Wiktionary Voluntary may refer to Voluntary music Voluntary or volunteer, person participating via volunteering volunteerism See also Voluntary action Voluntariness , in law and philosophy Voluntaryism , rejection of coercion The remaining set of topics are concerned with the volunt root and with the will , but not per se with the concept voluntary Voluntarism disambiguation disambig ... more details
Voluntary exchange is the act of buyer s and seller s freely and willingly engaging in market transactions. Moreover, transactions are made in such a way that both the buyer and the seller are utility better off after the exchange than before it occurred. ref name amosweb http www.amosweb.com cgi bin awb nav.pl?s gls&c dsp&k voluntary exchange ref Economists believe that voluntary exchanges are more conducive to economic efficiency than exchanges mandated by governments. ref name amosweb References Reflist Economy stub Category Free market fi Vapaaehtoinen vaihto ... more details
In music a voluntary is a piece of music, usually for organ, which is played as part of a church service. In English speaking countries, the music played before and after the service is often called a voluntary , whether or not it is titled so. The title voluntary was often used by English composers during the late Renaissance Music Renaissance , Baroque Music Baroque , and Classical period music Classical periods. Originally, the term was used for a piece of organ music that was free in style, and was meant to sound as if it was being improvised the word voluntary in general means free , i.e. not forced to do something . This probably grew out of the practice of church organists improvising after a service. Later, the voluntary began to develop into a more definite form, though it has never been strictly defined. During the late 17th century, a voluntary was typically written in a fugal or imitative style, often with different sections. In the 18th century the form typically began with a slow movement and then a fugue. Two to four movements were common, with contrasting tempos slow fast slow fast . In the 18th century England, the word voluntary and fuge were interchangeable. It should be noted that these English style fuges or fugue do not follow the strict theoretic form of German style fugues . They are more related to the fugues written by Italian composers of the time. Besides the fugal type of voluntary, two other common forms developed the trumpet voluntary and the cornet voluntary . These two were usually non fugal, but still contained movements with contrasting tempos ... of this form of voluntary was written by Johann Christoph Pepusch Pepusch , and has 13 total momevents ... manuals keyboards . The pieces contrasted a loud manual with a soft one. See also Trumpet Voluntary Fantasia music Fugue Category Christian music classical composition stub de Voluntary et Voluntary simple Voluntary music ... more details
Voluntary action can be described as anticipated, but not necessarily conscious, goal orientated movement. This psychological concept is part of cognitive psychology that is associated with consciousness and will. Voluntary action works with action effect . Action effect is when an individual has learned to associate a particular action with a particular outcome. Thus, voluntary action is demonstrated when one cognitively identifies the desired outcome and pairs it with the action it will take to achieve it. According to psychologist such as Edward C. Tolman Tolman this concept is applicable to humans and animals alike. ref Hommel, B. 2003 . Acquisition and control of voluntary action. In Roth, Gerhard Ed . Voluntary action Brains, minds, and sociality. pp. 34 48 . New York, NY Oxford University Press ref However, there are some criticisms to the theory of voluntary action. Psychologist Charles Nuckolls explains in his paper that voluntary action is based on the principle that we are in control of our own actions. He states that it is not known how we come to plan what actions will be executed. ref Nuckolls, C. 2004 . Toward a cultural psychology of voluntary action beliefs. Anthropos, 99 2 , 411 425 ref History The concept gained recognition when it was discussed in The Principles of Psychology by William James in 1890. James states that, for something to be classified as a voluntary ... the difference between the two, James gives the example of movement the idea of movement is a voluntary ... itself require no further thought. Voluntary action stems from the fact humans and animals have desires and the wish to fulfill them. To do this, goals are developed and voluntary action undertook to achieve the goals. Some of the terms that James used to describe voluntary action such as desire ... concepts are still held true. ref Hommel, B. 2003 . Acquisition and control of voluntary action. In Roth, Gerhard Ed . Voluntary action Brains, minds, and sociality. pp. 34 48 . New York, NY Oxford ... more details
