Viral marketing , viral advertising , or marketing buzz are buzzword s referring to marketing techniques ... marketing objectives such as product sales through self replicating Viral phenomenon viral processes ... cite news url http www.usatoday.com money advertising 2005 06 22 viral usat x.htm title USAToday Viral advertising spreads through marketing plans work USA Today first1 Theresa last1 Howard date 2005 06 23 accessdate 2010 05 27 June 23, 2005, 2005 ref Viral marketing may take the form of video clip ... marketing text messages . The ultimate goal of marketers interested in creating successful viral marketing programs is to create viral messages that appeal to individuals with high social networking ... and their competitors in their communications with others in a short period of time. The term viral ... assumes the theory of influencers date September 2008 The emergence of viral marketing, as an approach ... context. There is debate on the origination and the popularization of the specific term viral marketing ... Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 02 12 ref Among the first to write about viral ..., that user becomes infected i.e., accepts the idea and shares the idea with others infecting them, in the viral ... of any viral campaign, the hubs who were most influential. Alpha users could be targeted for advertising ... media viral marketing dance, Business Horizons, 54 3 , 253 263. ref to make viral marketing ... of an ordinary message into a viral one market maven s, social hubs, and salespeople. Market ... the potential to spur a viral marketing phenomenon. Making a message more memorable and interesting ... The environment is crucial in the rise of successful viral marketing small changes in the environment ... to crafting the initial viral message and seeding it, futurist and sales and marketing analyst Marc Feldman, who conducted IMT Strategies landmark viral marketing study in 2001, ref http www.allbusiness.com ... the art of viral marketing much closer to science. ref http www.businessweek.com magazine content ... more details
Viral life cycle Viral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle , as the virus comes into contact with the host cell biology cell and introduces viral material into the cell. The major steps involved in viral entry are shown below. ref name Subramanian 17299053 cite journal title Herpes simplex virus type 1 mediates fusion through a hemifusion intermediate by sequential activity of glycoproteins D, H, L, and B author Subramanian RP, Geraghty RJ pmid 17299053 journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA volume 104 issue 8 date 20 Feb 2007 pages 2903 8 doi 10.1073 pnas.0608374104 pmc 1815279 ref Despite the variation among viruses, the generalities are quite similar. However, the specifics are varied. Reducing cellular proximity A virus floating around ... which holds a receptor that the virus can bind to. The receptor biology receptors on the viral envelope ... surface. Viral entry Overview A virus must now enter the cell, which is covered by a phospholipid ... is breached depends upon the virus. Types of entry are Attachment or Viral Adsorption receptor biology Receptors on the viral envelope become connected to complementary receptors on the cell membrane ... with the unfolding viral envelope. Entry Pore formation An opening is established for the stabilization of an opening for which viral particles can then enter. Viral Penetration The viral capsid or genome ... known example is through membrane fusion. In this case, viral receptors attach to the receptors on the surface ... membrane or fusion with the host cell, followed by the unfolding of the viral envelope. In essence ... to a virus if the virus is able to enter the cell. After the introduction of the viral particle, unpacking of the contents viral proteins in the viral tegument tegument and the viral genome via some form of nucleic acid occurs as preparation of the next stage of viral infection viral replication . References reflist 2 Virus topics Category Virology Category Viral life cycle ar ... more details
The main idea behind viral processing is to stop the viruses in a given sample from infecting the desired product. The two most widely used methods of viral processing are viral removal and viral inactivation ... can be harmed by the presence of viral particles. Some of the more common viruses removed by these methods ... common to use these types of techniques to remove particles produced as a result of viral infection ... types of proteins. Since it is not chemically selective, no matter what the surface chemistry of the viral particle is, viral removal processes using nanofiltration techniques will still be effective .... Viral inactivation Viral inactivation renders viruses inactive , or unable to infect. Many viruses contain lipid or protein coats that can be inactivated by chemical