaced to a point at which large radiation side lobs form in other directions and that the array length exceeds one or two wavelengths. The power gain of a broadside array is nearly independent of the number of broadside elements as long as both of these conditions are met. ref http www.smeter.net daily facts 12 fact5.php ref The two main types of array gain when combining signals are average power of combined signals relative to the individual average power and the diversity gain related to the probability level of outage. The diversity gain is dependent on spacial correlation coefficients between antenna signals. ref Andersen, J.B. , Array gain and capacity for known random channels with multiple element arrays at both ends, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , vol.18, no.11, pp.2172 2178, Nov 2000 doi 10.1109 49.895022 ref Applications In radio astronomy because of background noise from modern communications it is difficult to achieve a good signal to noise ratio. Even for strong astronomical radio emission it is typical for SNR levels to be below 0 decibel. To counter this problem exposure of the antenna to the source over large periods of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens of radio receivers to collect as much signal as possible. Robots equipped with antenna arrays have better communication using array gain to eradicate dead spots and reduce interferences. ref Hambling, David. Robots fall into line with the help of sparse array antenna. New Scientist 207 2010 ... more details
Array processing is signal processing of the outputs of an array of sensor s to Enhance the SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR compared to that of a single sensor using conventional or adaptive ... , and other signal parameters. Track multiple moving sources. Array processing is used in radar ... of using array processing along with an array of sensors is a smaller foot print. The problems associated with array processing include the number of sources used, their direction of arrival s, and their signal ... 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing . Signal and Image Processing Seminar. University of Texas at Austin. ref There are four assumptions in array processing. The first ... medium. The second assumption is that for far field array processing, the radius of propagation is much greater than size of the array and that there is plane wave propagation. The third assumption is that there is a zero ... bevans courses ee381k lectures 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing ... to be below 0 decibel. To counter this problem exposure of the antenna to the source over large periods of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens ... research facility that was founded in Norway in 1968. NORSAR has been working with array processing ... seismic stations around the world. NORSAR has ongoing work to improve array processing to improve ... 83 Improving IMS array processing.aspx ref See also Phased Array Space Time Adaptive Processing References reflist cite book title Array Signal Processing last1 Johnson first1 D. H. last2 Dudgeon first2 D. E. year 1993 publisher Prentice Hall cite book first1 H. L. last1 Van Trees title Optimum Array .... last2 Viberg url http www.vissta.ncsu.edu publications ahk spm1996.pdf title Two Decades of Array ... accessdate 8 December 2010 S. Haykin and K.J.R. Liu Editors , Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor ... Smart Antennas slides proj sem.pdf array processing courseware DEFAULTSORT Array Processing Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A macrocell array is an approach to the design and manufacture of Application specific integrated circuit ASIC s. Essentially, it is a small step up from the otherwise similar gate array , but rather than being a prefabricated array of simple logic gates, the macrocell array is a prefabricated array of higher level logic functions such as Flip flop electronics flip flop s, Arithmetic logic unit ALU functions, Hardware register register s, and the like. These logic functions are simply placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer electronics wafer , usually called master slice . Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, allowing the function of the chip to be customised as desired. Macrocell array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The fabrication according to the individual customer specifications may be finished in a shorter time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The macrocell array approach reduces the Photomask mask costs since fewer custom masks need to be produced. In addition manufacturing test tooling lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all macrocell array products manufactured on the same die manufacturing die size. Drawbacks are somewhat low density and performance than other approaches to ASIC design. However this style is often a viable approach for low production volumes. DEFAULTSORT Macrocell Array Category Gate arrays es Matriz de macroc lulas ru ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image Antenna flat panel.png thumb 400px A planar array fractal antenna In telecommunication s and radar , a planar array is an antenna electronics antenna in which all of the elements, both driven element active and passive radiator parasitic , are in one plane. A planar array provides a large aperture antenna aperture and may be used for directional Light beam beam control by varying the relative phase waves phase of each element. A planar array may be used with a reflecting screen behind the active plane. ref FS1037C MS188 ref A planar array with a reflecting screen is related to a Radar absorbent material radar absorber . Both are supposed not to reflect incoming radiation of the desired wavelength. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they can use magnetic materials to avoid reflections at the interface to air at least for some frequencies. For antennas to be broadband, the transition from air vacuum to the metal of the screen has to be a gradual one. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they do not have to collect the received energy. The antenna needs a Three dimensional space 3D tree of twin lead s and choke electronics chokes to connect a single cable to a large number of micro antennas. Micro dipole antennas are only resonant at a single high frequency, to be broadband the arms of adjoining antennas have to be connected. Footnotes reflist Category Radio frequency antenna types electronics stub ... more details
In coding theory , a standard array or Slepian array is a math q n k math by math q k math array that lists .... Definition A standard array for an n , k code is a math q n k math by math q k math array where ..., 11011 has a standard array as follows class wikitable u Zero vector 0 u 01101 10110 11011 10000 ... for the standard array had 00011 been chosen as the first coset leader of weight two, another standard array representing the code would have been constructed. Note that the first row contains ... exactly once. Constructing a standard array Because each possible vector can appear only once in a standard array some care must be taken during construction. A standard array can be created as follows ... weight not already in the array. Write this as the first entry of the next row. This vector ... different coset leaders will create a slightly different but equivalent standard array, and will not affect ... array, we first list the codewords in a row. class wikitable 0000 1011 0101 1110 We then select a vector ... the vector was already present in the array. We could, however, have chosen it as the first coset leader and constructed a different standard array. Decoding via standard array To decode a vector using a standard array, subtract the error vector or coset leader from the vector received. The result ..., 0101, 1110 , and have constructed the corresponding standard array, as shown from the example above. If we receive the vector 0110 as a message, we find that vector in the standard array. We then subtract ... 1110. Decoding via a standard array is a form of nearest neighbour decoding . In practise, decoding via a standard array requires large amounts of storage a code with 32 codewords requires a standard array with math 2 32 math entries. Other forms of decoding, such as syndrome decoding , are more efficient. Note that decoding via standard array does not guarantee that all vectors are decoded correctly. If we receive the vector 1010, using the standard array above would decode the message as 1110 ... more details
memory region, it may be expensive or impossible to find contiguous space for a large dynamic array ...File Dynamic array.svg thumb Several values are inserted at the end of a dynamic array using geometric ... size and capacity of the final array are shown. In computer science , a dynamic array , growable array , resizable array , dynamic table , or array list is a random access , variable size list ... in many modern mainstream programming languages. A dynamic array is not the same thing as a dynamic memory allocation dynamically allocated array , which is a fixed size Array data structure array whose size is fixed when the array is allocated, although a dynamic array may use such a fixed size array ... class from OpenJDK 6 . ref Bounded size dynamic arrays and capacity The simplest dynamic array is constructed by allocating a fixed size array and then dividing it into two parts the first stores the elements of the dynamic array and the second is reserved, or unused. We can then add or remove elements at the end of the dynamic array in constant time by using the reserved space, until this space is completely consumed. The number of elements used by the dynamic array contents is its logical size or size , while the size of the underlying array is called the dynamic array s capacity , which ..., the fixed size data structure suffices. This may be short sighted, when problems with the array filling up turn up later. It is best to put resize code into any array, to respond to new conditions ... array is an expensive task, typically involving copying the entire contents of the array. Geometric ... resize by a large amount, such as doubling in size, and use the reserved space for future expansion ..., the capacities form a geometric progression . Expanding the array by any constant proportion ensures ... Array Implementation pages 39 41 . ref ref name clrs Introduction to Algorithms chapter 17.4 Dynamic ... array has performance similar to an array, with the addition of new operations to add and remove ... more details