Voluntary compliance is one of possible ways of practicing corporate social responsibility . Voluntary compliance is seen as an alternative to the state imposed regulations on company s behavior. Proponents of voluntary compliance argue that it is in company s own interest to behave socially responsibly and that in pursuit of good public image, company will withdraw from doing actions, which could damage its perception by public. Thus there is no need for state regulations . On the other hand, opponents deem that companies may claim to voluntary adhere to self imposed regulations but in practice they often follow profit maximizing behavior often violating Stakeholder corporate stakeholders interests. However, such behavior may be problematic not only morally or ethically but also legally corporate codes of conduct may give rise to legal obligations pursuant to national laws of European Union member states implementing the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive or pursuant to consumer protection laws in other jurisdictions, including subject to the effect of the Federal and State constitutions the States of the United States of America. In the United States, voluntary compliance may also refer to an argument made by Tax protester United States tax protesters , who suggest that payment of income tax is voluntary, and not legally enforcable. However, this argument is rejected by the Internal Revenue Service , ref http www.irs.gov taxpros article 0,,id 159932,00.html Toc153765503 The Truth About Frivolous Tax Arguments Section I Bot generated title ref and has not been accepted by the U.S. courts . References refs Category Business ethics ... more details
Accounting Voluntary disclosure in accounting is the provision of information by a company company s management beyond requirements such as generally accepted accounting principles and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Securities and Exchange Commission rules, ref name FASB2001 FASB, 2001. http www.fasb.org brrp brrp2.shtml Improving Business Reporting Insights into Enhancing Voluntary Disclosures . Retrieved on April 20, 2012. ref ref name MRG1995 Meek G. K., Roberts C. B., Gray S. J., 1995. Factors Influencing Voluntary Annual Disclosures By U.S., U.K., and Continental European Multinational ... name MRG1995 Voluntary disclosure is carried out extensively by many companies, ref name FASB2001 and has .... ref Voluntary disclosures can include strategic information such as company characteristics and strategy ..., and financial information such as Share price stock price information. ref name MRG1995 Impact of voluntary disclosure Voluntary disclosure benefits investors , companies and the economy for example ... 2002 also found support for the theory that voluntary disclosure helps reduce conflicts of interest ... voluntary disclosure in Hong Kong and Singapore. The International Journal of Accounting 37 2002 , 247 265. ref Firms, however, balance the benefits of voluntary disclosure against the costs, which ... . ref name MRG1995 ref name FASB2001 Types and examples of voluntary disclosures The FASB classified voluntary disclosures into six categories below, ref name FASB2001 while Meek, Roberts and Gray ... and customer relations . Determinants The determinants of the extent and type of voluntary ... 1995 found that the extent and type of voluntary disclosure differs by geographic region, industry, and company size, and other research has found that the extent of voluntary disclosure is affected ... of the relationship between corporate governance structures and the extent of voluntary disclosure ... L.L. & Mak Y.T., 2003. Corporate governance and voluntary disclosure. Journal of Accounting and Public ... more details
Globalize USA date July 2009 Homicide Criminal law Voluntary manslaughter is the killing of a human being in which the offender had no prior intent to kill and acted during the heat of passion, under circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed. In the Uniform Crime Reports prepared by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , it is referred to as non negligent manslaughter . Voluntary manslaughter is one of two main types of manslaughter , the other being involuntary manslaughter . Provocation Provocation consists of the reasons for which one person kills another. Adequate or reasonable provocation is what makes the difference between voluntary manslaughter and murder. According to the book Criminal Law Today , provocation is said to be adequate if it would cause a reasonable person to lose self control . ref Schmalleger, Frank. 2006 . Criminal law today an introduction with capstone cases p.302 . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Education, Inc.. ref For example, if a man were to come home and find his wife in bed with another person and kill both of them in a jealous rage, this might be considered adequate provocation and thus voluntary manslaughter. Citation needed date October 2009 State of mind Imperfect self defense In some ..., the homicide is considered to be voluntary manslaughter. An example is if a person kills a passer ... a voluntary manslaughter case, but is not required. Since most heat of passion and imperfect self defense killings involve intent to kill, typically voluntary manslaughter involve intentional killings ..., the crime is either voluntary manslaughter or second degree murder, depending on the jurisdiction ... . Voluntary Manslaughter what is it?. Retrieved November 1, 2005, from http criminal law.freeadvice.com violent crimes voluntary manslaughter.htm DEFAULTSORT Voluntary Manslaughter Category Crimes Category Manslaughter de Voluntary manslaughter England und Wales ... more details
