wiktionarypar block vote bloc vote Block voting and Bloc voting may refer to Plurality at large voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a checkbox ballot Preferential block voting , a voting system with multiple winners and a preferential ballot General ticket , a voting system with connected multiple winners The act of multiple voters forming a voting bloc disambig ... more details
Runoff voting can refer to Two round system , a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round Instant runoff voting , an electoral system whereby voters rank the candidates in order of preference Contingent vote , a two round system of instant runoff voting. Exhaustive ballot , a reiterative voting system whereby rounds of voting continue with or without elimination until one candidate achieves a majority, also called repeated balloting Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Voting Image 1900 New York polling place.jpg thumb left New York polling place circa 1900, showing voting booths on the left. Image Booths.gif thumb left Voting booths used for L Ordre des Avocats de Paris Paris Bar Association 2007 election. A voting booth or polling booth is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in private to protect the Secret ballot secrecy of the ballot . Commonly the entrance to the voting booth is a retractable curtain. Usually access to the voting booth is restricted to a single person, with exceptions for voters requiring assistance. Commonly voting machine s use either a voting booth or some other form of privacy cover to obscure the voting screen from the view of others. See also Wiktionary Polling station DEFAULTSORT Voting Booth Election stub Category Political terms de Wahlkabine es Cuarto oscuro elecciones fr Isoloir ru ... more details
merge first past the post discuss Talk Alternative voting Merger proposal date November 2010 In jurisdictions that use first past the post voting systems, other systems can be considered alternatives Condorcet method Instant runoff voting disambig Category Electoral systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Bullet voting is a tactic in which the voter only selects one candidate, despite the option to indicate a preference for other candidates. They might do this either because it is easier than evaluating all the candidates, or depending on the voting system in use as a form of tactical voting . If enough voters bullet vote , almost any voting system functions like a plurality voting system . This is generally considered a poor result, as many voting systems are intended as reforms or improvements that avoid or minimize some alleged disadvantages of plurality aka first past the post . However, if voters bullet vote as a conscious strategy to express their meta preference that candidates with strong support are preferable to compromise candidates with broad support, it may not be a problem. This tactic is possible in any voting system that does not require ranking all candidates. In practice, this is the majority of voting systems as actually implemented as opposed to in theory , since to reject ballots that do not rank all candidates risk an excessive number of spoilt vote spoiled ballots . However, it is mainly an issue in voting systems that reward this tactic&mdash primarily approval voting , and to a lesser extent range voting &mdash and in those that do not significantly penalize it&mdash primarily instant runoff voting and a non standard form of Borda count . Candidates may seek to encourage bullet voting in certain situations. One example is where there is a Plurality at large voting Bloc voting election for two seats of the same office, and there are several candidates say A, B, and C . Voters in such a situation typically have two votes. Candidate A encourages his voters to vote only for him and not use their second vote. If the second vote is cast for B or C, it helps A s opponents. The situation is most pronounced where A is of one .... Category Voting systems ... more details
citations needed date December 2007 Calculus of voting refers to any mathematical model which predicts voting behaviour by an electorate, including such features as participation rate. A calculus of voting represents an hypothesized decision making process. These models are used in political science in an attempt to capture the relative importance of various factors influencing an elector to vote or not vote in a particular way. Example One such model was proposed by Anthony Downs 1957 and is adapted by William H. Riker and Peter Ordeshook , in A Theory of the Calculus of Voting Riker and Ordeshook 1968 R pB &minus C D where R the reward gained from voting in a given election R, then, is a proxy for the probability that the voter will turn out p probability of vote mattering B utility benefit of voting differential benefit of one candidate winning over the other C costs of voting time effort spent D citizen duty, goodwill feeling, psychological and civic benefit of voting this term is not included in Downs s original model A political science model based on rational choice used to explain why citizens do or do not vote. References Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York Harper & Row. Riker, William and Peter Ordeshook. 1968. A Theory of the Calculus of Voting. American Political Science Review 62 1 25 42. Category Voting theory Category Mathematical modeling ... more details
