In mathematics the Karoubi envelope or Cauchy completion or idempotent splitting of a category mathematics category C is a classification of the idempotent s of C , by means of an auxiliary category. Taking the Karoubi envelope of a preadditive category gives a pseudo abelian category , hence the construction is sometimes called the pseudo abelian completion. It is named for the French mathematician Max Karoubi . Given a category C , an idempotent of C is an endomorphism math e A rightarrow A math with math e circ e e math . An idempotent e A A is said to split if there is an object B and morphisms f A B , g B A such that e g f and 1 sub B sub f g . The Karoubi envelope of C , sometimes written Split C , is the category whose objects are pairs of the form A , e where A is an object of C and math e A rightarrow A math is an idempotent of C , and whose morphism s are triples of the form math e, f, e prime A, e rightarrow A prime , e prime math where math f A rightarrow A prime math is a morphism of C satisfying math e prime circ f f f circ e math or equivalently math f e circ f circ e math . Composition in Split C is as in C , but the identity morphism on math A,e math in Split C is math .... The Karoubi envelope of a category C can therefore be considered as the completion of C which splits idempotents. The Karoubi envelope of a category C can equivalently be defined as the full ... on Split C . Automorphisms in the Karoubi envelope An automorphism in Split C is of the form math e ... , the Karoubi envelope Split C can be endowed with the structure of a triangulated category such that the canonical ... last2 Schlichting year 2001 nb yes ref The Karoubi envelope is used in the construction of several categories of motive algebraic geometry motives . The Karoubi envelope construction takes semi adjunctions ... 41 pages 95 104 year 1985 ref For this reason the Karoubi envelope is used in the study of models of the untyped lambda calculus . The Karoubi envelope of an extensional lambda model a monoid, considered ... more details
postcard in function. e electronic as in e mail email , e envelope or e postcard. A missive, composed personal or business letter or a document is placed into a postal envelope, usually sealed, addressed and mailed through the Postal system . The envelope can be intercepted and the interceptor of the mail ... to it unless a government has a specific interest in a person s mail. When the letter or envelope arrives the recipient opens the sealed envelope, takes out the contents and must have the understanding ... passing through the system for specific key words or text enclosed in the envelope. But in the Internet ..., bots, by key words, names mentioned, etc. An e envelope is an electronic e mail with a message or data ... with a fully encrypted data packet in the message area is an electronic envelope or e envelope ... cryptography . Weak Password s or weak Passphrase s make the e envelope easier to open by e mail handlers ... to make the e envelope open able by both the sender and recipient so the message can be re sent to a person who has lost the key, or forgotten a password or passphrase. An e envelope can also be an encrypted ... 730504 1.html The electronic envelope , by Misra, Santosh K., Publication Internal Auditor, Date Dec 1998, http www.gumbopages.com chuck key.html An Electronic Envelope , http web.archive.org ... glossary.html Glossary for IT security terms , PKCS 7 , electronic envelope , http web.archive.org ... more details
A spectral envelope is a curve in the frequency amplitude plane, derived from a Fourier magnitude spectrum. It describes one point in time one window, to be precise . nofootnotes date December 2010 one source date December 2010 In remote sensing using a spectrometer , the spectral envelope of a feature is the boundary of its electromagnetic spectrum spectral properties, as defined by the range of brightness levels in each of the spectral bands of interest. References Swartz, Diemo 1998 . Spectral Envelopes . http recherche.ircam.fr anasyn schwarz da specenv 3 3Spectral Envelopes.html . http www.unesco.org csi pub source rs15.htm Timbre Category Spectroscopy ... more details