Libertarianism sidebar A voluntary society , voluntary community or voluntary city is one in which all property including streets, parks, etc. and all services including courts, police, etc. are provided through voluntary means, such as private or cooperative ownership. In a voluntary society, the notion of something being privately or cooperatively owned would be radically different than monopolistic privatization with state subsidies, or monopolistic control of public resources by the state, respectively. Instead, courts might be replaced with dispute resolution organization s police with volunteer based community defense organizations or private security agencies and crime insurers transportation authorities with community road associations and rail counterparts etc. These services were the subject of the book, The Voluntary City , which dealt with them chapter by chapter. ref David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, Alexander Tabarrok, editors, http www.independent.org store book detail.asp?bookID 17 The Voluntary City Choice, Community, and Civil Society , The Independent Institute , 2002. ref Anarcho capitalist s as well as anti capitalist market anarchists view voluntary societies as the solution to the conflict between those who favor government allowing behaviors and arrangements such as non violent drug use, free stores, sexual liberation, voluntary communal sharing e.g. Food Not Bombs , etc., and those who favor government restrictions on such activities. Those who want to live under a certain code of conduct can move to a community that supports and protects it. ref Jonathan Liem, http www.lewrockwell.com orig6 liem2.html The Voluntary Community , LewRockwell.com . ref anarcho capitalism Anarcho capitalist activist Stefan Molyneux of Freedomain Radio suggested that in a voluntary society, dispute resolution organizations would prevent problems such as pollution. ref http ... The Voluntary Society http www.Libertarian International.org Libertarian International ... more details
Voluntary commitment is the act or practice of a person being admitted to a psychiatric hospital , or other mental health facility, voluntarily. Unlike in involuntary commitment , the person is free to leave the hospital against medical advice , though a period of notice, or the requirement that the leaving take place during daylight hours, is sometimes required. In some jurisdictions a distinction is drawn between formal and informal voluntary commitment, and this may have an effect on how much notice the individual must give before leaving the hospital. This period may be used for the hospital to use involuntary commitment procedures against the patient. People with mental illness can write psychiatric advance directives in which they can, in advance, consent to voluntary admission to a hospital and thus avoid involuntary commitment. In the UK, people who are admitted to hospital voluntarily are referred to either as voluntary patients or informal patients . These people are free to discharge against medical advice, unless it is felt that they are at immediate risk, then a doctor can use mental health law to hold people in the hospital for up to 72 hours. ref In England and Wales this is authorised under Section 5 of the Mental Health Act 1983 ref People who are detained by mental health law are referred to as formal patients . Notes references DEFAULTSORT Voluntary Commitment Category Mental health law med stub law term stub de Unterbringung ... more details
The Voluntary City Choice, Community, and Civil Society is an Independent Institute published book, edited by David T. Beito , about communities with voluntary society private provision of municipal services . ref http www.independent.org store book detail.asp?bookID 17 The Voluntary City Choice, Community, and Civil Society Bot generated title ref Contributors include Stephen Davies Disambiguation needed date June 2011 , Disambiguation needed date June 2011 Daniel Klein Disambiguation needed date June 2011 , Robert C. Arne , Bruce L. Benson , David G. Green , James Tooley , Fred E. Foldvary , Donald J. Boudreaux , Randall G. Holcombe , Robert H. Nelson , Spencer H. MacCallum , and Alexander Tabarrok . It covers the topics of privatized provision of urban infrastructure, roads, planning, police, charity, medical care, education, and commercial regulation. Some criticisms of the book are that it does not adequately address situations such as the accident at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory , where private sector managers failed to install fire suppression equipment or leave the egresses unlocked, causing the death of many employees or the repressive nature of some private communities, including Pullman, Illinois . ref http www.newcolonist.com br voluntary.html Book Review The Voluntary City Bot generated title ref However, the book has also been praised for its