A voting trust is a trust whereby the stock shares in a company law company of one or more stockholder shareholders and the voting rights attached thereto are legally transferred to a trustee , usually for a specified period of time the trust period . In some voting trusts, the trustee may also be granted additional powers such as to sell or redeem the shares . At the end of the trust period, the shares would ordinarily be re transferred to the beneficiary trust beneficiary ies , although in practice many voting trusts contain provisions for them to re vested on the voting trusts with identical terms. Voting trusts were made popular in Delaware corporate law , but they have since been adopted widely by other states in the U.S.A. They have also been extensively adopted in Offshore Financial Centre offshore jurisdictions . Purposes There are several reasons why shareholders may wish to put a voting trust arrangement in place. Several shareholders may wish to create a unified block of votes, which together gives them more power than the collective sum of their fragmented interests. In many countries, in order to call general meeting s, shareholders need to hold a certain percentage of the issued shares of the company. By aggregating their shares, the shareholders can confer this power on themselves collectively where they might not have it individually. Locking shares up in voting trusts can in some countries help deter a hostile takeover . Voting trusts are also sometimes used to resolve conflict of interest conflicts of interest . By putting the shares in a trustee who can vote ... all blind trusts are necessarily voting trusts, not all voting trusts are blind trusts . Shares are sometimes aggregated into a voting trust to facilitate a corporate reorganisation. Promoters of companies sometimes aggregate their shares in a voting trust to safeguard control of the company. Sample http contracts.onecle.com talk aol.vote.1997.02.22.shtml Sample Voting trust agreement Category Business ... more details
A voting plan or voting rights plan is one of five main types of poison pill s that a target company law firm can issue against hostile takeover attempts. These plans are implemented when a company charters preferred stock with superior voting rights to common shareholders. If an unfriendly bidder acquired a substantial quantity of the target firm s voting common stock, it would not be able to exercise control over its purchase. For example, ASARCO established a voting plan in which 99 of the company s common stock would only harness 16.5 of the total voting power. ref Paul H. Malatesta University of Washington and Ralph A. Walking Ohio State University , Poison Pill Securities Stockholder Wealth, Profitability, and Ownership Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20, January March 1988, p. 355. ref See also Economics Industrial organization Japan Mergers and acquisitions Microeconomics Takeover Notes reflist References http www.lens library.com power chapter2.html fnref39 Asarco voting rights plan Category Mergers and acquisitions ... more details
Voting basis refers to what number or percentage of votes are required for a proposal to be adopted, or for a candidate to be elected. Two elements make up a voting basis the proportion that must agree majority, two thirds, three quarters, etc. and the set of members to which the proportion applies e.g. the members present and voting the members present the entire membership of the organization the entire electorate etc. ref cite parl title RONR pages 389 ref Voting bases include Plurality voting system simple majority or first past the post the largest number of votes, even if less than fifty percent , absolute majority over fifty percent , and supermajority the proportion required is greater than fifty percent, e.g. two thirds . References reflist Category Parliamentary procedure ... more details
Primary sources date November 2007 File Completed Score Voting Ballot version2.png thumb right On a Range ballot, the voter scores all the candidates Electoral systems Range voting also called ratings summation , average voting , cardinal ratings , score voting , 0 99 voting , the score system , or the point system is a voting system for one seat elections under which voters score each candidate, the scores are added up, and the candidate with the highest score wins. A form of range voting ref James ... cite web url http rangevoting.org BPSparta.html title Ancient Sparta used range voting... sort of ref ... and the judging processes of some athletic competitions. Approval voting can be considered to be range voting with only two levels approved 1 and disapproved 0 . Voting system Range voting uses a ratings ... to 99 or 1 to 5. All candidates should be rated, unlike cumulative voting where voters are not permitted ... scores. For example, range voting with truncated means is used in figure skating competitions ... name Balinski Laraki In conventional range voting, these ties would be extremely rare. Another consequence ... a disadvantage. Range voting in which only two different votes may be submitted 0 and 1, for example is equivalent to approval voting . As with approval voting, range voters must weigh the adverse ... voting concept has been used in non political contexts also. Sports such as gymnastics rate competitors ... to engage in blatant tactical voting . Range voting is common for things where there is no single .... Range voting has been used informally by various amateur clubs to make decisions such as meeting dates, event themes or what books to read. Citation needed date February 2011 Example Tenn voting example ... of tactical voting. Such tactical voting would be less effective if the ballots were counted using median scores. Properties Range voting allows voters to express preferences of varying strengths. Range voting satisfies the monotonicity criterion , i.e. raising your