alteration. Viral inactivation is different from viral removal because, in the former process, the surface chemistry of the virus is altered and in many cases the now non infective viral particles remain in the final product. Rather than simply rendering the virus inactive, some viral inactivation processes actually denaturation biochemistry denature the virus completely. Viral inactivation is used widely in the blood ... pH inactivation In some cases viral inactivation is not a viable removal alternative because even the denatured or otherwise inactivated viral particles can have deleterious effects on the process ... publisher Nybloodcenter.org date accessdate 2010 11 23 ref is the most widely used viral inactivation .... There is a 100 viral death achieved by this process and the equipment is relatively simple and easy ... are more thermally resistant than the viral impurities with which they are in solution. Some of the more ... could denature that target protein as well as the viral impurity. Typical incubation lasts for 10 ... pH , will denature spontaneously. Similar to pasteurization, this technique for viral inactivation is useful if the target protein is more resistant to low pHs than the viral impurity. This technique ... more details
PLEASE DO NOT ADD EXTRA EXAMPLES TO THIS PARAGRAPH WITHOUT FIRST DISCUSSING AT THE TALK PAGE A Viral phenomenon viral video is one that becomes popular through the process of Internet sharing, typically ...?term viral 20video Urban Dictionary Definition ref Viral videos often contain humorous content and include ... than a billion views according to the http www.guardian.co.uk technology 2010 sep 08 youtube viral promotion ... Numa Numa also mentions ...fellow viral video star, Chocolate Rain Guy, aka Tay Zonday 22 Sept 2010 ... eyewitness events have also been caught on video and have gone viral ref DailyMail newspaper uses the term gone viral regarding a viral internet sensation with over 1,145,000 hits 11 oct 2010 http www.dailymail.co.uk news article 1319626 Dancing rain Video young street dancers viral internet sensation.html ... Kony 2012 , which gained critical acclaim worldwide, became the most viral video in history ref 04 ... non commercial, intended for viewing by friends or family. A video becoming viral is often unexpected, and an accident, and therefore a video cannot be called viral purely in the creator s intention at the time of recording. History The behaviors behind viral videos, where ideas and news spread between ... of personal recommendations, and viral videos also benefit from this effect. Viral videos began circulating ... mail sharing, although the term viral video was not coined until 2009 with the clip David after Dentist ... surfaced in 1995. ref name tuscaloosa cite news title The history of viral video date June 6, 2007 ... dna h2g2 A19147205 BBC.co.uk ref Viral videos staying power relies on Hook filmmaking hooks which draw the audience to watch them. The hooks are able to become a part of the viral video culture after ... November 2011 are not able to be predicted before the videos become viral. ref Burgess, Jean 2008 . http eprints.qut.edu.au 18431 1 18431.pdf All Your Chocolate Rain Are Belong to Us? Viral Video ... of Network Cultures, Amsterdam, pp. 101 109. ref More recently, there has been a surge in viral ... more details
Viral proteins Category Virology Envelope Link FA de ar ca Embolcall v ric cs Virov ... ja pt C psula viral sl Virusna ovojnica sv Lipidh lje ... more details
Expert subject Molecular and Cellular Biology date February 2009 Viral eukaryogenesis is the hypothesis that the cell nucleus of eukaryotic life forms evolved from a large DNA virus in a form of Endosymbiotic theory endosymbiosis within an archaea cell, being a form of symbiogenesis . It was proposed by Philip Bell in 2001, and gained support as large complex DNA viruses capable of protein biosynthesis such as Mimivirus have been discovered. A number of precepts in the theory are possible. For instance, a helical virus with a Lipid bilayer bilipid Viral envelope envelope bears a distinct resemblance to a highly simplified Cell nucleus cellular nucleus i.e. a DNA chromosome encapsulated within a lipid membrane . To consider the concept logically, a large DNA virus would take control of a bacteria l or archaea l cell. Instead of replicating and destroying the host cell, it would remain within the cell. With the virus in control of the host cell s molecular machinery it would effectively become a nucleus of sorts. Through the processes of mitosis and cytokinesis , the virus would thus hijack the entire cell&mdash an extremely favourable way to ensure its survival. References Reflist Citation doi 10.1007 s002390010215 year 2001 month Sep author Bell, Philip John Livingstone title Viral eukaryogenesis was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus? volume 53 issue 3 pages 251 256 pmid 