bibliography, which has many useful resources on privatization. ref http www.jstor.org pss 3217504 ref Among the examples the book gives of private communities are the private place s of St. Louis and the Central Manufacturing District of Chicago. See also Voluntary community References reflist DEFAULTSORT Voluntary City Category Books about urbanism Category Anarcho capitalist books es The Voluntary City ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 about the composition often referred to as Trumpet Voluntary Prince of Denmark s March Trumpet Voluntary is the name given to some England English Keyboard instrument keyboard pieces from the Baroque music Baroque era. A trumpet voluntary is most commonly played on the organ music organ using the trumpet Organ stop stop , hence the name. Trumpet voluntaries usually consist of a slow introduction followed by a faster section with the right hand playing fanfare like figures over a simple accompaniment in the left hand. In some instances, the Trumpet is replaced by the Cornet Organ stop stop , or even a Flute stop. Echo effects are also used sometimes. The most celebrated trumpet voluntary is the Prince of Denmark s March , a musical composition composition by Jeremiah Clarke written circa. 1700. ref Gerald Norris 1981 http books.google.co.uk books?ei PhQkTfy KaeShAell4W3Dg&ct result&id KcMXAQAAIAAJ&dq jeremiah clarke 1699 prince of denmark 27s&q Voluntary 2C was published as a keyboard piece in 1700 A musical gazetteer of Great Britain & Ireland p.61. David & Charles, 1981 ref It is properly a rondo for Keyboard instrument keyboard and was not originally called a trumpet voluntary. It is very popular as wedding music and was played at the 1981 wedding of Charles ... 8EA1X3iRI44C&pg PA7&dq trumpet voluntary popular wedding&hl en&ei 9R4jTYjQGo 1hAeNwYW3Dg&sa X&oi book ...&pg PA127&dq trumpet voluntary wedding&hl en&ei kxsjTbOxJsSIhQeCsqS3Dg&sa X&oi book result&ct ... Trp Voluntary.ogg title John Stanley s Trumpet Voluntary description 2m 48s image none The organist ... for the Organ or Harpsichord 1780 . http imslp.org wiki Trumpet Voluntary Dupuis, Thomas Sanders Thomas Sanders Dupuis Voluntary in C . http imslp.org wiki Category Goodwin, William William ... Travers, John John Travers Voluntary XI from XII Voluntaries for the Organ or Harpsichord ca 1769 . Category Musical terminology de Voluntary eo Voluntario fr Trumpet voluntary ... more details
Voluntary redundancy VR is a financial incentive offered by an organisation to its employees with the purpose of attracting volunteers to leave the organisation, due to downsizing or restructuring situations. The purpose is to circumvent union employee regulation laws. Citation needed date January 2010 Reasons A Voluntary Redundancy Programme is often not driven by short term revenue goals. On the contrary, it is rather a question of strategic choices to change the age structure within the company. It is quite often said Who? date November 2011 that Voluntary Redundancy is a consequence of a company s lack of structural capital which is a part of the intellectual capital IC . According to research, Citation needed date November 2011 people who accept voluntary redundancy tend to return to the company after a while and influence the company with new ideas. The difference between voluntary redundancy and other programmes is that VR often is offered to a selected age group, for example, everyone between 40 50 years with at least 5 years experience. Real world instances A world wide company that recently used a VR programme is LM Ericsson , also known for the partnership with Sony , in Spring 2006. It offered the programme to 17,000 employees in Sweden between the age of 35 50, who received 12 16 months full payment, 50,000 Swedish krona Swedish kronor and a course in entrepreneurship and or job hunting support. The goal was that a maximum of 1,000 employees would accept the programme. Citation needed date March 2008 Delta Air Lines , in the aftermath of its bankruptcy filing, offered a program that included limited flight benefits for a set period after the separation. In light of rising fuel prices, it turned back to a VR program. The particulars of that severance package are unknown. ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi business 7303341.stm Delta to cut jobs as costs surge , BBC News , 18 March 2008 ref Generally, Vague date November 2011 voluntary redundancy lump sum payments ... more details