vote s score for a candidate can ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 In economics , dollar voting is an analogy used to explain how the purchasing choices of consumer s affect which good accounting products will continue to be produced and supplied to the market . Every dollar paid for a particular product may be considered a dollar vote for that product, such that the products with the largest number of dollar votes generate the most Profit economics profit and will therefore continue to be produced. A boycott would be a vote against a product. The reference to dollar is just an example the principle holds for any currency . The expressions vote with your wallet and vote with your dollar refer to dollar voting. Dollar voting is similar in theory to Foot voting . Criticism Some economists, like Amartya Sen , have argued that dollar voting requires near perfect knowledge about any product that one wishes to buy. It is sometimes impossible to know whether a product was made by child labour, for example. See Also Tax choice microeconomics stub Category Voting theory Category Economics terminology Category Microeconomics vi T n nhi m s n ph m ... more details
voting Early voting also known as advance polling or voting is the process by which electors can vote on a single or series of days prior to an election. Early voting can take place remotely, such as by mail, or in person, usually in designated early voting polling station s. The availability and time periods for early voting vary based on jurisdiction and type of election. The goal of early voting ... In Australia , early voting is known as pre poll voting. However, to cast an early vote a voter must already be registered. Canada In Canada , early voting is known as advance polling. It is offered ... station on their behalf. Finland Finland and Sweden have similar early voting systems. The only distinction is that Finland uses post offices as early voting stations. Germany In Germany , most eligible ... main Special vote In New Zealand , early voting is a form of special voting, which allows voters who ... or at another polling place. Norway In Norway early voting is known as forh ndsstemming . At the general ..., there are special voting opportunities. In elections until 1998, Posten Sweden post offices were used for several decades as early voting stations post offices now belong to a commercial company ... at embassies or through mail. Switzerland main Voting in Switzerland Swiss federal law allows postal voting in all federal elections and referenda, ref cite swiss law sr 161.1 link 161 1 art 8 en Federal .... Thailand In Thailand , early voting is known as advance voting . It is available ... they are closest to and receive a reply notification. For advance voting outside constituency, voters ... day. Early voting day is same as election day, voters must carrying proof of identity, even ... day constiuency ballots. Early voting in Thai general election, 2011 2011 general election ... voters were unable to vote due to large crowds. ref cite news title Large crowds for advance voting url http www.nationmultimedia.com home 2011 06 27 national Large crowds for advance voting 30158762.html ... more details
globalize US date October 2011 unreferenced date October 2011 elections In open primary elections in the United States , crossover voting refers to a behavior in which voters who normally participate in the primary of one party instead vote in the primary of another party. The behavior typically happens when the nominee of the one party is a foregone conclusion or when a candidate in one party s primary has an appeal to the voters in another party. The motives for crossover voting are sometimes strategic. Thus crossover voting has been used by voters to cast votes in the party a voter is opposed to in order to nominate a candidate which can be more easily beaten by the candidate the voter actually supports. Some consider crossover voting to be a form of electoral fraud . References reflist Category Elections Category Decision theory Category Democracy poli term stub ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Disapproval voting is any voting system that allows many voters to express formal disapproval simultaneously, in a system where they all share some power. Unlike most voting .... If used to select candidates for an office, or for continuation to a next round of voting or play ... voting. However, usually only one measure or candidate is presented to be disapproved of. True disapproval voting would require more than two choices or representatives, and would ask voters to disavow one or more. Voting against It is usually functionally equivalent to a simple inverted form of another kind of voting rather than voting for one votes against a list of candidates usually one as in first past the post voting , but if one can disapprove of as many as one chose, or rank them in order of desirability for exclusion, disapproval voting becomes functionally identical to approval voting and some preferential voting systems respectively. However, the psychology of veto vetoing , protesting ... game , is often portrayed in fiction as having a disapproval voting form, with the poor individual who is most disapproved tossed overboard. General purpose methods of disapproval voting, e.g. for use ... voting systems in the reality game show , as noted below. Most people are familiar with the concept only from these shows. Disapproval expression in other voting systems Russia and several other ... ballots are tallied separately from spoiled ballots and no shows. Any voting system permits some ... , made explicit the fact that they were voting for Gore but supported not the platform of the United ..., which they called on Gore to implement. This is an example of disapproval voting on an informal level ... law and diplomacy diplomatic relations , some fail to see voting as a positive and voluntary ... voting argue that they simply wish to extend to the citizen the powers that are already ... inherent in any scheme of disapproval. Advocating disapproval or approval voting may be seen ... more details
