to infestations of the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus , which is prevalent in all outbreak areas. ref name NS O. volvulus , a nematode , is carried by the black fly and causes Onchocerciasis river ... CDC , stated We know that Onchocerca volvulus is involved in some way, but it is a little ... not establish any hint that Onchocerca volvulus is actually going into the brain, but what we cannot ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Mansonella streptocerca regnum Animal ia phylum Roundworm Nematoda classis Secernentea ordo Spirurida familia Onchocercidae genus Mansonella species M . streptocerca binomial Mansonella streptocerca Mansonella streptocerca , formerly Diptalonema streptocerca , is the scientific name of a human parasitic roundworm causing the disease of streptocerciasis . It is a common parasite in the skin of humans in the rain forests of Africa, where it is thought to be a parasite of chimpanzees as well. ref foundations of parasitology, 8th ed, p 473 474... from Meyers, 2000, in Hunter s tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease 8th ed. ref Mansonella streptocerca is one of four filarial nematodes that cause Subcutaneous Filariasis in humans. The other three filarial nematodes are Loa loa the African eye worm , Onchocerca volvulus river blindness , and Dracunculus medinensis the guinea worm . Geographic Distribution West Africa. Life cycle File Mansonella streptocerca LifeCycle.gif Life cycle of Mansonella streptocerca thumb 350px The contraction of a Mansonella infection can be better understood through an understanding of its life cycle. The life cycle involves two stages one involving a Midge genus Culicoides and another involving a human host. First, a Midge ingests a blood meal from a human host. This allows a third stage filarial larvae to enter the bite wound. Once inside the dermis, the larvae develop into adults, usually less than 1 mm from the surface of the skin. In terms of size, the females can reach 27 mm in length, whereas the males can be around 50 micrometers in diameter. These adults then produce non periodic microfiliariae, which habituate in the skin but can also travel to the peripheral blood. These microfilariae are then passed onto the midge when the insect ingests a blood meal. Following the blood meal, microfilariae travel to the midge s midgut through the hemocoel to the thoracic muscles. In the thoracic muscles ... more details
. Herpes zoster keratitis Onchocerciasis Onchocercal keratitis, which follows Onchocerca volvulus O. volvulus infection by infected Black fly Role in human disease blackfly bite . Simulium These blackfly ... more details
level of infection by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus , the causative agent of river blindness. ref cite journal title The Effects of Drugs on Onchocerca volvulus 4. Trials of Melarsonyl Potassium ... more details
Taxobox image L loa whole HBa.jpg image width 240px image caption Loa loa microfilaria in thin blood smear br Giemsa stain regnum Animal ia phylum Nematode Nematoda classis Chromadorea ordo Spirurida superfamilia Filarioidea familia Onchocercidae genus Loa roundworm Loa species L. loa binomial Loa loa binomial authority Cobbold, 1864 Verify source date July 2010 Guyot, 1778 or with parentheses? synonyms Filaria loa small Cobbold, 1864 small Loa loa is the filaria l nematode roundworm species that causes Loa loa filariasis . It is commonly known as the eye worm . Its geographic distribution includes Africa and India. ref name FoP Schmidt, Gerald et al. Foundations of Parasitology . 7th ed. McGraw Hill, New York, NY, 2005. ref L. loa is one of four parasitic filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The three other filarial nematodes are Mansonella streptocerca , Onchocerca volvulus causes river blindness , and Dracunculus medinensis guinea worm . Maturing larva e and adults of the eye worm occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin &ndash the fat layer &ndash of humans, causing disease. The young larvae develop in horseflies of the genus Chrysops deer flies, yellow flies , including the species Chrysops dimidiata C. dimidiata and Chrysops silacea C. silacea , which infect humans by biting them. Biology Morphology Loa loa worms have a simple body including a head, body, and tail. Males range from 20mm to 34mm long and 350 m to 430 m wide. Females range from 20mm to 70mm long and are about 425 m wide. ref name FoP Life cycle Three species involved in the life cycle include the parasite Loa loa , the fly vector, and the human host ref http www.dpd.cdc.gov dpdx HTML Filariasis.htm Filariasis . Parasites and Health. Center for Disease Control. ref A vector fly bites an infected human host and ingests microfilariase. Microfilariae move to the fat body of the insect host. Microfilariae develop into first stage larvae, then third stage larvae. Third sta ... more details