Wikify date November 2011 In the United States , voluntary surrender is when a Professional licensure in the United States licensee chooses voluntary to surrender one s license, or has voluntarily agreed not to renew one s license usually to resolve outstanding complaints in lieu of going through the process of revocation or suspension. ref name oreg ref name mass cite web url http www.mass.gov ?pageID ocaterminal&L 5&L0 Home&L1 Government&L2 Our Agencies and Divisions&L3 Division of Professional Licensure&L4 Information and Services&sid Eoca&b terminalcontent&f dpl glossary license codes&csid Eoca title Glosssary of License Status Codes publisher Commonwealth of Massachusetts accessdate 26 June 2010 ref Voluntary surrender is often viewed as a proactive action and is considered to be more palatable than having the sanction of revocation or suspension on their record. ref name oreg cite web url http www.oregon.gov OSBN pdfs policies nofaultvs.pdf?ga t title Disciplinary Sanction for No Fault Voluntary Surrender date 2003 01 28 work Oregon State Board of Nursing Policy Statement accessdate 26 June 2010 ref References Reflist Category Licenses US law stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Voluntary Target Type compilation album Artist Leo Kottke Cover RC004.jpg Released 1984 Recorded Length Label Pair Producer Reviews Last album Time Step Leo Kottke album Time Step br 1983 This album Voluntary Target br 1984 Next album A Shout Toward Noon br 1986 Voluntary Target is a 1984 compilation LP album by guitarist Leo Kottke . It includes all of Balance Leo Kottke album Balance and Burnt Lips . Track list Record 1 Balance br Side A Tell Mary 3 04 I Don t Know Why 2 07 Embryonic Journey instrumental Embryonic Journey Jorma Kaukonen 3 17 Disguise 2 45 Whine 3 10 Side B Losing Everything 2 58 Drowning 2 12 Dolores 3 09 1 2 Acre of Garlic 2 33 Learning the Game Buddy Holly 3 16 Record 2 Burnt Lips br Side A Endless Sleep Nick Lowe 3 37 Cool Water Bob Nolan 2 25 Frank Forgets 2 09 Sonora s Death Row Kevin Blackie Farrell 4 30 The Quiet Man 2 05 Everybody Lies 2 19 I Called Back 2 38 Side B A Low Thud 3 07 Orange Room 3 33 The Credits Out takes from Terry s Movie 3 46 Voluntary Target 2 58 Burnt Lips 2 07 Sand Street 1 46 The Train and the Gate From Terry s Movie 3 18 All songs by Leo Kottke except as noted Personnel Leo Kottke 6 & 12 string guitars, electric guitar, vocals Kenneth Buttrey drums, clavinet Mike Leech bass Bobby Ogdin & John Harris piano External links http www.leokottke.com Leo Kottke official site http www.guitarmusic.org Unofficial Leo Kottke web site fan site Category Leo Kottke compilation albums Category 1984 compilation albums ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Civil procedure United States Voluntary dismissal is when a lawsuit is terminated by voluntary request of the plaintiff the party who originally filed the lawsuit . A voluntary dismissal with prejudice meaning the plaintiff is permanently barred from further litigating the same subject matter is the modern descendant of the common law procedure known as retraxit . ref O Hara v. Teamsters Union Local No. 856 , 151 F.3d 1152 9th Cir. 1998 . ref In the United States, voluntary dismissal in United States district court Federal court is subject to Rule 41 a of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure . Rule 41 a s full text can be found below. Simply stated, Rule 41 a allows the plaintiff to make a dismissal as long as the defendant has not yet taken any formal court action on the case e.g., made a motion legal motion or filed an answer . If the defendant has taken such action, dismissal is only proper under two circumstances a. the defendant signs an agreement with the plaintiff to dismiss the case b. the judge overseeing the case rules for the case to be dismissed Once the case has been voluntarily dismissed, if it is brought to court again a dismissal in this second case will mean the case can never again be brought back to court. If the defendant has a counterclaim , the case can only be dismissed if the counterclaim can still stand as its own case. Full text of Rule 41 a of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ref http www.law.cornell.edu rules frcp Rule41.htm Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 41. Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. ref a Voluntary Dismissal Effect Thereof 1 By Plaintiff By Stipulation. Subject to the provisions of Rule 23 e , of Rule 66, and of any statute of the United States, an action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of court i by filing notice of dismissal at any time before service ... reflist DEFAULTSORT Voluntary Dismissal Category Civil procedure ... more details
States American federal income taxation system is sometimes called a voluntary taxation system. Marjorie ... they receive than pay it to the government in taxes. Voluntary, in the context of taxation, simply means ... argument income taxes are voluntary argument has not prevented U.S. residents who did ... other that each man makes a free and purely voluntary contract with all others who are parties to the Constitution ... author Spooner, Lysander ref Example Here is an example of how a voluntary taxation system could ..., & State with Power and Market is a textbook with a section that describes most of the theory of Voluntary ... Voluntary Taxation and the Consentof the Governed article describing the coercive nature of taxation http www.lewrockwell.com block block28.html An article on Voluntary Taxation Category Taxation ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A Voluntary Exclusion Program also known as Voluntary Self Exclusion is a policy enacted by several United States U.S. states and or individual casino s as a method of addressing the issue of addictive and compulsive gambling . Some Canadian provinces such as Manitoba ref cite web url http www.mlc.mb.ca MLC content.php?pageid 420&langdir