23 Envelope was the name given to the graphic design partnership of graphic designer Vaughan Oliver and photographer filmmaker Nigel Grierson from 1983 1988. During this time, they created a distinct visual identity for the British independent music label 4AD through their record sleeve designs for bands such as Cocteau Twins , Dead Can Dance , and This Mortal Coil . As 23 Envelope, Oliver primarily art directed and designed, while Grierson primarily photographed occasionally, however, duties would be exchanged and or overlap . With Grierson s departure in 1988, Fact date May 2007 Oliver saw fit to retire the 23 Envelope moniker, and continue working under the name v23 with new partner Chris Bigg, and various design associates that would come to include Paul McMenamin, Timothy O Donnell, Martin Andersen and others. ref http www.imasy.org mtoyokaw 4ad faq art.html 4AD L FAQ Artwork and Design ref A quote from a 2000 article on Grierson by Rick Poynor explains some of the early history of Oliver and Grierson cquote Oliver and Grierson met in their late teens, as school boys, at Ferryhill Comprehensive, County Durham. Their friendship began in the art room, chatting about their mutual passions for art and rock music. For both of them, designing album covers the medium was then still a twelve inch mini canvas was a natural ambition. Record sleeves, says Grierson, seemed like the greatest thing you could possibly do. In 1976, Oliver began a graphic design degree at Newcastle Polytechnic and, a year later, at Oliver s suggestion as Grierson recalls it his friend decided to join him. Both came under the spell of Terry Dowling, a Royal College of Art illustration graduate, who ran ... 10, Autumn 2000. ref Publications featuring the work of 23 Envelope The work of 23 Envelope has been .... ISBN 978 1 86154 072 0 BBC Television Documentary Programme on 23 Envelope entitled, 23 Envelope Presents . 1 hour. Notes reflist Category Graphic design studios 23 Envelope ... more details
The vitteline envelope is the outer protein aceous layer outside the oocyte in an insect egg biology egg . The vitteline envelope, not being a Cell biology cell ular structure, is not referred to as a Cell membrane membrane . It varies in thickness for different insects and even varies at different parts of the egg. It lies inside the outer shell of the egg which is commonly referred to as chorion egg chorion . ref name chapman egg Chapman, R.F. 1998 The insects structure and function , Section The egg and embryology . Previewed in Google Books http books.google.co.in books?id vOkIvV0MrvYC&pg PA325&dq egg v onepage&q egg&f false on 26 Sep 2009. ref Footnotes references References aut Chapman, R.F. 1998 The insects structure and function . 4th Ed . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521578906, ISBN 9780521578905. insect stub Category zoology ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Envelope Sessions Type EP Artist All Time Quarterback All Time Quarterback Cover THeEnvelopeSessions.jpg Released 1999 Recorded June 3, 5, & 7, 1999 Genre Indie rock Length Label Elsinor Records Elsinor small els 028 small Producer Ben Gibbard Last album All Time Quarterback EP br 1999 This album The Envelope Sessions br 1999 Next album All Time Quarterback album All Time Quarterback br 2002 The Envelope Sessions is the second release from Ben Gibbard s solo project All Time Quarterback . The tape was a limited release on Elsinor Records and is now out of print. Tracks from this tape were later taken and put together with the All Time Quarterback EP All Time Quarterback EP and re released by Barsuk records on the All Time Quarterback album All Time Quarterback album . The tracks Don t Touch the Tape, Lullaby, Lullaby, Dig It and Stark Mobile were excluded from the re release. Ben recorded these songs straight to walkman, accompanied only by a toy guitar. The track Underwater went on to become a Death Cab For Cutie song, released on 7 inch as part of the Sub Pop Singles Club in March 2000. Track listing Don t Touch the Tape Underwater Sock Hop Lullaby, Lullaby Dig It Cleveland Stark Mobile Factory Direct Empire State Credits Ben Gibbard Toy guitar , vocals . The Envelope Sessions were written June 3 5, & 7th 1999 and recorded live onto a Sony walkman . DEFAULTSORT Envelope Sessions, The Category All Time Quarterback albums Category 1999 EPs 1990s rock album stub ... more details
The envelope theorem is a theorem about optimization problems utility maximization problem max & min in microeconomics . It may be used to prove Hotelling s lemma , Shephard s lemma , and Roy s identity . It also allows for easier computation of comparative statics in generalized economic models. The theorem exists in two versions, a regular version unconstrained optimization and a generalized version constrained optimization . The regular version can be obtained from the general version because unconstrained optimization is just the special case of constrained optimization with no constraints ... or lower for min envelope of the original problem. For example, see cost curve cost minimization ... a vector. Envelope