Parasite load is a measure of the number and virulence of the parasite s that a host organism harbours. Quantitative parasitology deals with measures to quantify parasite loads in samples of hosts and to make statistical comparisons of parasitism across host samples. In evolutionary biology , parasite load has important implications for sexual selection and the evolution of sex , as well as Openness to experience ref Thornhill, Randy et al. Zoonotic and Non zoonotic Diseases in Relation to Human Personality and Societal Values upport for the Parasite Stress Model . Evolutionary Psychology, 2010. 8 2 151 169 ref Reflist External links http www.zoo.ufl.edu Courses ZOO4926 2007Spring Bolker notes sexsel.html notes on parasite driven sexual selection from a parasite ecology evolution course Category Parasitology Category Parasitism Category Evolutionary biology parasite stub ecology stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Ribotyping involves the Genetic fingerprinting fingerprinting of genomic DNA Restriction digest restriction fragments that contain all or part of the genes coding for the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA 23S rRNA . Conceptually, ribotyping is similar to probing restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA with Hybridization probe cloned probes randomly cloned probes or probes derived from a specific coding sequence such as that of a virulence factor . See also Genotyping Genetics stub Category Genetics de Ribotyping es Ribotyping it Ribotipia sv Ribotypning zh ... more details
The Acronym and initialism initialism PVL may refer to Periventricular leukomalacia , the death of brain tissue, caused by lack of oxygen Parameter Value Language , the data markup language, used by NASA Panton Valentine leukocidin , a factor in bacterial virulence The paleontological collection of the Fundaci n Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucum n Program Validation Limited , a British company that developed SPARK The Pascack Valley Line , a commuter rail line operated by NJ Transit Peter Van Loan , a Canadian politician The Old Russian Primary Chronicle lang cu disambig ... more details
Attenuation is the gradual loss in intensity of any kind of flux through a medium. Attenuation may also refer to Attenuation brewing , the percent of sugar converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide by the yeast in brewing Attenuation coefficient , a basic quantity used in calculations of the penetration of materials by quantum particles or other energy beams Mass attenuation coefficient , a measurement of how strongly a chemical species or substance absorbs or scatters light at a given wavelength, per unit mass Regression dilution , a cause of statistical bias The process of producing an attenuated vaccine by reducing the virulence of a pathogen Attenuation constant, the real part of the propagation constant Attenuator genetics , form of regulation in prokaryotic cells. See also Attenuator disambiguation disambig ... more details
Rickettsia africae is a species of Rickettsia . It can cause African tick bite fever . ref name pmid19379498 cite journal author Fournier PE, El Karkouri K, Leroy Q, et al. title Analysis of the Rickettsia africae genome reveals that virulence acquisition in Rickettsia species may be explained by genome reduction journal BMC Genomics volume 10 issue pages 166 year 2009 pmid 19379498 pmc 2694212 doi 10.1186 1471 2164 10 166 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1471 2164 10 166 ref References reflist Gram negative proteobacterial diseases Category Rickettsiales ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 The filamentous h magglutinin adhesin FHA is a large, filamentous protein that serves as a dominant attachment factor for adherence to host Coal mining colliery epithelia Cell biology cells of the respiratory tract . It is associated with biofilm formation and possesses at least four binding domains which can bind to different Receptor biochemistry cell receptors on the Epithelium epithelial cell surface . One notable bacterium that possess filamentous h magglutinin adhesin is Bordetella pertussis , which uses this protein as a virulence factor . Category Biological matter Category Cell biology Category Coal mining Category Membrane biology Category Microbiology terms Category Molecular biology Category Respiratory system Category Routes of administration Category Proteins protein stub ... more details