11523012 journal Journal of molecular evolution Biology stub Evolution stub virus stub Category Evolutionary biology Category Virology Category Symbiosis Category Cell nucleus ca Eucariog nesi viral es Eucariog nesis viral pl Eukariogeneza ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Viral Pneumonia Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 12 j 09 ICD9 ICD9 480 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 468 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 radio 539 MeshID D011024 Viral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus . ref DorlandsDict six 000084236 viral pneumonia ref Viruses are one of the two major causes of pneumonia, the other being bacterial pneumonia bacteria less common causes are fungi and parasites. Viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children, while in adults bacteria are a more common cause. ref National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, U.S.A. http www.nhlbi.nih.gov health dci Diseases pnu pnu causes.html What Causes Pneumonia? ref Signs and symptoms Symptom s of viral pneumonia include fever , non productive cough , runny nose , and systemic symptoms e.g. myalgia , headache . Different viruses cause different symptoms. Cause Common causes of viral pneumonia are Influenza virus A and B ref name Kumar13 7 Human respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory syncytial virus RSV ref name Kumar13 7 Human parainfluenza viruses in children ref name Kumar13 7 Table 13 7 in cite book author Mitchell, Richard Sheppard Kumar, Vinay Abbas, Abul K. Fausto, Nelson title Robbins Basic Pathology With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access publisher ... viral pneumonia. Prevention The best prevention against viral pneuonia is vaccination against ... zoster , measles vaccine measles , rubella vaccine rubella , and SARS . Treatment In cases of viral ... date August 2009 treatment is largely supportive. Epidemiology Viral pneumonia occurs in about 200 ... title Viral pneumonia. journal Lancet date 2011 04 09 volume 377 issue 9773 pages 1264 75 pmid 21435708 doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 10 61459 6 ref References Reflist Respiratory pathology Viral diseases Pneumonia DEFAULTSORT Viral Pneumonia Category Pneumonia ca Pneum nia v rica hi kn pt Pneumonia viral ru te zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Viral Change, pioneered by Dr Leandro Herrero, is an approach to change management ..., planning, distributing tasks, training and deployment, Viral Change relies on creating and sustaining ... message in Viral Change is that there is no change unless there is behavioural change . It moves ... impact and stable change. Viral Change in organisations follows the rules of epidemiology and a pattern ... to all style of management. Concept and Development The Viral Change model proposes that the traditional ... negotiable behaviours, the Viral Change method serves to create and or change the culture of the organisation ... infection of a new and more successful culture. Viral Change adapts scale free networks laws ... are alien to living organisms , Viral Change facilitates the spread of influence across a peer to peer network. Viral Change methodology also considers what degree of collective collaboration is already ... individuals structures. The main components of Viral Change are Language the framing of the direction ... and currency of Viral Change is stories. Stories spread rapidly through the organisation and are powerful vehicles to convey that change is happening and trigger further imitation. The viral spread of new ... of Viral Change in achieving change relies on the fact that human beings are natural modellers ... to trace back an effect to an opinion leader system , the Viral Change approach is resilient and very ... has started via the chosen activists or champions, Viral Change spreads to social tipping points ... anymore. Viral Change as a pragmatic approach asserts that when new routines have been established ... being a weakness, Viral Change states that this is a sign of success because it proves that the new ... company adopted a viral change approach ref http www.thechalfontproject.com files 191 Business 20Digest 20 20Philip 20Watts 20ENGLISH.pdf Read the full Pfizer case study. Pfizer Viral Change Case ... Provident IT group ref http www.melcrum.com offer viral index.html Melcrum Research Report ... more details