theorem A curve in a two dimensional space is best represented by the parametric ... where c is the parameter. Generally, the envelope theorem involves one parameter but there can be more than one parameters involved as well. The envelope of a family of curves g x,y,c 0 is a curve such that at each ... forming an envelope. Consider an arbitrary maximization or minimization problem where the objective ..., so that math f bold r f bold x bold r , bold r math . The envelope theorem tells us how math ... math bold x bold x bold r math . General envelope theorem There also exists a version of the theorem, called the general envelope theorem , used in constrained optimization problems which relates the partial ... in mathbb R n math math cdot math is the dot product Then the general envelope theorem is math ... as functions of the parameters are substituted in afterwards. Envelope theorem in generalized calculus In the calculus of variations , the envelope theorem relates evolute s to single path topology ... point O has an envelope mathematics envelope , the integral from the fixed point to any point A on the envelope equals the integral from the fixed point to any second point B on the envelope plus the integral along the envelope to the first point on the envelope , J sub OA sub J sub OB sub J sub ... more details
notability Books date May 2012 Infobox Book name The Empty Envelope author Ron Roy country United States language English language English genre Children s literature Children s Mystery fiction Mystery publisher Random House release date 1998 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback preceded by The Deadly Dungeon followed by The Falcon s Feather s The Empty Envelope is a 1998 children s mystery novel by Ron Roy . It is the fifth in the A to Z Mysteries series following the sleuthing adventures of Dink, Josh, and Ruth Rose. Plot summary Donald David Dink Duncan gets several letters in the mailbox addressed to D. Duncan but finds when opening them that they all start with Dear Doris and are not meant for him. While his friends Josh Pinto and Ruth Rose Hathaway think it is someone s idea of a joke, Dink suspects that there is more to it than that. His suspicions are practically confirmed when Doris Duncan herself shows up one day to acquire the letters and demands them immediately. Not knowing that Ruth Rose s little brother Nate took the letters unaware that they were something important, Dink apologizes to Ms. Duncan, who then leaves in an unpleasant mood. Dink and his friends investigate the letters, uncover a code in the wording, and find a valuable stamp concealed in one of the envelopes hidden under a worthless stamp. External links http www.ronroy.com Author s website DEFAULTSORT Empty Envelope Category 1998 novels Category American children s novels ... more details
File Registered envelope of Kenya and Uganda 1930.jpg right thumb A registered envelope for Kenya and Uganda from 1930. A registered envelope is a form of postal stationery consisting of a strong envelope with an imprinted stamp used for sending registered mail . The envelopes usually include a perpendicular blue cross and an R in a circle symbol, both internationally recognised symbols of registered mail. ref http www.linns.com howto refresher postalstationery 20020114 refreshercourse.aspx Postal stationery offers collecting variety by Rick Miller. Linns.com, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2012. ref The imprinted stamp often on the flap shows the fee for the registration service, while a space is left for a postage stamp to be affixed to pay the postage fee. Confusingly, the envelopes are usually marked Registered Letter but that term strictly only relates to a normal letter or packet that has extra postage and markings applied so that it may travel under the registered mail service. Registered envelopes have been widely used throughout Great Britain and the British Commonwealth, but none have been issued in the United States, where registration procedures are different. Registered envelopes are one of the main types of postal stationery collected by philatelists . References Reflist Further reading cite book last Mackay first James A. authorlink James A. Mackay title Registered Mail of the British Isles publisher James A. Mackay date 1982 location Dumfries, Scotland pages commonscat Registered envelopes Use dmy dates date January 2011 Philately stub postal stub Category Philatelic terminology ... more details