Image Halbach array.png framed A Halbach array, showing the orientation of each piece s magnetic field. This array would give a strong field underneath, while the field above would cancel. File Halbach array field.jpg thumb The flux diagram of a Halbach array A Halbach array is a special arrangement of permanent magnet s that augments the magnetic field on one side of the array while cancelling the field ... National Laboratory , also independently invented the Halbach array to focus accelerator particle beams ... thumb right The magnetic field around an infinite halbach array of cube magnets. The field doesn t perfectly ..., continuously varying, infinite array is of the form ref http www.uta.edu physics main resources ... of the field at the surface of the array math scriptstyle k math is the spatial wavenumber ... of one sided flux distributions are twofold The field is twice as large on the side on which the flux ... vector. Variable Halbach array A series of magnetic rods, magnetized perpendicular to their axes, can be arranged into a Halbach array. If each rod is then rotated alternately through 90 the resultant ... below. Image HalbachArraySchematic1.png frame center Schematic of a Halbach array consisting of a series ... gearing arrangement for a variable Halbach array. Halbach cylinder A Halbach cylinder is a magnetized .... Uniform fields Image Halbach array by Zureks.png thumb right Uniform field inside Halbach cylinder ... field inside a cavity within an array of permanent magnets. Other classes of design include wedge ... very simple designs for a uniform field include separated magnets with soft iron return paths, as shown ... experiments. ref Raich, H., Bl mler, P., Design and construction of a dipolar Halbach array with a homogeneous ... dependent, refrigeration of the entire magnet array can increase the field within the working .... McMurry title An adjustable linear Halbach array journal Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ... December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Halbach Array Category Levitation Category Magnetic devices ca Matriu Halbach ... more details
one source date December 2011 File ZX81 ULA.jpg thumb Sinclair ZX81 ULA A gate array or uncommitted logic array ULA is an approach to the design and manufacture of application specific integrated circuit s ASICs , using a prefabricated chip with active devices like AND gates etc. that is later interconnected according to a custom order by adding metal layers in the factory environment. Design A gate array circuit is a prefabricated silicon chip circuit with no particular function in which transistor s, standard Negated AND gate NAND or NOR gate NOR logic gate s, and other active device s are placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer electronics wafer , usually called a master slice . Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding a final surface layer or layers of metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, joining these elements to allow the function of the chip to be customized as desired. This layer is analogous to the copper layer s of a printed circuit board PCB . Gate array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The design ... time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The gate array approach reduces the Photomask ... lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all gate array products ..., Inc. An application circuit must be built on a gate array that has enough gates, wiring and I O pins ... than a systolic array with the same gate count. Since unused routing tracks increase the cost and decrease the performance of the part without providing any benefit, gate array manufacturers try to provide ... array FPGA , complex programmable logic device CPLD , and structured ASIC . Whereas a ULA required ... interconnections. See also Field programmable gate array FPGA Complex programmable logic device CPLD Structured ASIC References references Category Gate arrays de Gate Array it Gate array kk ... more details
coverage within tiling array applications. Tiling Arrays are a subtype of DNA microarray microarray ... Chip , in addition to other uses e.g. array CGH . ref cite journal last Yazaki first J coauthors Gregory, BD, Ecker, JR title Mapping the genome landscape using tiling array technology. journal Current ... arrays within an array unit called a feature, with anywhere from 10,000 to more than 6,000,000 different features per array. ref name Moc05 cite journal last Mockler first TC coauthors Chan ..., each of which contains millions of copies of one probe. The other way of synthesizing tiling array ... regions representative of the genome. However, with tiling arrays, overlapping probes or probes in very ..., tiling arrays show high reproducibility, and with overlapping probes spanning large segments ..., like not being able to detect rare RNA molecules, RNA that are not polyadenylated, and very ..., S, Strausberg, RL, Fodor, SP, Gingeras, TR title Large scale transcriptional activity in chromosomes ... chip procedure. MeDIP chip Methyl DNA immunoprecipitation followed by tiling array allows DNA methylation ... place for applying the technique to a genome wide scale. Comparative Genomic Hybridization CGH Array ... cells vs. cancer cells. There are two types of tiling arrays commonly used for array CGH ... copy number variations with high resolution. On the other hand, the fine tiled array CGH would produce ..., A, M nsson, W, H glund, M title Tiling resolution array CGH and high density expression profiling ... Workflow of tiling array procedure. There are several different methods for conducting a tiling ... is then fragmented and labeled. Finally, the samples are hybridized to the tiling array chip. The signals ... for data analysis and vary in benefits depending on the manufacturer of the array chip. For Affymetrix chips, the model based analysis of tiling array MAT is the most effective peak seeking ... advantages of tiling array are that they provide an unbiased tool to investigate protein binding, gene ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 A bit array also known as a bitmap , a bitset , or a bitstring is an array ... in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array stores kw bits, where w is the number ... number of places, as well as bitwise negation if