E title Voluntary Exclusion Program publisher Manitoba Lotteries Corporation accessdate 30 July 2010 ref and British Columbia also have similar programs. In areas that have enacted VEP policies, an individual who is aware that they suffer from gambling addiction can voluntarily request that their name be added to the VEP list. If their application is accepted, the person in question becomes legally banned from all participating casinos within the VEP coverage area. If a person who has been added to the VEP list enters or attempts to enter a casino that participates in the VEP, they are immediately arrested and charged with criminal trespassing . In addition, any chips, tokens, credits or other winnings in their possession at the time of arrest can be confiscated or invalidated. The participant must complete the form of their own free will and not be under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or prescription medication. Once enrolled, it is the responsibility of the VEP participant to stay away from gaming areas of the casinos ref http www.in.gov igc 2331.htm ref . Casinos do not enforce this. External links http www.mgc.dps.mo.gov prob gambling pg faq.htm VEP Frequently Asked Questions for Missouri VEP policies are widely similar in other states and locales . References Reflist gambling stub Category Gambling and society ... more details
Infobox Book image Image VoluntarySocialism.png center 190px image caption The cover of the 1901 reprint name Voluntary Socialism author Francis Tandy country United States language English language English subject Political philosophy genre Non fiction publisher Basic Books release date 1896 in literature 1896 media type Print pages 228 Voluntary Socialism is a work of nonfiction by the American Mutualism economic theory mutualist Francis Dashwood Tandy. First published in 1896, it has been favorably cited by many individualist anarchist s, including Clarence Lee Swartz , ref Swartz, Clarence L. What is Mutualism? 1927 ref minarchist Robert Nozick ref Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia , Basic Books 1974 ref and left libertarian Roderick T. Long who has noted that many of the standard moves in market anarchist theory today are already in evidence in Tandy. ref Long, Roderick T. http hnn.us blogs entries 25173.html Francis Tandy Rides Again , History News Network retrieved July 8, 2009 ref Tandy was a member of the Denver Circle, a group of men who associated with Benjamin Tucker and contributed to the periodical Liberty 1881 1908 Liberty . ref McElroy, Wendy. The debates of Liberty, Lexington Books 2002 ref In the preface to Voluntary Socialism , he declares his intent to give a complete outline of Voluntaryism in its most important bearings. To that end, chapters one through four outline the foundation for Tandy s anarchism, drawing heavily from Max Stirner and Herbert Spencer . Chapters five through fourteen cover specific areas of interest, including private defense agency private defense agencies , the labor theory of value , mutual banking , transportation and Criticisms of electoralism political strategy . The book is dedicated to Benjamin Tucker whose lucid writings and scathing criticisms have done so much to dispel the clouds of economic superstition. See also Voluntaryism References refs External links http praxeology.net FDT VS.htm Voluntary Soci ... more details
Economic sectors The voluntary sector or community sector also non profit sector or not for profit sector is the sphere of social activity undertaken by organization s that are for Non profit organizations non profit ref Pot u ek, M. 1999 Not Only the Market The Role of the Market, Government, and the Civic Sector. Central European University Press. p.34. ref and Non governmental organization non governmental . This sector is also called the third sector , in reference to the public sector and the private sector . Civic sector is another term for the sector, emphasizing the sector s relationship to civil society . Definition Country specific definitions France Discourse on the third sector began in the 1970s in France as a result of the crisis in the welfare state . ref cite journal last Zaleski first Pawel authorlink coauthors title Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality journal Archiv f r Begriffsgeschichte volume 50 issue pages publisher Felix Meiner Verlag location year 2008 url doi id accessdate ref Mod References Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate el Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient Third Edition 2011 , Amazon Books, Create Space Books. Japan In Japan since the 1980s, the Nihongo third sector daisan sekut refers to joint corporation s invested both by the public sector and private ... with terminology, however. Although the voluntary, community and not for personal profit sectors ... characteristics. The community sector is assumed to comprise volunteers unpaid whilst the voluntary ... Examples Acevo Association of Chief Executives of Voluntary Organisations Community Sector Coalition National Council for Voluntary Organisations Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations Wales Council for Voluntary Action The Citizens Advice service 4x4 Response References Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Voluntary Sector Category Social philosophy Category ... more details