File Signal envelopes.png right thumb Top and bottom envelope functions for a modulated sine wave. In physics and engineering , the envelope function of a rapidly varying Signal electronics signal is a smooth ... varying between an upper and a lower envelope. The envelope function may be a function of time, or of space ... wavelength and frequency. A common situation resulting in an envelope function in both space ... math lambda mod frac lambda 2 Delta lambda . math The modulation wavelength is double that of the envelope ... values of the modulated sine wave. Likewise the beat frequency is that of the envelope, twice ... mod Delta f t right , math with subscripts C and E referring to the carrier and the envelope . The same ... show the envelope propagates at the so called group velocity v sub g sub ref name Eberly math ... velocities may have different directions. ref name Cerveny Example Envelope function approximation ... heterostructure heterostructure as calculated from envelope functions. ref name Bastard In condensed ... varying envelope modulating the rapidly varying part of the wavefunction u sub n , k sub describing the behavior of the wavefunction close to the cores of the atoms of the lattice. The envelope is restricted ... , the envelope approximation usually is used in which the Schr dinger equation is simplified to refer only to the behavior of the envelope, and boundary conditions are applied to the envelope ... of a carrier trapped near an impurity is governed by an envelope function F that governs a superposition ... k mathbf r , math where the Fourier components of the envelope F k are found from the approximate ... diffraction pattern.png thumb 200px Diffraction pattern of a double slit has a single slit envelope ... PA224 pages 224 ff chapter 1.1 Envelope function approximation author Marco Fanciulli isbn 354079364X ...&pg PA417 page 417 chapter Figure C.1 The envelope of a function outlines its extremes in a smooth ... http books.google.com books?id gOrVwg05Xk4C&pg PA22 page 22 chapter 2.4.1 Envelope function approximation ... more details
The term knife is used to describe the cutting die for envelope or Wrapper philately wrapper blanks. It is called a knife rather than a die in order to reserve the term die to describe the object which makes an embossed printed impression of the Postage stamp stamp or indicium on the envelope. ref name Thorp Thorp Bartels Catalogue of United States Stamped Envelopes , Century Edition, 1954. ref Traditionally, a knife would normally be made of forged steel. It was placed on a stack of paper with the sharp edge against the paper. The press head forced the cutting edge all the way through the stack of paper. The cut blanks were removed from the knife and the process repeated. Not only could it cut out the odd shape of an envelope, but a knife could be used to cut out shapes of airmail stickers or gummed labels in the shape of stars or circles. The variety of shapes a knife could cut would be infinite. In philately , Prescott Holden Thorp Thorp knife numbers were, and still are, used to describe the height, width, shapes and folds of envelopes generally numbered in the order of their discovery by collectors. ref name Thorp ref The United Postal Stationery Society http www.upss.org UPSS now has its own numbering system for envelope knives which is seeing more current use. ref Mintz, Allen, Ed. Catalog of the 19th Century Stamped Envelopes, Wrappers, Cut Squares and Full Corners of the United States UPSS, 2001. ISBN 09670045 ref ref name Undersander Undersander, Dan, Ed. Catalog of the 20th and 21st Century Stamped Envelopes and Wrappers of the United States , Third Edition, UPSS, 2011. ISBN 97 0 9800112 8 9. ref References Reflist Category Philatelic terminology Category Stationery Category Envelopes ... more details
A green envelope Malay sampul hijau or sampul duit raya is the Malay adaptation of the Chinese red envelope , where Malays ethnic group Malay Muslim s in Malaysia , Brunei , Singapore , and Indonesia hand out money in green envelopes to their guests who visit their homes during Hari Raya Aidilfitri . The reason behind the Green Green in Islam green colour is simply its association with the Islam ic paradise. The idea of handing out green envelopes is based on the Islamic concept of zakat , where every Muslim is required to provide at least 2.5 mainly to the needy. However, providing green envelopes to others in Malay homes during Aidilfitri today is not only given to the poor guests, but also to the middle class and to the upper class . The amount of money depends on how much the host can afford to give their guests. malaysia stub brunei stub singapore stub ethnic stub Category Malay culture ... more details