tocright Viral vectors are a tool commonly used by molecular biologist s to deliver genetic material ... retrieve pii 0092 8674 76 90133 1 ref Key properties of a viral vector Viral vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties. Safety Although viral ... the risk of handling them. This usually involves the deletion of a part of the viral genome critical for viral replication . Such a virus can efficiently infect cells but, once the infection has ... s. Low toxicity The viral vector should have a minimal effect on the physiology of the cell it infects ... to predictability and reproducibility of the work conducted using a viral vector and is avoided in their design. Cell type specificity Most viral vectors are engineered to infect as wide a range of cell type s as possible. However, sometimes the opposite is preferred. The viral receptor ... to be pseudotyping pseudotyped . Identification Viral vectors are often given certain genes that help identify which cells took up the viral genes. These genes are called Markers, a common marker ... not taken up the viral vector genes do not have antibiotic resistance and so cannot grow in a culture with antibiotics present. Applications Basic research Viral vectors were originally developed ... of a viral vector is a much more laborious process. Protein coding genes can be Gene expression expressed using viral vectors, commonly to study the function of the particular protein. Viral ... problems of viral gene therapy must be overcome before it gains widespread use. Immune response ... February 2000 ref Some viral vectors, for instance lentiviruses, insert their genomes at a seemingly ... date 15 January 2003 url http www.newscientist.com article.ns?id dn3271 ref Viral vector Adeno associated ... immunity is crucial for protection against viral infections and such diseases as malaria . A viral ... Sabin Polio vaccine and other attenuated vaccines. However, since viral vaccines contain only a small ... more details
A viral plaque is a visible structure formed within a cell culture , such as bacterium bacteria l cultures within some nutrient medium e.g. agar . The bacteriophage virus es replicate and spread, thus generating regions of cell destructions known as plaques . Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification . These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counter s, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope , or using techniques such as staining eg. neutral red for eukaryotes ref Cite journal doi 10.1099 0022 1317 5 3 419 issn 0022 1317, 1465 2099 volume 5 issue 3 pages 419 427 last Finter first N. B title Dye Uptake Methods for Assessing Viral Cytopathogenicity and Their Application to Interferon Assays journal Journal of General Virology accessdate 2012 03 26 date 1969 10 01 url http vir.sgmjournals.org content 5 3 419 ref or giemsa for bacteria ref name Marvin1969 Cite pmid 4979697 ref or immunofluorescence . Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches. File M. smegmatis plaque.jpg thumb Plaques from a virus isolated from a compost heap near UCLA. The bacteria is M. smegmatis. The appearance of the plaque depends on the host strain, virus and the conditions. Highly virulent or lytic strains give clear plaques while strains that only kill a fraction of their hosts due to partial resistance lysogeny or only reduce the rate of cell growth give turbid plaques. Some partially lysogenic phages give bull s eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of clear regions of complete lysis. See also virus quantification Assay Viral culture Virus Virology References reflist External links An image of http www.microbiologybytes.com video Bacteriophages.html Bacteriophage plaques in agar DEFAULTSORT Viral Plaque Category Virology Category Bacteriophages he ... more details
infections References Reflist Viral diseases Diseases of the nervous system Category Encephalitis Category Viral encephalitis ar fr Enc phalite virale ... more details
Viral fossil is an informal term for pieces of genetic code DNA insertions of a virus in the genome of a modern day host organism. These viruses and their insertions are called fossil viruses or paleoviruses . They may be traced to millions of years back, hence the terminology, although strictly speaking, it is impossible to detect an ancient virus in fossil s. Viral fossils are among the subject of a recent field dubbed paleovirology . ref name harmon http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id fossil virus bird genome Ancient Fossil Virus Shows Infection to Be Millions of Years Old , by Katherine Harmon, Scientific American , September 29, 2010 ref ref http www.plosbiology.org article info 3Adoi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pbio.1000301 Emerman M., Malik H.S. Paleovirology Modern Consequences of Ancient Viruses . PLoS Biology , 8 2 2010 doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.1000301 ref Most known types of viral fossils originate from retroviruses and are termed endogenous retrovirus es ERVs . Other viral fossils originate from DNA viruses such as hepadnavirus es a group that includes hepatitis B . ref name harmon The most surprising viral fossils originate from non retroviral RNA viruses. These have been termed Non retroviral Integrated RNA Virus es or NIRVs. ref cite journal last Taylor first