necessary. We can view a bit array as a subset ... array, we can do this efficiently using a doubly nested loop that loops through each word, one at a time ... get a large performance boost from a data cache. If a cache line is k words, only about n wk cache ... of 1 bits in a bit array, sometimes called the population count or Hamming weight, there are efficient ..., sorting a bit array is trivial to do in O n time using counting sort &mdash we count the number .... When a priority queue is stored in a bit array, find first one can be used to identify the highest ... base 2 see find first set can also be extended to a bit array in a straightforward manner. Compression Large bit arrays tend to have long streams of zeroes or ones. This phenomenon wastes storage ..., compressed bit arrays, Judy array s, trie s, or even Bloom filter s should be considered instead ... access is more common than sequential and the array is relatively small, a byte array may be preferable on a machine with byte addressing. A word array, however, is probably not justified due to the huge ... arrays is the Bloom filter , a probabilistic set data structure that can store large sets in a small ... , bit arrays are a good representation for the posting list s of very frequent terms. If we compute ... unary coding , the result is a bit array with a 1 bit in the n th position if and only if n is in the list ... Javadoc SE java util BitSet creates a bit array that is then manipulated with functions named after ... functions and operators, including shift and rotate operations and an unboxed array over boolean values may be used to model a Bit array, although this lacks support from the former module. In Perl ... or code Bignum code using the bracket operator code code , as if it were an array of bits. Apple s Core ... more details
A microphone array is any number of microphone s operating in tandem . There are many applications Systems for extracting voice input from ambient noise level ambient noise notably telephone s, speech recognition systems, hearing aid s Surround sound and related technologies Locating objects by sound acoustic source localization , e.g., military use to locate the source s of artillery fire. Aircraft location and tracking. High fidelity original recordings Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space, linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. Arrays may also be formed using numbers of very closely spaced microphones. Given a fixed physical relationship in space between the different individual microphone transducer array elements, simultaneous DSP digital signal processor processing of the signals from each of the individual microphone array elements can create one or more virtual microphones. Different algorithms permit the creation of virtual microphones with extremely complex virtual polar patterns and even the possibility to steer the individual lobes of the virtual microphones patterns so as to home in on, or to reject, particular sources of sound. An array of 1020 microphones http cag.csail.mit.edu mic array , the largest in the world, was built by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Csail Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . Windows Vista computer operating system has built in support for microphone arrays for increasing the accuracy of its speech recognition feature, letting users connect multiple microphones to a single ... established example of the use of a microphone array in professional sound recording. See also Microphone ... providing a simple introduction to http www.labbookpages.co.uk audio beamforming.html microphone array beamforming DEFAULTSORT Microphone Array Category Microphones de Mikrofonarray nl Microfoonarray ... more details
In computer science , a suffix array is an array data structure array of integers giving the starting positions of suffix computer science suffixes of a string computer science string in lexicographical ... array is the array of the indices of suffixes sorted in lexicographical order. For the string abracadabra , using 1 based array one based indexing, the suffix array is 12,11,8,1,4,6,9,2,5,7,10,3 ... all of those suffixes can also be useful. Algorithms The easiest way to construct a suffix array is to use ... an algorithm for updating the suffix array of a text that has been edited instead of rebuilding a new suffix array from scratch. Even if the theoretical worst case time complexity is math O n log ... . Applications The suffix array of a string can be used as an index search engine index to quickly ... ordering, these suffixes will be grouped together in the suffix array, and can be found efficiently ... in a suffix array with indices stored in pos, starting with 1 as the first index. pre if W suffixAt ... tree . This began the trend towards compressed suffix array s and BWT based compressed full text ... 2003 . Simple linear work suffix array construction. In Proc. 30th International Colloquium on Automata ... . Optimal Suffix Tree Construction with Large Alphabets . FOCS 137 143. Klaus Bernd Sch rmann and Jens Stoye 2005 . An incomplex algorithm for fast suffix array construction . In Proceedings of the 7th ... 2011 On the number of elements to reorder when updating a suffix array , http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.jda.2011.01.002 ... 12 24 The Suffix Array 1845 Suffix Array Implementation in Ruby http sary.sourceforge.net index.html.en Suffix array library and tools http pizzachili.dcc.uchile.cl Project containing various Suffix Array c c Implementations with a unified interface http code.google.com p libdivsufsort A fast, lightweight, and robust C API library to construct the suffix array http code.google.com p pysuffix Suffix Array implementation in Python Category Arrays Category Substring indices Category String data structures ... more details