Infobox rfam Name RivX image RivX ss.png width 250 caption Predicted secondary structure of RivX sRNA Symbol RivX AltSymbols Rfam RF02099 not yet live RNA type sRNA Tax domain Streptococcus pyogenes RivX sRNA is a non coding RNA molecule involved in the interface between two key regulators of virulence in the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Group A Streptoccus , also known as GAS the CovR S system ref cite journal last Churchward first G title The two faces of Janus virulence gene regulation by CovR S in group A streptococci. journal Molecular microbiology date 2007 Apr volume 64 issue 1 pages 34 41 pmid 17376070 accessdate 12 August 2011 doi 10.1111 j.1365 2958.2007.05649.x ref and Mga protein Mga regulator. ref name Rob07 cite journal last Roberts first SA coauthors Scott, JR title RivR and the small RNA RivX the missing links between the CovR regulatory cascade and the Mga regulon. journal Molecular microbiology date 2007 Dec volume 66 issue 6 pages 1506 22 pmid 18005100 accessdate 12 August 2011 doi 10.1111 j.1365 2958.2007.06015.x ref This RNA, along with its downstream gene protein coding gene RivR , are the first discovered links between these two important regulation networks. ref name Rob07 An extra protein linking the two pathways, TrxR, was described a year later. ref cite journal last Leday first TV coauthors Gold, KM, Kinkel, TL, Roberts, SA, Scott, JR, McIver, KS title TrxR, a new CovR repressed response regulator that activates the Mga virulence regulon in group A Streptococcus. journal Infection and immunity date 2008 Oct volume 76 issue 10 pages 4659 68 pmid 18678666 accessdate 12 August 2011 doi 10.1128 IAI.00597 08 pmc 2546847 ref The adjoining of these two pathways could allow a consistently high virulence of S. pyogenes despite a variety of environmental conditions. ref name Rob07 RivX is thought to be co transcribed with RivR messenger RNA mRNA before post transcriptional processing releases the sRNA. It wa ... more details
23, 2007, Only Crime released their second album, Virulence album Virulence , on Fat Wreck ... albums To the Nines Only Crime album To the Nines 2004 Virulence album Virulence 2007 EPs Only ... unreleased track Another Lie iFloyd 2006 Includes Everything for You from Virulence Fat Wreck Chords X Mas Bonus 2006 Includes Eyes of the World from Virulence Warped Tour 2007 Tour Compilation Includes Take Me from Virulence Hanuk Comp 2007 Includes the previously unreleased track What We ... more details
citations missing article date May 2009 Serial passage is a virus attenuated vaccine attenuation technique developed originally by Louis Pasteur in the 1880s. It is similar to selective breeding , and can be used to create an attenuated strain of a virus to develop vaccine s, or to increase the virulence of a viral strain in order to create epidemic s. The process involves infecting a series of host organisms with a virus. Each time the virus is given some time to incubate, and then the next host is infected with the incubated virus. The virus may mutate repeatedly into a form that is resistant to a wide variety of host immune system defenses, or a weaker strain may result. Pasteur produced an early rabies vaccine by using serial passage to transmit the virus until an attenuated developed which could be used to stimulate an immune response without causing a pathological infection. Scientists have observed that non virulent forms of HIV can give rise to virulent strains after serial passage occurs in primate s. Serial passage is also used in antimicrobial testing to determine how quickly an organism can acquire resistance to an antibiotic. External links http www.fas.org ahead docs rabies.htm Brief mention of Pasteur s work with rabies serial passage cite journal author Locher CP, Witt SA, Herndier BG, et al. title Increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons journal J. Virol. volume 77 issue 1 pages 77 83 year 2003 month January pmid 12477812 pmc 140565 url http jvi.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12477812 Category Virology Category Microbial population biology Category Microbiology Virus stub ... more details