Situs ambiguus or situs ambiguous the former spelling is more correct etymologically, but the latter spelling is very common , also known as heterotaxy or heterotaxia , is a rare congenital defect in which the major viscera l Organ anatomy organs are distributed abnormally within the chest and abdomen . The normal position of the organs is known as situs solitus situs inversus is a condition in which the usual positions of the organs are reversed from left to right as a mirror image of the normal condition. If these are the two extreme positions on a continuum of asymmetric thoracic and abdominal organ formation, situs ambiguus covers everything in between. Presentation Classically, it comprises heart Cardiac looping malformations commonly Tetralogy of Fallot Fallot s tetralogy , transposition of the great vessels , pulmonary valve stenosis , and ventricular septal defect ventricular and atrial septal defect s. Deranged abdominal organ asymmetry the stomach and spleen are particularly prone to isolated reversal, and the stomach, liver , and a single adrenal gland are occasionally found in the midline. Organ malformations chiefly asplenia polysplenia , and more rarely a failure of the head of the pancreas to form, and horseshoe adrenals and horseshoe kidney kidneys . Rotation errors, causing volvulus and or faulty peritoneum peritoneal attachments. More rarely, vascular abnormalities are found, including interrupted inferior vena cava, bilateral superior or inferior venae cavae, intrahepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with connection to the azygos vein azygos or hemiazygos vein s, and aberrant portal vein s. Causes Although its etiology is poorly understood, it has been found to be linked to maternal diabetes mellitus , ref cite journal author Mart nez Fr as ML title Heterotaxia as an outcome of maternal diabetes an epidemiological study journal American journal of medical genetics volume 99 issue 2 pages 142 6 year 2001 month March pmid 11241474 doi 10.1 ... more details
Abdominal guarding is the tensing of the abdominal muscles abdominal wall muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen from the pain of pressure upon them. The tensing is detected when the abdominal wall is pressed. ref http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 7200 Abdominal guarding definition Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms Bot generated title ref Abdominal guarding is also known as d fense musculaire . Guarding is a characteristic finding in the physical examination for an abruptly painful abdomen an acute abdomen with inflammation of the inner abdominal peritoneal surface due, for example, to appendicitis or diverticulitis . The tensed muscles of the abdominal wall automatically go into spasm to keep the tender underlying tissues from being disturbed. ref http www.medicineonline.com articles a 2 abdominal guarding abdominal rigidity.html Abdominal Guarding Abdominal Rigidity on Medicine Online Medical Articles ref Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Appendicitis Pancreatitis Diverticulitis Abdominal wall strain injury Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Pelvic inflammatory disease Ectopic pregnancy Septic miscarriage See Miscarriage Bowel obstruction Ileus Pneumonia Dyspepsia Nephrolithiasis Perforated Peptic ulcer disease Abdominal aortic aneurysm Anxiety Malingering Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis SBP Mesenteric ischemia GERD Ovarian cyst Hepatic or splenic contusion laceration Pneumoperitoneum secondary to abdominal trauma Urinary tract infection pyelonephritis Zoster Skin lesions may not be visible until another day or two Insect toxins e.g. black widow spider Abscess e.g. iliopsoas Incarcerated hernia Abdominal migraine Intussusception medical disorder Intussusception Volvulus Physical Examination Laboratory Findings Complete blood count CBC Blood urea nitrogen BUN creatinine Liver function tests LFTs Glucose Amylase lipase Urine culture Urinalysis Beta human chorionic gonadotropin beta hCG Cervic ... more details
, benign or malignant Intussusception medical disorder Intussusception in children Volvulus Superior ... s Inflammatory bowel disease Colonic volvulus sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon Adhesion medicine Constipation ... emergencies volvulus, closed loop obstructions, ischemic bowel, incarcerated hernias, etc. . A small ... more details
, as well as hyper and hypopigmentation macule s. Onchocerca volvulus manifests itself in the eyes .... volvulus , produce microfilarae that do not use the blood they reside in the skin only. For these worms ... is closely related to human O. volvulus river blindness , sharing the same vector, and could be useful ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 R 10 0 r 10 ICD9 ICD9 789.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000006 The term acute abdomen refers to a sudden, severe abdominal pain of unclear etiology ref name Siegenthaler2007 cite book author Walter Siegenthaler title Differential diagnosis in internal medicine from symptom to diagnosis url http books.google.com books?id MaDJ6nlaQKYC&pg PA257 accessdate 28 July 2010 date 21 March 2007 publisher Thieme isbn 978 1 58890 551 2 pages 257 ref that is less than 24 hours in duration. It is in many cases a medical emergency, requiring urgent and specific diagnosis. Several causes need surgery surgical treatment . Causes The differential diagnoses of acute abdomen include but are not limited to Acute appendicitis . Acute peptic ulcer and its complications. Acute cholecystitis . Acute pancreatitis . Acute intestinal ischemia See Section Below. Diabetic Ketoacidosis . Acute Diverticulitis . Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy with tubal rupture. Acute peritonitis . including hollow viscus perforation Acute ureteric colic. Bowel volvulus . Acute pyelonephritis . Adrenal crisis . Biliary colic Abdominal aortic aneurysm Hemoperitoneum Peritonitis Acute abdomen is occasionally used synonymously with peritonitis . While this is not entirely incorrect, peritonitis is the more specific term, referring to inflammation of the peritoneum . It manifests on physical examination as rebound tenderness , or pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure to the abdomen. Peritonitis may result from several of the above diseases, notably appendicitis and pancreatitis . While rebound tenderness is commonly associated with peritonitis, the most specific finding is rigidity. Ischemic Acute Abdomen Vascular disorders are more likely to affect the small bowel than the large bowel. Arterial supply to the intestines is provided by the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries, SMA and IM ... more details