, array slicing is an operation that extracts certain elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly with different number of indices or dimensions and different index ranges. Two ... vector . Depending on the programming language and context, the elements of the new array may be aliasing computing aliased to i.e., share memory with those of the original array. Details For one ... elements 2, 5, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1 , and we want to create an array slice from the 3rd to the 6th ... dimensional slices rectangular matrices from a three dimensional array. However, since the range ... to actually eliminate the trivial indices. General array slicing can be implemented whether or not built into the language by referencing every array through a dope vector or descriptor &mdash a record that contains the address of the first array element, and then the range of each index and the corresponding coefficient in the indexing formula. This technique also allows immediate array transpose ... the indices always start at zero, the dope vector of an array with d indices has at least 1 2 d ... Pascal , the dope vector needs 1 3 d entries. If the array abstraction does not support true negative ... used to specify an offset from the end of the array in that dimension. In 1 based schemes, 1 generally would indicate the second to last item, while in a 0 based system, it would mean the very last ... indices of an array element or, for that matter, of a procedure call to be omitted when used as an actual parameter. Kenneth E. Iverson Kenneth Iverson s APL programming language APL 1957 had very flexible multi dimensional array slicing, which contributed much to the language s expressive power and popularity. ALGOL 68 1968 introduced comprehensive multi dimension array slicing and trimming features. Array slicing facilities have been incorporated in several modern languages, such as Ada programming ..., in which case they default to the declared array bounds. Neither the stride facility, nor diagonal ... more details
octave Array mbira uses 5 30 150 tines. The arrangement of the tines allows music to be played with relative ease in any key. Description Generally, the Array mbira is large enough to allow two ...Unreferenced date March 2011 File Arraymbiraplayed.jpg thumb right 300px Patrick Hadley playing an array mbira The Array mbira is a hand crafted modern musical instrument with a unique harp or bell like sound. It is made in the United States by its inventor Bill Wesley and manufactured by Wesley with Patrick ... runs through the chromatic scale . Usually, the Array mbira contains two and a half repetitions of the entire ... than other mbiras and kalimbas. Two types of Array mbiras are available, a hollow body and a solid ... of the Array System The notes are arranged according to the array system, developed by musicologist, performer, and author Bill Wesley. The Array system of organizing the notes is similar to the Wicki ... of the same note with one finger. The Array system is a specific pattern of arranging musical tones ... available on a lead instrument at this time, and that is the system used for organizing the Array mbira. Because the Array system is isomorphic, any given chord, scale, or song, no matter how complex .... The Array system can be thought of not only as being based on the circle of fifths, but as being based ... of playing an Array mbira is that less shifting around of movement is required for playing a given ... octave of every note , complex rhythms and fast melodies are easier to play. The Array system allows ... grouping of octaves allows large chords to be played that would require four hands on a piano ... five octave model is better suited to large chords and complex Voicing music voicings . The shorter ..., playing a melody on an Array Mbira is unfamiliar for musicians who have trained on other instruments ... dissonant intervals. The Array mbira is played by a number of notable musicians, including ... ArrayPlayers DEFAULTSORT Array Mbira Category Custom made instruments Category Lamellophones ... more details
is no longer present in the array. Implementation For dictionaries with very small numbers of bindings ...In computer science , an associative array , map , or dictionary is an abstract data type composed of a Collection ... array. A standard solution to the dictionary problem is a hash table in some cases it is also possible to solve the problem using directly addressed Array data structure array s, binary search tree s, or other ... array, the association between a key and a value is often known as a binding , and the same ... that are usually defined for an associative array are ref name gt ref name ms Add or insert add ... is returned from the operation. If no value is found, some associative array implementations .... A multimap generalizes an associative array by allowing multiple values to be associated with a single ... which books are checked out to which patrons may be represented by an associative array, in which ... , the current checkouts may be represented by an associative array pre Great Expectations ... Expectations in this array would return the name of the person who checked out that book, John. If John returns his book, that would cause a deletion operation in the associative array, and if Pat ... 1996 02 20 ref Another very simple implementation technique, usable when the keys are restricted to a narrow range of integers, is direct addressing into an array the value for a given key k is stored at the array cell A k , or if there is no binding for k then the cell stores a special sentinel value ... frequently used general purpose implementation of an associative array is with a hash table an Array data structure array of bindings, together with a hash function that maps each possible key into an array ... at that cell of the array and using the binding found there. However, hash table based dictionaries ... of keys such as radix tree s, trie s, Judy array s, or van Emde Boas tree s, but these implementation ... to handle operations beyond the basic ones of an associative array, such as finding the binding whose ... more details