about the film production distribution company Red Envelope Entertainment the cabaret Red Envelope Club Citations missing date July 2010 Chinese pic Laisee.jpg picsize 250px piccap Assorted examples of contemporary red envelopes t s l red package p h ngb o j hung4 baau1 y h hng b auh h Fung Bao poj ng pau c2 or j2 lai6 si6 y2 l ih sih h2 li si p2 l sh l2 good for business vie l x br phong bao m ng tu i In China Chinese and other Asia n societies, a red envelope or red packet is a monetary gift which is given during holidays or special occasions. It is known as wikt h ngb o h ngb o in Mandarin, Ang Bao in Taiwanese Hokkien Taiwanese , Ang Pao in Min Nan , Lei See in Cantonese, Sae Bae Don in Korean, and L X in Vietnamese. Usage Red envelopes are mainly presented at social and family gatherings such as Chinese marriage weddings or on holidays such as the Chinese New Year Lunar New Year . The Color in Chinese culture red color of the envelope symbolizes good ... Mandarin , , Cantonese . The amount of money contained in the envelope usually ends with an even ... from which to trace the origin of the red envelope tradition. In China, during the Qin Dynasty ... pronunciation li see or, in some cases, phong bao m ng tu i happy new age envelope . In Thailand , they are known as ang pow the pronunciation of the Chinese characters for red envelope in the Teochew ... weddings, but the Goshugi bukuro envelope is folded rather than sealed, and decorated with an elaborate ... on other occasions such as Christmas and birthdays. Green envelope Main Green envelope The Malays ... Green is used for its traditional association with Islam , and the adaptation of the red envelope ... cultures takes a form similar to the green envelope closer to gift giving and generosity among friends ... Chinese social relations Color in Chinese culture Commons category Red envelope Notes reflist ... kirjekuori tet Envelope mean th vi L x zh yue zh ... more details
refimprove date April 2012 The Snell envelope , used in stochastics and mathematical finance , is the smallest Martingale probability theory supermartingale dominating a stochastic process . The Snell envelope is named after James Laurie Snell . Definition Given a filtered probability space math Omega, mathcal F , mathcal F t t in 0,T , mathbb P math and an absolutely continuous probability measure math mathbb Q ll mathbb P math then an adapted process math U U t t in 0,T math is the Snell envelope with respect to math mathbb Q math of the process math X X t t in 0,T math if math U math is a math mathbb Q math supermartingale math U math dominates math X math , i.e. math U t geq X t math math mathbb Q math almost surely for all times math t in 0,T math If math V V t t in 0,T math is a math mathbb Q math supermartingale which dominates math X math , then math V math dominates math U math . ref name FollmerSchied cite book first1 Hans last1 F llmer first2 Alexander last2 Schied title Stochastic finance an introduction in discrete time publisher Walter de Gruyter year 2004 edition 2 isbn 9783110183467 pages 280 282 ref Construction Given a discrete filtered probability space math Omega, mathcal F , mathcal F n n 0 N, mathbb P math and an Absolutely continuous Absolute continuity of measures absolutely continuous probability measure math mathbb Q ll mathbb P math then the Snell envelope math U n n 0 N math with respect to math mathbb Q math of the process math X n n 0 N math is given by the recursive scheme math U N X N, math math U n X n lor mathbb E mathbb Q U n 1 mid mathcal F n math for math n N 1,...,0 math where math lor math is the join and meet join . ref name FollmerSchied Application If math X math is a discounted American option payoff with Snell envelope math U math then math U t math is the minimal capital requirement to hedge math X math from time math t math to the expiration date. ref name FollmerSchied References Reflist math stub Category Mathematical finance ... more details
Refimprove date June 2009 Image PerformanceEnvelope.gif 300px thumb Flight envelope diagram. In aerodynamics , the flight envelope or performance envelope of an aircraft refers to the capabilities of a design in terms of airspeed and Load factor aeronautics load factor or altitude. ref http ecfr.gpoaccess.gov cgi t text text idx?type simple c ecfr cc ecfr sid a8f38006e777ba46ba8000f7c2fe6641 region DIV1 q1 23.335 rgn div8 view text idno 14 node 14 3A1.0.1.3.10.3.70.8 23.333 Flight envelope ref ref http www.access.gpo.gov ecfr graphics pdfs ec28se91.001.pdf Flight envelope diagram ref The term is somewhat loosely applied, and can also refer to other measurements such as maneuverability. When a plane is pushed, for instance by diving it at high speeds, it is said to be flown outside the envelope , something considered rather dangerous. Flight envelope is one of a number of related terms that are all ... power and a doghouse plot which are different ways of describing a flight envelope. Extra power ... s flight envelope. It is easily calculated, but as a downside does not tell very much about the actual .... Doghouse plot Image AltitudeEnvelopeText.GIF thumb Altitude envelope. Image TurnRateEnvelope.GIF thumb Turn rate envelope. A doghouse plot generally shows the relation between speed at level flight ... be used to explain the general shape of the plot. The outer edges of the diagram, the envelope, show ... 