D. J. coauthors J. Bruenn title The evolution of novel fungal genes from non retroviral RNA viruses journal BMC Biology year 2009 volume 7 doi 10.1186 1741 7007 7 88 ref ref cite journal last Koonin first E. title Taming of the shrewd novel eukaryotic genes from RNA viruses journal BMC Biology year 2010 volume 8 doi 10.1186 1741 7007 8 2 ref Unlike other types of viral fossils, NIRV formation requires borrowing the integration machinery that is coded by the host genome or by a co infecting retrovirus. Successful attempts to resurrect extinct viruses from the DNA fossils have been reported. ref http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id how to resurrect an extin How to Resurrect an Extinct Retrovirus ... more details
viruses, encode their own replication factors. However, in either cases, replication of the viral ... transcribed by viral polymerases into the readable complementary positive sense. These can also be divided ... is transcription from the negative stranded genome by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase to yield monocistronic mRNAs that code for the various viral proteins. A positive sense genome copy that serves ... nucleus and for which the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase produces monocistronic mRNAs from each ... DNA that serves as a template for production of viral mRNA s and a subgenomic RNA. The pregenome RNA serves as template for the viral reverse transcriptase and for production of the DNA genome. References reflist Virus topics Category Virology Category Viral life cycle ar it Replicazione ... more details
Infobox Chinese film name The Viral Factor image The viral factor.jpg alt caption Poster for The Viral Factor traditional simplified pinyin N Zh n jyutping Jik6 Zin3 director Dante Lam producer Candy Leung screenplay Dante Lam br Jack Ng story Dante Lam br Candy Leung starring Jay Chou br Nicholas Tse music Peter Kam cinematography Kenny Tse HKSC editing Azrael Chung HKSE studio Emperor Motion Pictures distributor Emperor Motion Pictures released Film date 2012 1 17 runtime 120 minutes country Film Hong Kong br Film China ref cite web url http www.filmbiz.asia reviews the viral factor title The Viral Factor accessdate March 8, 2012 date February 6, 2012 author Elley, Derek work Film Business Asia ref language Cantonese br Standard Chinese Mandarin br English language English br Malay language Malay budget Hong Kong dollar HK 200 million ref name stars cite web url http ent.sina.com.cn s m 2011 03 19 03053258019.shtml title language Chinese accessdate November 5, 2011 date March 19, 2011 work Sina ref gross The Viral Factor is a 2012 Hong Kong cinema Hong Kong Chinese cinema Chinese action film directed by Dante Lam and starring Jay Chou and Nicholas Tse . The supporting cast includes Lin Peng , Bai Bing, Andy On , Carl Ng , Liu Kai chi and Elaine Jin and the stage combat action director is Chin Kar lok . Production started in March 2011 ref name stars ... www.thesundaily.my news 271373 title Infected by The Viral Factor work The Sun, Malaysia date January ... bs cite web url http www.emersonwong.com articles work life the viral factor e9 80 86 e6 88 98 my experience title Behind the scenes of The Viral Factor author Wong, Emerson date July 26, 2011 accessdate ... en movie.asp?id 11532 The Viral Factor at Hong Kong Cinemagic imdb title 2063011 Dante Lam DEFAULTSORT Viral Factor Category Hong Kong films Category 2012 films Category Hong Kong action films Category ... by Dante Lam hu The Viral Factor zh yue zh ... more details
A viral quasispecies is a group of virus es related by a similar mutation or mutations, competing within a highly mutagenic environment. The theory predicts that a viral Quasispecies model quasispecies at a replication low but Neutral theory of molecular evolution evolutionarily neutral and highly connected that is, flat region in the Fitness biology fitness landscape will outcompete a quasispecies located at a higher but narrower fitness peak in which the surrounding mutants are unfit. ref name Nimwegen1999 ref name Wilke2001 This phenomenon has been called the quasispecies effect or, more recently, the survival of the flattest . ref name Elena2008 Originally used by Manfred Eigen to model the evolution of the first macromolecules on earth, the quasispecies concept has been applied to populations of a virus within its host biology host . ref Novak, M.A. 1992 . Trends Ecol. Evol. 7 118 121 ref The quasispecies model is deemed to be relevant to RNA viruses because they have high mutation rate s in the order of one per round of replication, ref Drake, J.W. & Holland, J.J. 1999 . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 96 13910 3 ref and viral populations, while not infinite, are extremely large. Thus the practical conditions for quasispecies formation are thought to exist. The significance of the quasispecies model for virology is that, if the mutation rate is sufficiently high, selection acts .... Biol . 5 44 ref Therefore, the evolutionary trajectory of the viral infection cannot be predicted ... genetics . ref name Wilke2005 Instead, viral quasispecies can be considered as cases of coupled ... of molecule species . There is no suggestion that a viral quasispecies resembles a traditional biological species. Possible consequences for viral evolution Image Viral quasispecies sharp peak.gif thumb fig. 1 A sharp selection profile. 200px right fig. 1 A sharp selection profile. Image Viral quasispecies ... . J. Virol. 80 20 26 ref In theory, if the mutation rate was sufficiently high, the viral population ... more details