Multiple issues notability October 2009 wikify October 2009 primarysources October 2009 Voting America ... Lab at the University of Richmond . Voting America analyzes data from United States presidential election Presidential elections , both at the state and county level. The project presents the voting data ... a short history of political mapping in America. ref name about http americanpast.richmond.edu voting aboutproject.html ref Maps Cinematic Voting America has three types of cinematic maps. The maps were ... maps displays the change of voting data over time beginning in 1840 and ending in 2008. These maps include analysis of voting at the state level, county level, raw number of votes, percentage of votes cast by party, margins of victory, and election turnout. ref http americanpast.richmond.edu voting elections.html ref The second group of cinematic maps analyzes voting data for individual presidential ... of maps for the selected election showing analysis of voting at the state level, county level ... http americanpast.richmond.edu voting indelections.html ref The third group of cinematic maps depicts ... American and White populations. ref http americanpast.richmond.edu voting population.html ref Interactive Voting America has two interactive features. The first feature allows the user to create his ... of GroundWorkDesign. ref name partners http americanpast.richmond.edu voting partners.html ref ref ... a user to explore the data on her or his own. ref http americanpast.richmond.edu voting interactiveabout.html ref Developers Andrew J. Torget led the development of Voting America as the director of the Digital ... analyst. He created the online interface in addition to developing Voting America s depictions of electoral ... Nesbit is the associate director of the Digital Scholarship Lab. On Voting America, he served as a historical ... of the University of Richmond. He was the consulting editor of Voting America. ref name partners ... External links http americanpast.richmond.edu voting Official website Category Digital media Category ... more details
Refimprove date April 2009 accounting Voting interest or voting power in business and accounting means the total number of votes entitled to be cast on the issue at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event which has not occurred at the time. ref https www.oregonlaws.org glossary definition voting power Voting Power ref This notion is different from economic interest that refers to a percentage of all the Ownership equity equity issued, including preferred stock , Warrant finance warrants , and so on. Ownership of more than 50 of voting shares gives the right of Control in Management control and Consolidation business consolidation . In special cases, control is possible without having to own more than 50 of voting stock. For example, if agreed, shareholders may pass control to a chosen one owning much fewer shares for example in the case of the two petroleum companies, MOL Group and INA Industrija nafte . Example Company ABC has 1,000,000 ordinary shares and 500,000 preferred shares outstanding . br Company XYZ buys 700,000 voting shares and 100,000 preferred ones. br Therefore, its voting interest is 700,000 1,000 3 . References Reflist External links http www.allbusiness.com business planning business structures corporations stock 3779142 1.html Common Stock vs. Preferred Stock http free.thebankaccounts.com 2008 07 stock.html Stock stock market Category Corporate finance Category Equity securities Category Stock market Category Mergers and acquisitions econ stub ... more details
Infobox journal title Voting matters discipline Political science editor Nicholaus Tideman publisher McDougall Trust country United Kingdom open access Yes history 1994 present website http www.votingmatters.org.uk link1 http www.votingmatters.org.uk MAIN.HTM link1 name Online archive ISSN 1745 6231 OCLC 498736040 Voting matters is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal whose purpose is To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems . Originally published by the Electoral Reform Society 1994 2003 , Voting matters is now a publication of the McDougall Trust . The journal s founding editor in chief 1994 2010 was British mathematician and computer scientist Brian Wichmann its current editor is Nicolaus Tideman . The majority of Voting matters papers deal with the Single Transferable Vote STV preferential voting system. The journal has also republished several seminal papers on STV by Thomas Hare political scientist Thomas Hare , Henry Richmond Droop , and Brian Meek . External links Official http www.votingmatters.org.uk http www.mcdougall.org.uk McDougall Trust Category Single Transferable Vote Category Open access journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1994 Category Political science journals academic journal stub ... more details