0.5 at 10,000m, and doing so would require something less than full power. Flying outside the envelope ... such as maximum speed or service ceiling, an examination of the flight envelope will reveal far more .... This is because when the plane is not flying at the edges of the envelope, its extra power ... of this the landing speed is also higher. Pushing the envelope This phrase is used to refer to an aircraft ... mqPush Quinion, Michael. http www.worldwidewords.org qa qa pus1.htm Push the envelope World Wide Words ..., either within aerospace or in other fields e.g. Plus ultra motto . Pushing the envelope has also ... more details
See also Envelope waves Image EnvelopeAnim.gif right thumb 500px Construction of the envelope of a family of curves. In geometry , an envelope of a Family of curves family of curve s in the plane is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point. Classically, a point on the envelope ... of nearby curves. This idea can be generalized to an envelope of surfaces in space, and so on to higher dimensions. Envelope of a family of curves Let each curve C sub t sub in the family be given by f ... and assume F is differentiable. The envelope of the family C sub t sub is then defined as the set of points ... of the envelope can be found by setting the discriminant of F to 0. For example, let C sub ... t 1 t t 2 x y 1 t x 0. , math The equation of the envelope is then math x y 1 2 4x x y 2 2 x y 1 0 ... t w math or math u iv t 2 2wt u iv 0. , math The equation of the envelope is then given by setting ... The envelope E sub 1 sub is the limit of intersections of nearby curves C sub t sub . The envelope E sub 2 sub is a curve tangent to all of the C sub t sub . The envelope E sub 3 sub is the boundary ... 0 , math style text align right 2 These two equations jointly define the equation of the envelope. From ... for the envelope in terms of x and y only math x 2 2xy y 2 2kx 2ky k 2 0 , math This is the familiar ... as the envelope of the family of lines connecting points s ,0 , 0, t with s sup 2 sup ... cases the envelope of a family of curves may be seen as the topologic boundary of a union of sets, whose boundaries are the curves of the envelope. For math s 0 math and math t 0 math consider the open ... Delta alpha math is the envelope of the corresponding family of line segments math left x,y in R 2 ... alpha 2 math meaning that all hypotenuses are unit length segments gives the astroid . Envelope of a family ... of the family at a . As a varies the locus of these characteristic curves defines a surface called the envelope of the family of surfaces. quotation The envelope of a family of surfaces is tangent to each ... more details
The cell envelope is the cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane, if one is present. ref DorlandsDict three 000035855 envelope ref Most bacterial cell envelopes fall into two major categories Gram positive and Gram negative . These are differentiated by their Gram staining characteristics. Function As in other organisms, the bacterial cell wall provides structural integrity to the cell. In prokaryotes , the primary function of the cell wall is to protect the cell from internal turgor pressure caused by the much higher concentrations of proteins and other molecules inside the cell compared to its external environment. The bacterial cell wall differs from that of all other organisms by the presence of peptidoglycan poly N acetylglucosamine and N acetylmuramic acid , which is located immediately outside of the cytoplasmic membrane . Peptidoglycan is responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall and for the determination of cell shape. It is relatively porous and is not considered to be a permeability barrier for small substrates. While all bacterial cell walls with a few exceptions e.g. intracellular parasites such as Mycoplasma contain peptidoglycan, not all cell walls have the same overall structures. This is notably expressed through the classification into Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Types of bacterial cell envelopes Mycobacteria The Mycobacteria have a cell envelope which is not typical of Gram positives or Gram negatives. The mycobacterial cell envelope does not consist of the outer membrane characteristic of Gram negatives, but has a significant peptidoglycan arabinogalactan mycolic acid wall structure which provides an external permeability barrier. Therefore there is thought to be a distinct pseudoperiplasm compartment between the cytoplasmic ... diverse class of cell envelope components. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 28 2004 645 759 ref The Gram ... Cell Envelope Category Cells Category Article Feedback 5 ca Embolcall cel lular es Envoltura celular ... more details
Disambig Viral arthritis poultry a Avian reovirus reovirus infection of chicken s and turkey . Caprine arthritis and encephalitis a retrovirus infection of goat s. Category Veterinary medicine Category Viral diseases ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A viral shift is the sudden emergence of a seemingly novel strain of a virus. It is a prerequisite viral condition for pandemic s. An existing virus undergoes a change and becomes a pathogen , such as the constantly mutating A strain of influenza in which the change is known as an antigenic shift . Existing vaccine s or natural antibodies cannot produce an immune response to the new strain. Viral shift is caused by Reassortment viral subunit reassortment , as opposed to simple random mutation . DEFAULTSORT Viral Shift Category Viruses Virus stub ... more details
Radar envelope is a critical Measure of Performance MOP identified in the Test and Evaluation Master Plan TEMP . This is the volume of space where a radar system is required to reliably detect an object with a specific size and speed. This is one of the requirements that must be evaluated as part of the acceptance testing process. ref Cite web url http www.radartutorial.eu druck Book1.pdf title Radartutorial publisher Radartutorial ref Radar systems have natural deficiencies because the laws of physics create performance constraints that cannot be altered. The ambiguity function associated with pulse compression and Radar scalloping scalloping associated with moving target indication are two examples. Complete coverage requires radar at multiple locations and multiple different kinds of radar. Definition File instrumented range.png thumb The radar envelope describes the region where a specific level of performance is required. Radar system specifications require a specific level of performance within a specific radar envelope. This performance includes the following characteristics. Cross section Blind range Radial velocity Instrumented range Scan time Altitude Elevation angle Bearing coverage Sidelobe performance Data extraction Data is extracted and recorded from the radar system while aircraft, balloons, ships, drones, missiles or other objects are moved within the radar envelope. The recorded data is compared to distance, altitude, and speed of the objects to evaluate the pass fail criteria. These are the typical shapes of the physical radar envelope. Flattened donut Cylinder with spherical void near the center Disk with spherical void near the center Pie with a missing slice and spherical void near the center Cross Section The Radar cross section Cross section is the minimum apparent surface area observed in the direction of the radar that must be detectable. File Sigma invader RCS.png thumb Radar cross section changes with aspect angle. Cross section for anything ... more details
refimprove date March 2012 cleanup date March 2012 Viral phenomena are objects or patterns able to Self replication replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. The concept of something, other than a Virus biological virus , being viral came into vogue just after the Internet became widely popular in the mid to late 1990s. An object, even an immaterial object, is considered to be viral when it has the ability to spread copies of itself or change other similar objects to become more like itself when those objects are simply exposed to the viral object . This has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information and trends move into and through a human population. Meme s are possibly the best example of viral patterns. The 1992 novel Snow Crash explores the implications of an ancient memetic meta virus and its modern day computer virus equivalent cquote We are all susceptible to the pull of viral ideas. Like mass hysteria . Or a tune that gets into your head that you keep on humming all day until you spread it to someone