Vitrifiedfort is the name given to certain crude stone enclosures whose walls have been subjected in a greater or lesser degree to the Glass transition action of fire . ref cite web url http www.brigantesnation.com VitrifiedForts VitrifieedForts.htm title Vitrification of Hill Forts accessdate 2008 01 24 ref They are generally situated on hills offering strong defensive positions. Their form seems to have been determined by the contour of the flat summits which they enclose. The walls vary in size, a few being upwards of convert 12 ft high, and are so broad that they present the appearance of Levee embankments . Weak parts of the defence are strengthened by double or triple walls, and occasionally vast lines of Defensive wall rampart s, composed of large blocks of unhewn and unvitrified stones, envelop the vitrified centre at some distance from it. No Lime mineral lime or cement has been found in any of these structures, all of them presenting the peculiarity of being more or less consolidated by the fusion of the rocks of which they are built. This fusion, which has been caused by the application of intense heat, is not equally complete in the various forts, or even in the walls of the same fort. In some cases the stones are only partially melted and calcined in others their adjoining edges are fused so that they are firmly cemented together in many instances pieces of rock are enveloped in a glassy enamel like coating which binds them into a uniform whole and at times, though ... vitrified forts.htm Vitrification temperatures ref ref http www.benderloch.org.uk forum viewtopic.php ... Mur vitrifi Ste Suzanne.JPG 320px thumb right Part of the vitrified wall at Sainte Suzanne Mayenne File Mur vitrifi 2.JPG 320px thumb right Fragment of vitrified wall at Sainte Suzanne Mayenne Craig ... features a segment where Clarke and other scientists examine the mystery of the vitrified forts ... produced a few partially vitrified stones. But no answers were gleaned from how large scale ... more details
POV date March 2012 Sources date March 2012 Vitrified tile is a tile is produced using vitrification and has very low porosity and water absorption , making it stain resistant and strong. ref http www.hindu.com pp 2007 12 15 stories 2007121550330300.htm ref It is an alternative to marble and granite flooring. Advantages Being a manufactured product, their quality is controlled, whereas in naturally occurring marble and granite good quality is coincidental. Vitrified tiles possess better mechanical strength, scratch resistance, resistance to acids, alkalis and chemicals, resistance to staining etc compared to marble or natural granite. Marble has a relatively lower abrasion resistance and higher porosity compared to vitrified tiles. It is composed of calcium carbonate, a compound that is readily attacked by hydrochloric acid, which is commonly used in toilet & floor cleaning. It can yellow within a span of a few years, whereas vitrified tiles retain their colour for decades. Polished natural granite shows surface defects, and good quality is just a matter of chance, whereas vitrified tiles are produced under controlled conditions that result in consistent quality. Disadvantages As a manufactured product vitrified tiles do not have the natural textures and patterns of marble or granite. References reflist ceramics stub Category Building materials Category Art materials ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 Vitrified sand is sand that has been heated to a high enough temperature as to partly melt the silicon dioxide or quartz that is the main ingredient of common sand. When sand is used to make glass , soda ash or potash are added to lower the melting point. Pure quartz melts at 1650 C. There are several natural processes that produce more or less melted sand and one man made form fulgurite is sand fused by a lightning bolt hitting sand. tektite is sand fused by the compressive heat of a meteor strike including moldavite a gem quality stone mined in some locations. frit is partially fused sand plus other chemicals in the process of glaze and glass making. trinitite vitrified sand forms below nuclear blasts close to a sand surface. Examples include, Trinity nuclear test and Emu Field . Volcanic glass in many forms is not fused sand because it is formed from molten material. References reflist Category Glass in nature ... more details
Vitrified Clay Pipe VCP is pipe made from clay that has been subjected to Glass transition vitrification , a process which fuses the clay particles to a very hard, inert, glass like state. VCP is commonly used in sanitary sewer sewer gravity collection mains because of its reasonable price and resistance to almost all domestic and industrial sewage , particularly the sulfuric acid that is generated by hydrogen sulfide , a common component of sewage. Only hydrofluoric acid and highly concentrated Corrosive substance caustic wastes are known to attack VCP. Such wastes would not be permitted to be discharged into a municipal sewage collection system without adequate pretreatment. ref cite web url http cfpub.epa.gov npdes home.cfm?program id 3 title Pretreatment Program publisher Office of Wastewater Management, United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Agency ref See also Stephen W. Cunningham Controversies Stephen W. Cunningham , Los Angeles City Council member who favored vitrified clay pipe for sewerage Notes references External links http www.ncpi.org National Clay Pipe Institute a not for profit trade association of the manufacturers of vitrified clay pipe. Category Sewerage civil engineering stub ... more details