common for governmental elections using cumulative voting. Voters are typically instructed to make only one mark per column. Cumulative voting also accumulation voting , weighted voting or multi voting is a multiple winner voting system intended to promote more proportional representation than First past the post winner take all elections. History Cumulative voting is used frequently in corporate ... Voting , David Kenny, Professor of political science at Southern Illinois University ref from 1870 until its repeal in 1980 ref http ma.fairvote.org illinois drives to revive cumulative voting Illinois drives to revive cumulative voting , FairVote.org ref ref http www.ahrc.com new index.php src news ... cumulative voting, had little to do with cumulative voting itself. As in the case of most big changes ... use cumulative voting, all resulting from cases brought under the National Voting Rights Act of 1965 ... as a remedy in lawsuits brought under the Voting Rights Act in the United States an example of this occurred ... voting ref ref http www.prnewswire.com news releases landmark port chester cumulative voting ... had its first cumulative voting elections for its Board of Trustees in 2010. ref http portchestervotes.com ref . A form of cumulative voting has been used by group facilitators as a method to collectively .... This approach is described as multi voting and was likely derived from the nominal group technique ... books?id TG4P4aGtqP0C&lpg PA114 The Certified Six Sigma Green Belt Handbook ref Voting Image ... fractions. A cumulative voting election permits voters in an election for more than one seat to put ... from Plurality at large voting bloc voting , where a voter may not vote more than once for any candidate, and 51 of voters can control 100 of representation. Ballots used for cumulative voting ... to split their own vote. Possibly the simplest ballot uses the equal and even cumulative voting method, where a voter simply marks preferred candidates, as in bloc voting, and votes are then automatically ... more details
that is shaped by said policies and practices. Anti voting members are not against the democratic ... argue that they are more for democracy than the voting public that they feel participates in a system ... of the population who find these ideas to be most true often cause strong and emotional reactions in voting ... of invoking in those who believe in voting resulting hopelessness , Depression mood depression and suicidal ..., a locking out of a minority or disenfranchised part of the population My second reason for not voting ... ends All voting systems involving choosing a candidate, no matter how well designed and fair the system ... Random 20Anti Voting Or My fourth reason for not voting is that voting is immoral because by participating ..., his point was clear enough. Still another approach to this philosophy of voting protest centers about the control of the physical and technical voting machinery We all know by now the folly of current election technologies from Premier Election Solutions Premier and Sequoia Voting Systems Sequoia Voting DRE voting machine DRE DRE voting machine Direct Record Electronic systems as well as some of the new, more promising systems on the horizon such as the open source OVC Open Voting Consortium .... See also Abstention Protest vote Electronic voting Electoral fraud Lobbying in the United ... Democracy, Intermediation, and Voting on Four Continents http www.strike the root.com 4 davies davies13.html Five Reasons Not to Vote http www.halfbakery.com idea Random 20Anti Voting Random Anti Voting Some unknown guy on the street could do a better job http www.lewrockwell.com orig shaffer1.html ... index.html Who Rules America? DEFAULTSORT Anti Voting Category Voting theory ... more details
Refimprove date October 2009 File Compulsory voting.svg thumb 400px Color sample ff5555 Compulsory voting, enforced. br Color sample ffaaaa Compulsory voting, not enforced. br Color sample ff9955 Compulsory voting, enforced only men . br Color sample ffccaa Compulsory voting, not enforced only men . br Color sample ffdd55 Historical the country had compulsory voting in the past. Compulsory voting is a system in which electors are obliged to vote in election s or attend a polling place on voting day ... helsinki ws7 Malkopoulou.pdf Compulsory Voting in Greece a history of concepts in motion , p. 4 ref Arguments in favour Compulsory voting ensures a large voter turnout. This means a victorious candidate ... turnout. Another important benefit is that compulsory voting prevents interference with access to the vote .... If everybody must vote, then restrictions on voting are easily identified and steps are taken ... with compulsory voting generally hold elections on a Saturday or Sunday as evidenced in nations ... and pre poll voting is provided to people who cannot vote on polling day, and mobile voting booths ... voting supporters, this is preferred to not voting at all because it ensures there is no possibility that the person has been intimidated or prevented from voting should they wish. In certain jurisdictions ... process. Compulsory voting may encourage voters to research the candidates political positions more thoroughly. Since they are voting anyway they may take more of an interest into the nature of the politicians ... or to influence mainstream candidates. Under a non compulsory voting system, if fewer people ... where voting is compulsory reflects more of the will of the people Who do I want to lead ... voting has been found to increase voting by 7 16 in national elections, and by even more in local ... are found even where the penalties for not voting are extremely low. He argues that other civic ... and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion ... more details