else. Jokes. Urban legends . Crackpot religions. No matter how smart we get, there is always ... Crash wikiquote Research on viral marketing techniques has begun to reveal some of the specific dynamics of the viral phenomenon. The viral spread of an Internet message involves a convergence of modalities ... Media Coverage Produced a Viral Video Phenomenon date 2009 04 08 url http www.strangelove.com blog 2009 04 online viewership blog discussion mainstream media coverage produced viral video phenomenon accessdate 2010 01 03 Dead link date September 2010 bot H3llBot ref Examples of viral phenomena in addition to memes are Viral marketing Viral Change creating behavioural change in business through social networks Viral video Chain letter s Viral email Viral license s such as the GNU General Public ... reflist Category Neologisms Category Viral videos ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Viral pathogenesis is the study of how biological virus es cause diseases in their target Host biology host s, usually carried out at the cellular or molecular level. It is a specialized field of study in virology . See also pathogen pathogenesis List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens DEFAULTSORT Viral Pathogenesis Category Virology ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Viral transfer is a type of gene splicing that uses a virus as a Viral vector vector for the wanted gene sequence. External links http www.panspermia.org virus.htm http www.uiowa.edu gene http www.pbs.org wgbh nova aids vgtransfer.html http www.pnas.org content 97 1 442.full.pdf Category Biotechnology Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ... more details
Image The cOmplete.jpg right thumb 250px Full viral symphOny cover art by Joseph Nechvatal viral symphOny ... ref http www.vimeo.com 3908524 Joseph Nechvatal Interview see end for mention of viral symphOny ref ref http www.archive.org details ViralSymphony viral symphOny archived at archive.org ref . It was created between the years 2006 and 2008 using custom artificial life C software based on the viral phenomenon model. ref http www.ubu.com sound nechvatal.html 2 excerpts from viral symphOny at UbuWeb ... viral symphony complete Review of full viral symphOny by Continuo ref Awards viral symphOny was chosen ... The Net , 5 29 June 2008, Valencia, Spain ref Observatori 2008 After The Future , p. 80 ref viral ... Nechvatal Movements Movement 1 the enthrOning 28.10 min Joseph Nechvatal original concept viral structures ... Movement 2 murmuring tOngue Of Ovid 20.53 min Joseph Nechvatal original concept, viral structures, & synthesizer Matthew Underwood nano, micro, meso and macro structures Stephane Sikora C viral ... min Joseph Nechvatal original concept, viral structures, and text Matthew Underwood nano, micro, meso ... Horns, Trumpets, Trombone Performance history viral symphOny was re mastered into 5.1 surround sound ... www.harvestworks.org index.php?option com content&view article&id 545 3Ajoseph nechvatal viral symphony&catid ... viral symphOny was performed as the soundtrack to a digital art projection by Joseph Nechvatal in collaboration with Stephane Sikora on April 28th , 2012 at Galerie Richard in New York. The complete viral ..., 2009 http www.archive.org details ViralSymphony viral symphOny is downloadable for free at www.archive.org The first three movements of the viral symphOny net broadcast by WebSYNradio four times a day ... fakefestival exhibits nechvatal viral.html The complete viral symphOny was performed as the soundtrack ... Interview http continuo.wordpress.com 2009 01 16 joseph nechvatal viral symphony complete Review of full viral symphOny by Continuo http sonhors.free.fr kronik Joseph Nechvatal viral symphony.htm ... more details
Viral Messages refer to marketing messages that are passed from person to person through their Social Networks . To create successful viral marketing messages, where success is defined as positive Return on Investment , marketers must identify individuals with high Social Networking Potential SNP communicate compelling information that induces them to purchase the marketer s offer communicate information that high SNPs are likely to pass on through their social network Communication of information in media that can be easily forwarded such as Internet videos, text messages SMS can effectively augment word of mouth transmission of the information throughout social networks. See also Social Networking Potential Viral Marketing Social networking Category Viral marketing Category Social networks Category Buzzwords ... more details
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