Tir translocated intimin receptor is an essential component in the adherence of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EPEC and enterohemorraghic Escherichia coli to the cells lining the small intestine . To aid attachment, both EPEC and EHEC possess the ability to reorganise the host cell actin cytoskeleton via the secretion of virulence factors. These factors are secreted directly into the cells using a Type three secretion system . One of the virulence factors secreted is the Translocated Intimin Receptor Tir . Tir is a receptor protein encoded by the espE gene which is located on the locus of enterocyte effacement LEE pathogenicity island in EPEC strains. It is secreted into the host cell membranes and acts as a receptor for intimin which is found on the bacterial surface. Once Tir binds intimin, the bacterium is attached to the enterocyte surface. ref name pmid16415925 cite journal author Stevens, J. et al . title Actin dependent movement of bacterial pathogens journal Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 4 issue pages 91 101 year 2006 month pmid 16415925 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1320 ref ref name pmid10835344 cite journal author Batchelor, M. et al , title Structural basis for recognition of the translocated intimin receptor Tir by intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli journal The EMBO Journal volume 19 issue pages 2452 2464 year 2000 month pmid 10835344 doi 10.1093 emboj 19.11.2452 ref Tir is also a receptor tyrosine kinase RTK that initiates its intimate adherence by inserting a hairpin orientation in the intestinal cell membrane to enable tight binding to intimin on the bacterial cell outer membrane. Upon phosphorylation, Tir activates condensation and polymerization of actin filaments under the bacterial cell to form a pedestal like structure. ref name pmid16415925 References reflist Category Enterobacteria Category Tyrosine kinase receptors ... more details
Helicobacter pylori virulence factor CagA cytotoxin associated gene A is a 120 145kDa protein encoded on the 40kb cag pathogenicity island PAI . ref name pmid16367902 cite journal author Hatakeyama, M. & Higashi, H. title Helicobacter pylori CagA a new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis journal Cancer Science volume 96 issue pages 835 843 year 2005 month pmid 16367902 doi 10.1111 j.1349 7006.2005.00130.x ref H. pylori strains can be divided into CagA positive or negative strains, of which around 60 of H. pylori isolates in Western countries are positive, whereas the majority of East Asian isolates are. ref name pmid16367902 The cag PAI also encodes for a Secretion type 4 secretion system which is used to inject CagA into a target cell upon H. pylori attachment. After translocation, CagA localises to the inner surface of the cell membrane and undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinase s e.g. FYN Fyn and LYN Lyn . ref name pmid16367902 Role in Cancer H. pylori infection is associated with MALT lymphoma and gastric adenocarcinoma and CagA is thought to be involved in cancer development. ref name pmid15806096 cite journal author Lax, A. title Bacterial toxins and cancer a case to answer? journal Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 3 issue pages 343 349 year 2005 month pmid 15806096 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1130 ref Phosphorylated CagA is able to interact with the PTPN11 SHP 2 tyrosine phosphatase , rendering it functionally active, triggering a host cell morphological change to a more motile phenotype known as the hummingbird phenotype . ref name pmid16367902 This phenotype mimics an effect produced by hepatocyte growth factor which may participate in various aspects of cancer, including metastasis . ref name pmid15806096 References reflist Category Virulence factors ... more details
In virology , temperate refers to the ability of some bacteriophages notable Lambda phage coliphage to display a lysogenic life cycle . Many but not all temperate phages can integrate their genome s into their host bacteria bacterium s chromosome, together becoming a lysogen as the phage genome becomes a prophage . A temperate phage is also able to undergo a productive, typically lytic life cycle, where the prophage is expressed, replicates the phage genome, and produces phage progeny, which then leave the bacteria bacterium . With phage the term virulence virulent is often used as an antonym to temperate, but more strictly a virulent phage is one that has lost its ability to display lysogeny through mutation rather than a phage lineage with no genetic potential to ever display lysogeny which more properly would be described as an obligately lytic phage ref Barksdale, L., and S. B. Ardon. 1974. Persisting bacteriophage infections, lysogeny, and phage conversions. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 28 265 299. ref . Notes references DEFAULTSORT Temperateness Virology Category Virology Category Bacteriophages Virus stub de Temperenz ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Orphan date June 2011 Host factor is a medicine medical term referring to the traits of an individual person or animal that affect susceptibility to disease , especially in comparison to other individuals. The term arose in the context of infectious disease research, in contrast to organism factors , such as the virulence and infectivity of a microbe. Host factors that may vary in a population and affect disease susceptibility can be innate or acquired. Some examples general health psychological characteristics and attitude nutrition al state social ties previous exposure to the organism or related antigen s haplotype or other specific genetic differences of immune function substance abuse Race classification of human beings race The term is now used in oncology and many other medical contexts related to individual differences of disease vulnerability. See also Vulnerability index Epidemiology Immunology DEFAULTSORT Host Factor Category Diseases and disorders med stub ... more details
Phenol soluble modulins PSM are a family of protein toxin s that are soluble in phenol s, that are produced by Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus CA MRSA , and which are thought to be a possible cause of severe infections. ref name Graves Cite doi 10.1007 s00109 009 0573 x ref Non methicillin resistant bacteria were not found to produce these toxins. Although PSM toxins are produced in all methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, the more virulent CA MRSA strains are typically associated with higher production. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the PSM alpha protein, product of the psm alpha gene cluster , was associated with enhanced virulence and enhanced destruction of white blood cell s, presumably the key to the higher infectivity. However, expression of the psm alpha genes appeared to vary, dependent upon unknown factors specific to each particular infection. ref name Wang Cite doi 10.1038 nm1656 ref References references Category Staphylococcaceae Category Bacterial toxins Category Occupational safety and health ... more details
Clumping factor A , or ClfA , is a virulence factor from Staphylococcus aureus S. aureus that binds to fibrinogen . ClfA also has been shown to bind to complement regulator I protein. ref name pmid18544012 cite journal title Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A binds to complement regulator factor I and increases factor I cleavage of C3b journal The Journal of infectious diseases volume 198 issue 1 pages 125 33 year 2008 month July pmid 18544012 doi 10.1086 588825?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub ncbi.nlm.nih.gov author1 Hair PS author2 Ward MD author3 Semmes OJ author4 Foster TJ author5 Cunnion KM author separator , ref It is responsible for the clumping of blood plasma observed when adding S. aureus to human plasma. See also Tefibazumab References reflist Toxins Category Staphylococcaceae Category Bacterial proteins protein stub cs Clumping factor A de Clumping Faktor A ... more details
Infobox rfam Name Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA image VrrA secondary structure.jpg width 276px caption A representation of the VrrA Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structure including a colour scheme that indicates the degree of sequence conservation. Symbol VrrA AltSymbols Rfam RF00024 RNA type Gene Antisense RNA Tax domain Bacteria CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData VrrA Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA is a non coding RNA that is conserved across all Vibrio species of bacteria and acts as a repressor for the synthesis of the outer membrane protein OmpA like transmembrane domain OmpA . This non coding RNA was initially identified from Tn5 transposon mutant libraries of Vibrio Cholerae and its location within the bacterial genome was mapped to the intergenic region between genes VC1741 and VC1743 by Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends RACE analysis. ref name pmid19411843 cite journal author Song T, Wai SN title A novel sRNA that modulates virulence and environmental fitness of Vibrio cholerae journal RNA Biol volume 6 issue 3 pages 254 8 year 2009 month July pmid 19411843 doi 10.4161 rna.6.3.8371 url ref Outer membrane vesicles are secreted from the surface of gram negative bacteria where they are though to aid in virulence . Little is known about how these vesicles aid virulence but it has been speculated that they may contribute by secreting toxins and help in the evasion of the immune system . ref name pmid10223967 cite journal author Kolling GL, Matthews KR title Export of virulence genes and Shiga toxin by membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli O157 H7 journal Appl. Environ. Microbiol. volume 65 issue 5 pages 1843 8 year 1999 month May pmid 10223967 pmc 91264 doi url ref ref name pmid9864204 cite journal author Saunders NB, Shoemaker DR, Brandt BL, Moran EE, Larsen T, Zollinger WD title Immunogenicity of intranasally administered meningococcal native outer membrane vesicles in mice journal Infect. Immun. ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 wikify date September 2009 The Awakening is Send More Paramedics s third full length album. It was released in 2006 on In At The Deep End Records. Everything Is Not Under Control 2.57 br Follow Your Programming 1.39 br Sever 3.16 br Blood Fever 2.29 br Twilight Of The Flies 2.29 br Disaster Song 1.48 br This Crowd Is Crushing Me 2.54 br Flail Of God 3.38 br Virulence 2.49 br Scapegoat 2.57 br The Unclean 2.02 br Anthropophagi 2.33 br vital Signs 2.17 br I Am Everything Dead 3.23 br Transmission 3.17 br A Video For The Song Blood Fever was released by Send More Paramedics The song Twilight Of The Flies was featured on a Kerrang compilation album entitled New Blood External links http www.youtube.com watch?v BT5DFAp81ro Video For The Song Blood Fever on youtube DEFAULTSORT Awakening Category 2006 albums ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Intimin C Name Intimin C type lectin domain image PDB 1e5u EBI.jpg width caption nmr representative structure of intimin 190 int190 from enteropathogenic e. coli Pfam PF07979 Pfam clan CL0056 InterPro IPR013117 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Intimin is a virulence factor adhesin of Pathogenic Escherichia coli EPEC e.g. E. coli O127 H6 and EHEC e.g. E. coli O157 O157 H7 E. coli strains. It is an attaching and effacing A E protein which with other virulence factors is responsible for enteropathogenic E. coli enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic enterohaemorrhagic diarrhoea . ref name pmid16415925 cite journal author Stevens, J. et al . title Actin dependent movement of bacterial pathogens journal Nature Reviews Microbiology volume 4 issue pages 91 101 year 2006 month pmid 16415925 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1320 ref Intimin is expressed on the bacterial cell surface where it can bind to its receptor Tir receptor Tir Translocated intimin receptor . Tir, along with over 25 other bacterial proteins, is secreted from attaching and effacing E. coli directly into the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells by a Type three secretion system . Once within the cytoplasm of the host cell, Tir is inserted into the plasma membrane, allowing surface exposure and intimin binding. ref name pmid16415925 The secondary structure structure of the C terminal protein domain domain has been solved and shown to have a C lectin type of structure. ref name pmid10835344 cite journal author Batchelor M, Prasannan S, Daniell S, Reece S, Connerton I, Bloomberg G, Dougan G, Frankel G, Matthews S title Structural basis for recognition of the translocated intimin receptor Tir by intimin from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli journal EMBO J. volume 19 issue 11 pages 2452 64 year 2000 month June pmid 10835344 pmc 212744 doi 10.1093 emboj 19.11.2452 url ref References reflist InterPro content IPR013117 Category Protein domains Category Virulence f ... more details
Copy edit date January 2012 Orphan date January 2012 Victor Nizet, M.D. is a pediatric physician scientist who is currently Professor of Pediatrics and Pharmacy at the University of California, San Diego UCSD School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences in La Jolla, California . He is known for research in the areas of molecular microbiology and the innate immune system , with a particular focus on infectious diseases caused by common Gram positive bacterial pathogens such as Group A Streptococcus , Group B Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus . Research Dr. Nizet s laboratory applies molecular genetic approaches to discover and characterize bacterial virulence factors involved in host cell injury, epithelial adherence, cellular invasion, inflammation, molecular mimicry and resistance to immunologic clearance. They also focus on the function of host phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils , to understand the contribution of host factors such as antimicrobial peptides , leukocyte surface receptors, signal transduction pathways , and transcription factors in defense against invasive