into the host cells wall are used to escape. Viral neuraminidase is a type of neuraminidase ... Influenza A virus neuraminidase limits viral superinfection journal J. Virol. volume 82 issue 10 ... after budding. Viral neuraminidase cleaves terminal neuraminic acid also called sialic acid residues ... also cleaves sialic acid residues from viral proteins, preventing aggregation of viruses. Neuraminidase ... the severity and spread of viral infections. Neuraminidase inhibitors are useful for combating influenza ..., and so viral neuraminidases which are exo glycosidase enzymes use these terminal residues as their substrates ... Sugar hydrolases Viral proteins DEFAULTSORT Viral Neuraminidase Category Viral enzymes Category Influenza ... more details
Infobox disease Name Viral hepatitis Image Ground glass hepatocytes high mag cropped 2.jpg Caption Micrograph showing ground glass hepatocytes , which are seen in Chronic medicine chronic hepatitis B infections a type of viral hepatitis , and represent accumulations of virus viral antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum . H&E stain . DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 B 15 b 15 ICD10 B 19 b 15 ICD9 ICD9 070 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D006525 Viral hepatitis is Hepatitis liver inflammation due to a viral infection. It may present in acute recent infection, relatively rapid onset or chronic forms. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hepatitis A , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C , Hepatitis D , and Hepatitis E . In addition to the hepatitis viruses, other viruses that can also cause hepatitis include Herpes simplex , Cytomegalovirus , Epstein Barr virus , or Yellow fever though the term viral hepatitis does not include aforementioned virus except Hepatitis viruses A to E. A virus previously called Hepatitis G virus is now classified as GB virus C because it does not appear to cause hepatitis. Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis caused by viral means is the most common cause of the disease. Although they are classified under the disease hepatitis , these viruses are not all related. class wikitable Hepatitis viruses Hepatitis ... A and hepatitis B if they are not already immune, and avoid alcohol. HCV viral levels can be reduced ... GB virus C The GB virus C is another potential viral cause of hepatitis that is probably spread by blood ..., Coaquette A, Bresson Hadni S, Lab M title The other types of viral hepatitis language French journal ... Chau2004 cite journal author Chau TN, Lee KC, Yao H, et al. title SARS associated viral hepatitis ... 1386 6346&date 2011&volume 41&issue 10&spage 971 ref References reflist colwidth 30em Viral diseases Gastroenterology DEFAULTSORT Viral Hepatitis Category Diseases of liver Category Hepatitis ar ... more details
primary sources date December 2011 Viral license is a pejorative term used to describe a copyright license that allows derivative works only when licensed identically to the original. Licenses of this form include copyleft licenses which include several common open source and free content licenses, such as the GNU General Public License GPL and the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike license. Scope The term is most often used to describe the GPL, ref name Gorden which requires that any derivative work also be licensed with the GPL. The viral component is described as such because the licenses spreads a continuing use of the licenses in its derivatives. ref name Gorden This can lead to problems when software is derived from two or more sources having incompatible viral licenses in which the derivative work could not be re licensed at all. citation needed date December 2011 Although the term viral license is generally associated with licenses that promote free content , many proprietary licenses also have viral characteristics. For example, original equipment manufacturer source code software distribution agreements generally grant licensees the right to redistribute copies of the software, but restrict what terms can be in the end user license agreement . ref name Meeker However, derivative work is much less common with proprietary licensed work and so the viral phenomenon is not as evident. citation needed date December 2011 As an example of viral licensing, after it was revealed that French author Michel Houellebecq plagiarized sections of Wikipedia articles in his novel ... Griffis date 2000 07 15 accessdate 2007 04 29 ref Microsoft vice president Craig Mundie remarked This viral ... Foundation compliance engineer David Turner disambiguation needed date November 2011 , the term viral ... also Viral phenomenon Copyleft GNU General Public License Permissive license Patentleft References ..., 25 June 2001 FOSS Use dmy dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Viral License Category Public copyright ... more details