slavery Voluntary slavery or self sale is the condition of slavery freely entered into. In ancient times this was a common way for impoverished people to provide subsistence for themselves or their family and provision was made for this in law . ref citation title Serfdom and slavery studies in legal bondage page 21 author M. L. Bush year 1996 ref For example, the code of Hammurabi stated that, besides being able to borrow on personal security, an individual might sell himself or a family member into slavery. ref citation title Buying freedom author Anthony Appiah, Martin Bunzl pages 95 97 date 2007 07 02 isbn 9780691130101 url http books.google.com ?id Sxb4G8A7eJ8C&pg PA95 ref In ancient times one of the most direct ways to become a Roman or Greek citizen was by means of a self sale contract. For the laws surrounding Roman and Greek manumission made it quite possible for such erstwhile slaves to then become citizens or near citizens themselves. ref The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0802837840. p.543. ref In medieval Russia, self sale was the main source of slaves. ref citation title Slavery in Russia, 1450 1725 author MA Klein journal American Journal of Sociology year 1986 ref Slave contracts are also sometimes used in BDSM as part of a total power exchange agreement. Theory In modern times, the topic has been discussed in the context of politics and human rights. John Stuart Mill wrote a critique of voluntary slavery as a criticism of paternalism. ref citation title Mill versus paternalism author RJ ... of voluntary slavery. ref citation title To be or not to Be The dilemmas of mothering author S Rowbotham ... argued, The concept of voluntary slavery is indeed a contradictory one, for so long as a laborer ... is voluntary whereas, if he later changed his mind and the master enforced his slavery by violence, the slavery would not then be voluntary. ref citation title A Crusoe Social Philosophy author Murray ... more details
About voluntary euthanasia mercy killing Involuntary euthanasia Euthanasia Voluntary euthanasia from ... to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. Voluntary euthanasia VE and physician assisted ... of voluntary euthanasia are legal in Belgium , ref name law http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi health 2600923.stm ... terminology Voluntary refusal of food and fluids VRFF or Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration ... perceived as a more ethical option. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 15215708 Harvath TA. Voluntary ... New York s example. Thomas J. Marzen, Origins , Volume 27. p73 74. ref After the Civil War, voluntary ... to die approach to voluntary euthanasia increased. Euthanasia by country Australia See also Euthanasia ... Otlowski, Voluntary Euthanasia and the Common Law , Oxford University Press, 1997, pp. 175 177 ref ... in the United States A key turning point in the debate over voluntary euthanasia and physician assisted ... . The Quinlan case paved the way for legal protection of voluntary passive euthanasia. ref For the UK ... url ref Arguments for and against voluntary euthanasia Since World War II , the debate over euthanasia in Western countries has centered on voluntary euthanasia within regulated health care systems. In some cases, judicial decisions, legislation, and regulations have made voluntary euthanasia an explicit ... of such voluntary euthanasia policies offer the following reasons for and against official voluntary euthanasia policies Reasons given for voluntary euthanasia Choice Proponents of voluntary euthanasia ... ailment. ref See also Utilitarianism ref Reasons given against voluntary euthanasia Professional role Critics argue that voluntary euthanasia could unduly compromise the professional roles of health ... Cite web url http plato.stanford.edu entries euthanasia voluntary title Voluntary Euthanasia Stanford ... treats euthanasia to be a type of murder and voluntary euthanasia as a type of suicide , the morality ... of implementation Euthanasia can only be considered voluntary if a patient is mentally competent to make ... more details
A voluntary association or union also sometimes called a voluntary organization , unincorporated association , or just an association is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement as volunteer s to form a body or organization to accomplish a purpose. citation needed date February 2012 Strictly speaking, in many jurisdiction s no formalities are necessary to start an association. In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association. Some jurisdictions require that the association register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association s existence. This could be a tool of political control, and also a way of protecting the economy from fraud . In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association is a juristic person whose membership is not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course, work as an association but in such case, the persons making a transaction in the name of the association all take responsibility for it. citation needed date February 2012 Legal status An unincorporated association has been defined as existing ...where two or more persons are bound together for one or more common purposes by mutual undertakings, each having mutual duties and obligations, in an organisation which has rules identifying in whom control of the organization and its funds are vested, and which can be joined or left at will. ref http law.ato.gov.au atolaw view.htm .... & Ngai, N. P. 2011 . Moral Resources and Political Capital Theorizing the Relationship Between Voluntary Service Organizations and the Development of Civil Society in China. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector ... voluntary associations are non profit and are either unincorporated association non d clar e or incorporated ... Voluntary Association Category Associations Category Legal entities Category Legal terms Category ... pt Associa o ru simple Voluntary association sl Dru tvo sr ... more details
Every county in Wales has a voluntary sector infrastructure body, generically called a County Voluntary Council or CVC ref Sustainable Funding Cymru http www.sustainablefundingcymru.org.uk help cvcs ref ref Welshpedia http www.welshpedia.co.uk wiki wales index.php?title Wales Council for Voluntary Action ref . The key role of a CVC is to provide advice and information to local voluntary and community groups on volunteering, funding sources and a wide range of other issues. At an all Wales national level the sector s infrastructure body is Wales Council for Voluntary Action . In England the term Council for Voluntary Service is used rather than CVC. Notes and references reflist Category Charities based in Wales Wales org stub UK charity stub ... more details
The Voluntary Action History Society VAHS is a learned society that was established in 1991 to promote the historical study and understanding of charity, philanthropy and voluntary organisations. The society ... of individuals working in both academia and the voluntary sector, including Colin Rochester ... the Chief Executive of Volunteering England , who felt that the history of voluntary action and charities ... years, today the field of voluntary action history is vibrant. ref Melanie Oppenheimer and Nicholas Deakin eds cite web title Beveridge and Voluntary Action in Britain and the wider British World publisher ... eds cite web title Understanding the roots of voluntary action publisher Sussex Academic Press year ... was formed because voluntary action was not seen as a subject its own right, often considered only ... with little thought of the relevance to those active as researchers and practitioners in the voluntary ... in the voluntary sector. Since its inception the society has carried out a number of activities including running a series of seminars on the history of voluntary action, hosting conferences and workshops ... affecting the historical study of voluntary action, including the problems facing the archiving of charity history. In the 1990s VAHS conducted a survey of major voluntary organisations which revealed ... a new campaign for charity archives. Activities Today, the Voluntary Action History Society carries out a number of activities including Convenes the Voluntary Action Seminar at the Institute of Historical ... to historians and contemporary researchers of voluntary action Leads a campaign on charity archives, in parntership with others Facilitates a Transnational Histories of Voluntary Action network. References Reflist External links http www.vahs.org.uk Voluntary Action History Society http archives.lse.ac.uk Record.aspx?src CalmView.Catalog&id Volunteering England&pos 1 Catalogue of the Voluntary ... Archives in March 2011 Category Learned societies of the United Kingdom Voluntary Action History Society ... more details
A Council for Voluntary Service CVS is a type of charity in England . CVSs are the place at which local voluntary and community organisations speak to each other . They offer a wide variety of services and support for local organisations, for example training, or advice on funding. CVSs are also involved in advocacy for the organisations they represent, and aid in communication between the local voluntary and community sector and the statutory sector. They will typically provide fora for organisations to meet, often a Community Empowerment Network , and will interact with, or have a seat on, the local strategic partnership . They may also advocate on behalf of the organisations they represent on a one to one basis. A CVS may or may not incorporate the local Volunteer Centre. CVS are bought together nationally by NAVCA , the National Association for Voluntary and Community Action which before 14 June 2006 was known as NACVS, the National Association of Councils for voluntary service . Each county in Wales has a County Voluntary Council rather than a CVS. External links http www.navca.org.uk National Association for Voluntary and Community Action includes links to local CVSs . Category Civil society Activism stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