Fort Miami was the name of several fort s in what is now the United States . Fort Miami Michigan Forts of Fort Wayne, Indiana Fort Miami Indiana Fort Miami Ohio disambig ... more details
Fort Smith is the name of several locations Fort Smith, Northwest Territories , Canada Fort Smith, Arkansas , United States Fort Smith National Historic Site , in Fort Smith, Arkansas Fort Smith Louisiana , a former Confederate fort in what is now Bossier City, Louisiana disambig de Fort Smith es Fort Smith fr Fort Smith it Fort Smith nl Fort Smith pl Fort Smith pt Fort Smith vo Fort Smith ... more details
Fort Dauphin can refer to Canada Fort Dauphin Manitoba , in Manitoba Fort Dauphin Nova Scotia , in Nova Scotia Haiti Fort Libert in Haiti Madagascar T lanaro Fort Dauphin Madagascar disambig fr Fort Dauphin no Fort Dauphin ... more details
Old Fort may refer to in India Old Fort, Delhi Old Fort, Durban in Mauritania Old Fort, Nouakchott in the United States by state Old Fort Miami, Missouri , List of RHPs in MO listed on the NRHP in Missouri Old Fort, North Carolina Old Fort, Ohio in Canada Old Fort, Quebec also known as Old Fort Bay or Vieux Fort in Tanzania Old fort of Zanzibar geodis pl Old Fort vo Old Fort ... more details
Fort Bayard may refer to Fort Bayard, the city of Zhanjiang in Guangdong province, China Fort Bayard Historic District , a frontier fort in New Mexico Fort Bayard National Cemetery , at Fort Bayard, New Mexico Fort Bayard Washington, D.C. , a fort in Washington D.C. disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages no Fort Bayard ... more details
Fort Cumberland can refer to Fort Cumberland England Fort Cumberland Canada also known as Fort Beaus jour Fort Cumberland Maryland disambig ... more details
disambig Fort Jefferson may refer to Fort Jefferson, Florida Fort Jefferson National Monument, now Dry Tortugas National Park Fort Jefferson Ohio Fort Jefferson Kentucky ... more details
Fort Belknap may refer to Fort Belknap Agency, Montana Fort Belknap Texas Fort Belknap , a historic fort in Texas Disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Fort Jakob , Jakob Fort , or Fort Jakobus may refer to Fort Jakob Tobago , a Courland colony Fort Jakob Gambia , a Courland colony disambig ... more details
Fort Armstrong may refer to Places United States Fort Armstrong, Illinois Fort Armstrong Hawaii Fort Armstrong Theatre Fort Armstrong Hotel disambig ... more details
Fort Kent may refer to Fort Kent, Maine , town in Maine, U.S.A. Fort Kent fort , fort in Maine, U.S.A. disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages sv Fort Kent ... more details
Fort Churchill may refer to Fort Churchill rocket launch site , Manitoba Prince of Wales Fort , Manitoba, also known as Fort Churchill Fort Churchill, located in Fort Churchill State Historic Park , Nevada See also Churchill, Manitoba disambig ... more details
Fort Gaines may refer to Fort Gaines, Georgia , a city located in Clay County, Georgia Fort Gaines Alabama , a fort on Dauphin Island Fort Gaines, Maryland, an American Civil War era fort that defended the northeastern approaches to Washington, D.C. disambig de Fort Gaines pl Fort Gaines ... more details
Fort Massachusetts can refer to Fort Massachusetts Colorado the first permanent U.S. military post in the State of Colorado Fort Massachusetts Florida Fort Massachusetts Massachusetts Fort Massachusetts Mississippi Fort Stevens Washington, D.C. , which was originally called Fort Massachusetts disambig de Fort Massachusetts ... more details
Fort Douglas may refer to Fort Douglas Canada , a Hudson s Bay Company fort near Winnipeg, Manitoba Fort Douglas, Utah , a former U.S. Army fort in Salt Lake City, Utah Fort Douglas UTA station , a transit station at the site of the former fort disambig de Fort Douglas ADD Not to be confused with Camp Douglas, Chicago. ... more details
Fort Mitchell may refer to a community in the United States Fort Mitchell, Alabama Fort Mitchell, Kentucky Fort Mitchell, Nebraska an Army fort in service from 1864 1867 near present day, Scottsbluff, Nebraska geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Fort Mitchell it Fort Mitchell vo Fort Mitchell ... more details
Fort Franklin may refer to Fort Franklin, Australia Fort Franklin, Iowa , United States Fort Franklin, Pennsylvania , United States Deline, Northwest Territories , Canada, formerly known as Fort Franklin Fort Franklin, Idaho A Mormon fort from 1860 to 1863 at the site of Franklin, Idaho . Fort Franklin Battlespace Laboratory , Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts disambig ... more details
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