Infobox disease Name Viral disease Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D014777 These are tables of the clinically most important ref name Microbiology354 366Unless cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2007 pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi Pages 354 366 ref viruses . A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases , but these are the major ones Citation needed date August 2011 . Structural characteristics Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans. There are five double stranded DNA families three are non enveloped Adenoviruses, Parvovirus and Polyomavirus and two are enveloped Herpesvirus and Poxvirus . All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids. There is one family of partly double stranded DNA viruses the Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped. There is one family of single stranded DNA viruses that infect humans the Parvoviridae. These viruses are non enveloped. There are seven positive single stranded RNA ... Hagerstown, MD year 2007 pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi Pages 354 366 ref Viral envelope envelopment ... viral antigen detection antibody detection nucleic acid detection Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae blood ... in the hopes of finding treatments which can prevent viral infection. The project is powered by volunteers who have donated spare CPU GPU computing resources. See also List of latent human viral infections ... Reflist coldwidth 30em Medical conditions Viral systemic diseases viral cutaneous conditions Viruses Baltimore classification DEFAULTSORT Virus Disease Category Pathogenic microbes Category Viral diseases ... more details
A shedding type card game is a game in which the object is to empty your hand of all cards before any other player is able to do so. Popular card games of this type include action power trick cards win by least number of points Black Jack card game Black Jack Boom O Crazy Eights Craits One Card game One Card Switch card game Switch progressively add rules Bartok card game Bartok Mao card game Mao one deck per pair play in pairs shed sets of cards for points win by reaching a certain point value Canasta Biriba challenge truth Cheat game Cheat one suit per player Red Nines Asian games Daifug Dai Hin Min Tien len Asshole card game Asshole Big Two Zheng Fen Dedicated non standard card commercialised games Phase 10 Uno card game Uno Castle card game Castle Miscellaneous Cards in the hat Category Card game terminology Category Shedding type card games card game stub ... more details
, replication occurs quickly. Viralshedding main Viralshedding After a virus has made many copies ...Viral life cycle virus Viruses are similar to living organism s, however there are differences. One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to replicate and create offspring progeny . However, unlike other organisms, a virus cannot survive on its own. It is only active when replicating within a host, using a hosts resources and food. Once inside a host, a virus s sole purpose is to make as many copies of itself, and infect other host cells everything it does is to benefit its fitness biology fitness and increase the number of its offspring . Overview A virus is totally dependent on a host cell biology cell . ref N.J. Dimmock et al. Introduction to Modern Virology, 6th edition. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ref . Most viruses are species specific, and they only infect a narrow range of plants, animals, bacteria or fungi. Exposure of host Usually viral infection occurs when a virus enters the host, either through a physical breach a cut in the skin direct inoculation e.g. mosquito bite ref Bureau for Public Health Division of Surveillance and Disease Control. Take ... enters a host that it can gain access to possible susceptible cells. Viral Entry main Viral entry ... interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle ... contents are released into the host cell, where viral reproduction may commence. Viral replication main Viral replication Next, a virus must take control of the host cell s DNA replication replication ... by which virus progeny are released to find new hosts, is called shedding. This is the final stage in the viral life cycle. Viral latency main Viral latency Some viruses can hide within a cell ... such as light or stress prompts it to activate. References Reflist Virus topics Category Viral life cycle ar ca Cicle vital dels virus pl Namna anie pt Ciclo de vida viral simple Viral ... more details