Infobox power station name Atlantic Array Offshore Wind Farm image image caption location map England location map text Location of Atlantic Array within England locale Bristol Channel, off the coast of North Devon and South Wales , UK owner RWE Npower lat d 51 lat m 16 lat s 19 lat NS N long d 3 long m 39 long s 43 long EW W coordinates type region GB scale 50000 coordinates display title status primary fuel Wind conveyance combined cycle generation units 250 350 turbines installed capacity max planned cap 1500 MW commissioned 2015 expected decommissioned Atlantic Array is a proposed offshore wind farm development by RWE npower , planned for the Bristol Channel , off the coast of North Devon and South Wales . With a planned 1.5 gigawatt capacity, it would be one of the world s largest offshore wind farms. ref http www.renewableenergymagazine.com paginas Contenidosecciones.asp?ID 991&Tipo &Nombre Renewable 20energy 20news Meet the world s largest offshore windfarm ref A site within the UK s third round of offshore wind developments, it is located convert 9 mi off of the coast of north Devon, and convert 10 mi off the coast of South Wales. Covering an area the size of the Isle of Wight , the turbines will be visible from the North Devon , Gower , and Pembrokeshire coastlines. ref name BBC14998944 Originally proposed by Farm Energy2, now part of RWE npower, the company won the lease development rights from Crown Estate s owners of the UK seabed . ref http www.rwe.com web cms en 354738 rwe npower renewables sites projects in development wind atlantic array RWE npower atlantic array ref The current proposal would cost 3bn to create between 350 and 417 wind turbine s, which RWE npower say is enough to power more than a million homes. ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk ... had been overruled by the Parliament of the United Kingdom , saying that it meant large onshore ... news uk wales 14998944 title Atlantic Array wind farm Exhibitions open in Porthcawl publisher BBC Wales ... more details
In experiments in which additional factors are not likely to interact with any of the other factors, a saturated array can be used. In a saturated matrix mathematics array , a controllable design of experiments factor is substituted for the interaction of two or more by products. Using a saturated array, a two factor test matrix could be used to test three factors. Using the saturated array allows three factors to be tested in four tests rather than in eight, as would be required by a standard orthogonality orthogonal array. statistics stub Category Design of experiments ... more details
A staring array , staring plane array , Focal Plane Arrays focal plane array FPA , or focal plane is an image sensing device consisting of an array typically rectangular of light sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens. FPAs are used most commonly for imaging purposes e.g. taking pictures or video imagery , but can also be used for non imaging purposes such as spectrometry , LIDAR , and wave front sensing . In radio astronomy the term FPA refers to an array at the focus of a radio telescope see full article on Focal Plane Arrays . At optical and infrared wavelengths it can refer to a variety of imaging device types, but in common usage it refers to two dimensional devices that are sensitive in the infrared spectrum. Devices sensitive in other spectra are usually referred to by other terms, such as CCD charge coupled device and CMOS image sensor in the visible spectrum. FPAs operate by detecting photons at particular wavelengths and then generating an electrical charge, voltage, or resistance in relation to the number of photons detected at each pixel. This charge, voltage, or resistance is then measured, digitized, and used to construct an image of the object, scene, or phenomenon that emitted the photons. Applications for infrared FPAs include guided missile missile or related weapons guidance sensors, infrared astronomy, manufacturing inspection, thermal imaging for firefighting ... array Staring arrays are distinct from scanning array and TDI time domain integration imagers ... linear arrays or very narrow 2 D arrays that are rastered across the desired field of view using a rotating ... fashion to a scanning array except that it images perpendicularly to the motion of the camera. A staring array is analogous to the film in a typical camera it directly captures a 2 D image projected by the lens at the image plane. A scanning array is analogous to piecing together a 2D image with photos .... The detector array is then hybridized or bonded to the ROIC, typically using indium bump bonding, and the resulting ... more details