bacterial infection. Through these complementary approaches, novel treatment strategies for infectious diseases are envisioned that involve targeted neutralization of bacterial virulence phenotypes or pharmacologic augmentation of host phagocyte function. Various press releases and media stories recount research advances associated with the Nizet laboratory and its collaborators ref Flesh eating bacteria thwart immunity http www.physorg.com news137852809.html ref ref Ashwell receptor http www.huliq.com 59790 ashwell receptor reduces mortality during sepsis ref ref Innate immunity and hypoxic response http www.sciencecentric.com news article.php?q 08042336 ref ref Engineering Strep vaccine http www.lightsources.org cms ?pid 1002661 ref ref Strip Staph of virulence http www.nih.gov news health feb2008 nigms 14.htm ref ref Emergence of deadly s ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol HHA Name HHA image PDB 1jw2 EBI.jpg width caption solution structure of hemolysin expression modulating protein hha from escherichia coli. ontario centre for structural proteomics target ec0308 1 72 northeast structural genomics target et88 Pfam PF05321 Pfam clan InterPro IPR007985 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1ir6 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the haemolysin expression modulating protein family is a protein family family of proteins . This family consists of haemolysin gene expression expression modulating protein Hha from Escherichia coli and its Enterobacteria enterobacterial homologues, such as YmoA from Yersinia enterocolitica , and RmoA encoded on the R100 plasmid . These protein proteins act as modulators of bacteria bacterial gene expression . Members of this family act in conjunction with members of the H NS family, participating in the thermoregulation of different virulence factor s and in plasmid transfer. ref name pmid11890540 cite journal author Madrid C, Nieto JM, Juarez A title Role of the Hha YmoA family of proteins in the thermoregulation of the expression of virulence factors journal Int. J. Med. Microbiol. volume 291 issue 6 7 pages 425 32 year 2002 month February pmid 11890540 doi url ref Hha, along with the chromatin associated protein H NS, is involved in the regulation of expression genetics expression of the toxin alpha haemolysin in response to osmolarity and temperature . ref name pmid11790731 cite journal author Nieto JM, Madrid C, Miquelay E, Parra JL, Rodriguez S, Juarez A title Evidence for direct protein protein interaction between members of the enterobacterial Hha YmoA and H NS families of proteins journal J. Bacteriol. volume 184 issue 3 pages 629 35 year 2002 month February pmid 11790731 pmc 139531 doi url ref YmoA modulates the Gene expression expression of various virulence factors, such as Yop proteins and YadA adhesin , in response to temperature. RmoA is a plasmid R100 m ... more details
In molecular biology, Xanthomonas sRNA are bacterial small RNA small RNAs which have been identified in various species of the bacterium Xanthomonas . Analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris Pathovar pv. vesicatoria revealed expression of seven cis encoded antisense RNA s asX1 asX7 and 15 intergenic Small RNA sRNAs sX1 sX15 . Several sRNAs have also been identified in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris . Some of these X. campestris sRNAs are only found in Xanthomonas , some are also expressed in other bacteria. ref name pmid22080557 cite journal author Schmidtke C, Findei S, Sharma CM, Kuhfu J, Hoffmann S, Vogel J et al. title Genome wide transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Xanthomonas identifies sRNAs with putative virulence functions. journal Nucleic Acids Res year 2011 volume issue pages pmid 22080557 doi 10.1093 nar gkr904 pmc url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 22080557 ref ref name pmid20482898 cite journal author Jiang RP, Tang DJ, Chen XL, He YQ, Feng JX, Jiang BL et al. title Identification of four novel small non coding RNAs from Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. journal BMC Genomics year 2010 volume 11 issue pages 316 pmid 20482898 doi 10.1186 1471 2164 11 316 pmc 2996969 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 20482898 ref Two of these sRNAs, sX12 and sRNA Xcc1 , appear to contribute to virulence . ref name pmid22080557 ref name pmid21941121 cite journal author Chen XL, Tang DJ, Jiang RP, He YQ, Jiang BL, Lu GT et al. title sRNA Xcc1, an integron encoded transposon and plasmid transferred trans acting sRNA, is under the positive