The extent to which dogs shed varies by breed. This list includes dogs which do not shed at all or shed only very little. Note that dogs which do not shed should not be confused with the mythical hypoallergenic dog breed s as they are not the same. ref name nytmyth Cite news author Nicholas Bakalar date 11 June 2011 work NYT accessdate 11 June 2008 url http well.blogs.nytimes.com 2011 07 11 the myth of the allergy free dog ?ref health title The Myth of the Allergy Free Dog ref ref name nprmyth Cite news author Kathleen Masterson url http www.npr.org templates story story.php?storyId 97071783 accessdate 11 June 2011 date 6 November 2008 ref List of dog breeds with little to no shedding Bedlington Terrier Bichon Fris Border Terrier Chinese Crested Dog Chinese Crested Irish Water Spaniel Kerry Blue Terrier Komondor Maltese dog Maltese Peruvian Inca Orchid Peruvian Inca Orchid Peruvian Hairless Dog Poodle Portuguese Water Dog Puli Schnauzer Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Xoloitzcuintli Xoloitzcuintli Mexican Hairless Dog See also References Reflist 2 Category Dog breeds Category Dog lists ... more details
In virology , a nonstructural protein is a protein encoded by a virus but it is not part of the viral particle. ref MeshName Viral Nonstructural Proteins ref See also NSP1 rotavirus NSP4 rotavirus NSP5 rotavirus NSP6 virus References Reflist Viral proteins DEFAULTSORT Viral Nonstructural Protein Category Viral nonstructural proteins molecular cell biology stub es Prote na no estructural viral fi Ei rakenteellinen virusproteiini ... more details
the presence of the virus in the blood is rare. The viralshedding virus is shed in saliva and eye ... viralsheddingshedding . Most disinfectants, antiseptics and detergents are effective against the virus ... vaccines , but although it limits or weakens the severity of the disease and may reduce viralshedding ..., nasal tissue, or nictitating membrane third eyelid may show inclusion bodies a collection of viral ... at treating this infection in cats without the side effects reported with other anti viral ... L lysine has been recommended anecdotally to suppress viral replication. ref name Gelatt 1999 cite book ... Upper Respiratory Disease from The Pet Health Library Domestic cat DEFAULTSORT Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis ... de Katzenschnupfen ja pt Rinotraque te viral felina ru tr Kedi ... more details
more viral proteins and assemble more viruses. Once the cell has produced a sufficient number of viruses, the virus enters the viralshedding stage. During this stage, viruses leave the original host ...orphan date November 2011 EDIT BELOW THIS LINE Viral neuronal tracing is the use of a virus to trace neural pathways , providing a self replicating Histochemical tracer tracer . Viruses have the advantage of self replication over molecular tracers, but can also spread too quickly and cause degradation of neural tissue. Background of Neural Tracing Most neuroanatomy neuroanatomists would agree that understanding how the brain is connected to itself and the body is of paramount importance. As such, it is of equal importance to have a way to visualize and study the connections among neurons . Neuronal ... cycle Unreferenced section date December 2011 The viral life cycle life cycle of viruses, such as those ... hijack cellular machinery to complete their life cycle. The first stage of the viral life cycle is called viral entry . This defines the manner in which a virus infects a new host cell. In nature ... through the use of a syringe. The next stage of the viral life cycle is called viral replication ... begins anew. The original host cell begins to degrade after the shedding stage. In tracer ... ref . Methods Infection The viral tracer may be introduced in peripheral organs, such as a muscle ... DNA probes for viral DNA are washed over the slices and imaged under a fluorescence microscope ... applications in which there are better methods to use. Benefits One of the benefits of using viral ... have a decreased signal in secondary neurons. Therefore, another benefit of viral tracing is the ability ... through the nervous system, the viral tracers infect neurons and ultimately destroy them. Therefore ... tracers are brightly colored and can be viewed with the naked eye. Current Uses Viral tracing ... by transsynaptic viral tracing. Research Support, Non U.S. Gov t Research Support, U.S. Gov t, Non P.H.S. ... more details
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