Image with unknown copyright status removed Image microwirearray.jpg thumb Multiwire array 400px right A Multiwire array ref name Cheung ref Buzsaki G. 2004. Large scale recording of neuronal ensembles. Nature Neuroscience 7 446 451. ref deletable image caption 1 Thursday, 7 May 2009 Multielectrode arrays MEAs or microelectrode arrays are devices that contain multiple plates or shanks through which neural signal electronics signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces ... to respond to large changes in the 70,000 V m electric field of the cell membrane date December 2008 ... Boven Boven K H, Fejtl M, M ller A, Nisch W, Stett A. On Micro Electrode Array Revival. In Baudry M ... the area around an electrode is insulator electrical well insulated and has a very small capacitance ... the use of an array of planar electrodes to record from cultured cells was conducted in 1972 by C.A. Thomas, Jr. and his colleagues. ref name PineBook The experimental setup used a 2 x 15 array ... Y, Okun LM. 1972. A miniature microelectrode array to monitor the bioelectric activity of cultured ... activity from dissociated spinal cord neurons, and found that activity was very dependent on temperature .... ref Hoffmann, B. et al. 2011. Nanocavity electrode array for recording from electrogenic cells Lab Chip 11 1054. ref In vivo arrays Image Utah array pat5215088.jpg thumb 300px right Schematic of the Utah in vivo electrode array The three major categories of implantable MEAs are microwire, silicon .... However, in a Utah array signals are only received from the tips of each electrode, which limits ... with set dimensions and parameters while the Michigan array allows for more design freedom. Flexible ... recordings sites within the array The ability to simultaneously receive data from multiple sites Furthermore ... of a microelectrode array, particularly in regards to chronic implantation. Most notable ... begin to accumulate, forming a sheath surrounding the array that extends tens of micrometres ... more details
the dimensionality of an input data array by one or more dimensions. For example, summing over elements collapses the input array by 1 dimension. Uses Array programming is very well suited to implicit ...Programming paradigms In computer science , array programming languages also known as vector or multidimensional ... geometric vector s, matrix mathematics matrices , and higher dimensional arrays. Array programming ... be dramatic in certain cases it is not uncommon to find array programming language one liner program ... programming language to provide array programming capabilities. The mnemonic APL refers to the title .... Concepts The fundamental idea behind array programming is that operations apply at once to an entire ... behind array programming actually referring to APL as follows quote most programming languages are decidedly ... difficult matter. Indeed, the very suggestiveness of a notation may make it seem harder to learn because ... derive more efficient algorithm. The basis behind array programming and thinking is to find and exploit ... , array orientation looks to group data and apply a uniform handling. Function rank is an important concept to array programming languages in general, by analogy to tensor rank in mathematics functions ... set MMX and continuing through SSSE3 and 3DNow , which include rudimentary SIMD array capabilities. Array ... or more cores are increasingly common today. Languages maincat Array programming languages The canonical examples of array programming languages are APL programming language APL , J programming ... Program static void Main string args int numbers Array declaration Console.WriteLine Please enter the array size int n int.Parse Console.ReadLine Getting the Array size from user numbers new int n Array Creation for int i 0 i numbers.Length i Reading the Array Elements from user Console.WriteLine ... operations on arrays is both tedious and error prone. In array languages, operations are generalized ... elements as illustrated in the loops above. Within the array programming paradigm, the previous ... more details
event horizon . See also Atacama Large Millimeter Array , under construction in Chile References reflist External links http www.cfa.harvard.edu sma Submillimeter Array website http www.cfa.harvard.edu ...File Smithsonian Submillimeter Array.jpg thumb 300px The Submillimeter Array File Mk submm array.jpg thumb 300px The Array under construction in 2002 The Submillimeter Array SMA consists of eight convert 6 m adj on diameter radio telescope s arranged as an interferometer for submillimetre astronomy submillimeter wavelength observations. It is the first purpose built submillimeter interferometer, constructed after successful interferometry experiments using the pre existing convert 15 m 0 adj on James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and convert 10.4 m 1 adj on Caltech Submillimeter Observatory as an interferometer. All three of these observatories are located at Mauna Kea Observatory on Mauna Kea , Hawaii , and can be operated together as a ten element interferometer in the 230 and 345 GHz bands eSMA, for e xtended S ub m illimeter A rray . The baseline lengths presently in use range from convert 16 to 508 m 0 , and up to convert 783 m 0 for eSMA operations. The radio frequencies accessible to this telescope range from 180 to 700 GHz which includes rotational transitions of dozens of molecular species as well as continuum emission from interstellar dust grains. Although the array is capable of operating both day and night, most of the observations take place at nighttime when the atmospheric phase stability is best. The SMA is jointly operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Science with the SMA The SMA is a multi purpose instrument which can be used to observe diverse celestial phenomena. The SMA excels at observations of dust and gas with temperatures only a few tens of kelvin s above absolute ... and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii de Submillimeter Array ko ja uk ... more details