control of the key virulence regulators HrpG and HrpX of Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris. journal RNA Biol year 2011 volume 8 issue 6 pages pmid 21941121 doi pmc url http www.nc ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Kdo Name Kdo image width caption Pfam PF06293 Pfam clan CL0016 InterPro IPR010440 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the lipopolysaccharide kinase Kdo WaaP family is a protein family family of kinases . The family consists of lipopolysaccharide kinases including lipopolysaccharide core heptose I kinase rfaP encoded by the waaP rfaP gene . Lipopolysaccharide core heptose I kinase rfaP is required for the addition of phosphate to O 4 of the first heptose residue of the lipopolysaccharide LPS inner core region. It has previously been shown that it is necessary for resistance to hydrophobic and Polycation polycationic antimicrobials in E. coli and that it is required for virulence in invasive strains of Salmonella enterica . ref name pmid11069912 cite journal author Yethon JA, Whitfield C title Purification and characterization of WaaP from Escherichia coli, a lipopolysaccharide kinase essential for outer membrane stability journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 8 pages 5498 504 year 2001 month February pmid 11069912 doi 10.1074 jbc.M008255200 url ref The family also includes 3 deoxy D manno octulosonic acid kinase KDO kinase from Haemophilus influenzae , which phosphorylates Kdo lipid IV A , a lipopolysaccharide precursor, and is involved in virulence. ref name pmid10531340 cite journal author White KA, Lin S, Cotter RJ, Raetz CR title A Haemophilus influenzae gene that encodes a membrane bound 3 deoxy D manno octulosonic acid Kdo kinase. Possible involvement of kdo phosphorylation in bacterial virulence. journal J Biol Chem year 1999 volume 274 issue 44 pages 31391 400 pmid 10531340 doi pmc url ref References reflist Further reading cite journal author Krupa A, Srinivasan N title Lipopolysaccharide phosphorylating enzymes encoded in the genomes of Gram negative bacteria are related to the eukaryotic protein kinases. journal Protein Sci year 2002 volume 11 issue 6 pages 1580 4 pmid 1202145 ... more details
An attenuated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen , but still keeping it viable or live . ref name pmid12239331 cite journal author Badgett MR, Auer A, Carmichael LE, Parrish CR, Bull JJ title Evolutionary dynamics of viral attenuation journal J. Virol. volume 76 issue 20 pages 10524 9 year 2002 month October pmid 12239331 pmc 136581 doi 10.1128 JVI.76.20.10524 10529.2002 url http jvi.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12239331 ref Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by killing the virus inactivated vaccine . Examples Examples of live example attenuated vaccines include Viral measles vaccine , mumps vaccine , rubella vaccine , chicken pox vaccine , oral polio vaccine Sabin , yellow fever vaccine , ref name urlImmunization cite web url http pathmicro.med.sc.edu ghaffar immunization ver2.htm title Immunization work accessdate 2009 03 10 ref and nasal spray flu vaccine including the Influenza vaccine seasonal flu nasal spray and the Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 2009 H1N1 flu nasal spray . Rabies vaccine s are now available in two different attenuated forms, one for use in humans, and one for animal usage. Bacterial BCG vaccine , ref name urlImmunization typhoid vaccine ref name pmid17582564 cite journal author Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Black RE, Lagos R, San Martin O, Blackwelder WC title Ty21a live oral typhoid vaccine and prevention of paratyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B journal Clin. Infect. Dis. volume 45 ... virulence are administered. They will reproduce, but very slowly. Since they do reproduce and continue ... strains, or by mutagenesis or targeted deletions in genes required for virulence. There is a small risk of reversion to virulent virulence this risk is smaller in vaccines with deletions. Attenuated ... to virulence. ref name Shimizu 2004 cite journal author Shimizu H, Thorley B, Paladin FJ, et ... more details
filtrate protein CFP 10 is an antigen that contributes to the virulence Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... uses this ESX 1 secretion system to deliver virulence factors into host macrophage and monocyte ... P, Cox JS title ESX 1 secreted virulence factors are recognized by multiple cytosolic AAA ATPases ... more details
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