to immunosuppression . Onchocerca volvulus infection promotes immunosuppressive processes within the human ... Onchocerciasis O. volvulus microfilariae require at least 7 days to mature into infective L3 larvae ... more details
of skin snips will identify microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus and M. streptocerca . Skin snips ... and Onchocerca volvulus , a nested polymerase chain reaction PCR assay was developed using small ... more details
File Black fly.jpg right thumb 250px Adult black fly Simulium yahense with Onchocerca volvulus emerging from the insect s antenna. The parasite is responsible for the disease known as Onchocerciasis river blindness in Africa. Sample was chemically fixed and critical point dried, then observed using conventional scanning electron microscopy. Magnified 100 . Parasitology is the study of parasite s, their host biology host s, and the relationship between them. As a List of biology disciplines biological discipline , the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question, but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as cell biology , bioinformatics , biochemistry , molecular biology , immunology , genetics , evolution and ecology . Fields The study of these diverse organism s means that the subject is often broken up into simpler, more focused units, which use common techniques, even if they are not studying the same organisms or diseases. Much research in parasitology falls somewhere between two or more of these definitions. In general, the study of prokaryote s falls under the field of bacteriology rather than parasitology. Medical parasitology see also Human parasites One of the largest fields in parasitology, medical parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by humans against them. It is also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control. A parasite is an organism that live on or within another organism called the host . These include organisms such as Plasmodium spp., the protozoan parasite which causes malaria . The four species of malaria parasites infective to humans are Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium malariae , Plasmodium vivax & Plasmodium ovale . Leishmania donovani , the unicellular organism ... more details
Registry as of August 20, 2007 are Addison s disease , gastric dilatation volvulus GDV bloat torsion ... volvulus Standard poodle owners should take special note of the high incidence of GDV in this breed. Excess gas trapped in the dog s stomach causes bloat . Twisting of the stomach volvulus or torsion ... ref Gastric dilatation volvulus Standard ref name CGD standard Gastric torsion Glaucoma ref name CIDD ... more details
Infobox disease Name Short bowel syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB 12026 ICD10 ICD10 K 91 8 k 90 ICD9 ICD9 579.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2746 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 ped 2088 MeshID D012778 Short bowel syndrome SBS , also short gut syndrome or simply short gut is a malabsorption disorder caused by the surgery surgical removal of the small intestine , or rarely due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. Most cases are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel. It usually does not develop unless more than two thirds of the small intestine have been removed. Signs and symptoms The symptoms of short bowel syndrome can include Abdominal pain Diarrhea and steatorrhea oily or sticky stool, which can be malodorous Fluid depletion Weight loss and malnutrition Fatigue physical Fatigue Patients with short bowel syndrome may have complications caused by malabsorption of vitamins and minerals, such as deficiencies in vitamin s vitamin A A , vitamin D D , vitamin E E , vitamin K K , and vitamin B12 B12 , calcium in biology calcium , magnesium , iron , folic acid , and zinc . These may appear as anemia , hyperkeratosis scaling of the skin , easy bruising, muscle spasms, poor blood clotting, and bone pain. Causes Short bowel syndrome in adults is usually caused by surgery for Crohn s disease , an inflammatory disorder of the digestive tract Volvulus , a spontaneous twisting of the small intestine that cuts off the blood supply and leads to tissue death Tumor s of the small intestine Injury or trauma to the small intestine Necrotizing enterocolitis premature newborn Bypass surgery to treat obesity Surgery to remove diseases or damaged portion of the small intestine Pathophysiology In healthy adults, the small intestine has an average length of approximately 6 meters 19.7 feet . Short bowel syndrome usually develops when there is less than 2 meters 6.6 feet of the small intestine left to absorb ... more details
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