orphan date December 2008 For the DVD magazine, see Array DVD magazine Deleted image removed Image ARRAY magazine.jpg right 150px ARRAY Magazine is a New York based interior design, lifestyle and culture quarterly magazine sponsored by the New York Design Center . It has been published since the winter of 2003 2004. With 40,000 readers, ARRAY is geared toward interior design professionals and their clients. External links http www.arrayny.com ARRAY Homepage Category Interior design Category Quarterly magazines Category Media in New York City Category Publications established in 2003 Category Magazines published in New York art mag stub hu ARRAY Magazine ... more details
File Aerial antenna.JPG thumb right 250px A multiband US television reception antenna Antenna array may refer to Antenna array electromagnetic a group of isotropic radiators such that the currents running through them are of different amplitudes and phases Interferometry Interferometric array of radio telescopes used in radio astronomy Phased array , also known as a smart antenna , an electronically steerable directional antenna typically used in Radar and in wireless communication systems, in view to achieve beamforming , multiple input and multiple output MIMO communication or space time coding Directional array refers to multiple antennas arranged such that the superposition of the electromagnetic waves produce a predictable electromagnetic field. Direction finding Watson Watt .2F Adcock antenna array Watson Watt Adcock antenna array the Watson Watt technique uses two Adcock antenna pairs to perform an amplitude comparison on the incoming signal. References reflist disambig ... more details
In computer architecture , a systolic array is a pipe network arrangement of processing units called ... array is composed of matrix like rows of data processing units called cells. Data processing units ... of a program counter , ref The Paracel GeneMatcher series of systolic array processors do have a program ... immediately after processing. The systolic array is often rectangular where data flows across the array ... streams entering and leaving the ports of the array are generated by auto sequencing memory units, ASMs ... . One matrix math matrix is fed in a row at a time from the top of the array and is passed down the array, the other matrix is fed in a column at a time from the left hand side of the array ... whole row and one whole column. At this point, the result of the multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a row or a column at a time, flowing down or across the array. ref http web.cecs.pdx.edu mperkows temp May22 0020.Matrix multiplication systolic.pdf Systolic Array Matrix Multiplication ... them. Because the traditional systolic array synthesis methods have been practiced by algebraic ... with asynchronous handshake between DPUs are called wavefront arrays . One well known systolic array ... system has a linear array processor connected by data buses going in both directions. History The systolic array paradigm, data stream driven by data counters, is the counterpart of the von Neumann architecture ... array usually sends and receives multiple data streams, and multiple data counters are needed to generate ... 2 x a n 3 x ... a 1 x a 0 math A linear systolic array in which the processors are arranged in pairs ... Highly specialized for particular applications Difficult to build Super Systolic Array The super systolic array is a generalization of the systolic array. Because the classical synthesis methods ... array the super systolic array. Its application is not restricted to applications with regular ... array. More information about the background may be obtained from the articles about Systolic array ... more details
Infobox Telescope name 4C Array image File Radio Interferometer geograph.org.uk 1234208.jpg 250px caption organization Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory location Lord s Bridge , nr. Cambridge , England coords coord 52.164147 N 0.033174 E display inline,title altitude weather wavelength 1.7m built 1958 first light website style Cylindrical paraboloid diameter angular resolution area focal length mounting The 4C Array is a cylindrical paraboloid radio telescope at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory . It is similar in design to the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope . It is 450 m long, 20 m wide, with a second, moveable element now mostly removed some of it is still visible, beyond Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope COAST COAST . The first large aperture synthesis telescope 1958 , it was also the first new instrument to be built at Lord s Bridge Cambridgeshire Lord s Bridge , after the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory Observatory was moved there in 1957, and needed convert 64 km mi abbr on of reflector wire since removed . The 4C operated at 178 MHz 1.7 m , and located nearly 5000 sources of the Fourth Cambridge Survey 4C 4th Cambridge catalogue published in 1965 and 1966, which helped establish the evolution of the radio galaxy population of the universe. The telescope is now inoperable. It is flanked to the northwest by the Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope enclosure and to the south by the One Mile Telescope One Mile and Half Mile Telescope s Category Cavendish Laboratory Category Radio telescopes Category Interferometric telescopes Category Astronomical observatories in England observatory stub ... more details
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