refimprove date January 2012 A voting bloc is a group of voting voters that are strongly motivated by a specific common concern or group of concerns to the point that such specific concerns tend to dominate their voting patterns, causing them vote together in election s. ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary bloc ref For example, Beliefnet identifies 12 main religious blocs in United States American politics, including e.g. the Religious Right , whose concerns are dominated by religious and sociocultural issues and White Bread Protestants , who, while also conservative, tend to care more about economic issues. ref http www.beliefnet.com News Politics 2004 10 The Twelve Tribes Of American Politics.aspx ref The result is that each of these groups votes http en.wiktionary.org wiki en bloc en bloc in elections. The divisions between voting blocs are known as Cleavage politics cleavage . A voting bloc can be longstanding and institutionalized, such as support for business or trade union labor , or it can be created from scratch as the result of the saliency of a new public issue, such as a war or the potential resumption of a military draft . Ethnic group s are sometimes considered to be voting blocs, but it is unwise to simply assume that a majority of a given ethnic group will vote in one particular way, as economic status and religious belief s also play an important role. Voting blocs grow and wane according to the development of issues and personalities. These blocs can often disappear and reappear with time and are not necessarily motivated by one single issue politics single issue . References reflist Category Voting Category Demographics Category Identity politics it Blocco elettorale ... more details
Electiontech Electronic voting also known as e voting is a term encompassing several different types of voting , embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology can include punched card s, optical scan voting system s and specialized voting kiosks including self contained Direct recording electronic DRE voting system direct recording electronic voting systems , or DRE . It can also involve transmission of ballot s and votes via telephones, private computer network s, or the Internet . In general, two main types of e Voting can be identified ref cite journal last Buchsbaum first T. title E voting International developments and lessons learnt journal Proceedings of Electronic Voting in Europe Technology, Law, Politics and Society ... e Government and e Voting with an open cloud computing architecture journal Government Information ... voting which is physically supervised by representatives of governmental or independent electoral authorities e.g. electronic voting machines located at polling stations remote e Voting where voting is performed ... authorities e.g. voting from one s personal computer,mobile phone,television via the internet i voting . Electronic voting technology can speed the counting of ballots and can provide improved ... States , that electronic voting, especially DRE voting, could facilitate electoral fraud . Overview Electronic voting systems for electorates have been in use since the 1960s ref Bellis, Mary. http inventors.about.com library weekly aa111300b.htm The History of Voting Machines . About.com . ref when Punch card voting punched card systems debuted. Their first widespread use was in the USA where ... . NIST . ref The newer optical scan voting system s allow a computer to count a voter s mark on a ballot. DRE voting machine s which collect and tabulate votes in a single machine, are used by all ... public concerns. Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections ... more details
In North American English , the term plurality , used in the context of voting, refers to the largest number of voting votes to be received by any candidate or referendum . ref name Robert Robert, Henry M. http www.rulesonline.com rror 04.htm def Plurality Introduction to Robert s Rules Robert s Rules of Order Robert s Rules of Order Revised . 4th ed. 1915. RulesOnline.com ref It is contrasted with a majority , which is more than half of the votes. ref name Robert For example, in a multiple contested race, plurality voting system plurality is the candidate with the most votes, while in a majority election a candidate can only win if they also receive over half of the votes. When no candidate receives a majority in the first round of voting, a two round system or preferential voting system can be used to choose a winner. When there are only two choices, the plurality choice is also the majority choice. Systems allowing plurality election are more vulnerable to corruption using the spoiler effect than systems which require a majority. ref Poundstone, William 2008 . Gaming the vote why elections aren t fair and what we can do about it . Hill and Wang. ISBN 978 0 8090 4893 9. ref In British English In UK constituency elections, which typically feature three or more candidates representing major parties, the word majority is used for this concept, with the term overall or absolute majority being used to refer to the narrower North American meaning of majority. ref As Fowler 1965 notes With three cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient ... of Modern English Usage ref The plurality voting system is called first past the post in the UK ... of the population. See also Plurality voting system Plurality at large voting Types of Ballot Casting Election Majority Plurality voting system Plurality Blackballing Voting system Voting Systems References reflist Majorities Category Voting theory ca Majoria simple cs Relativn v t ina da Simpelt ... more details
libertarianism sidebar Anarchism sidebar Non voting is a strategy employed by various Political radicalism radical libertarianism libertarians and anarchism anarchists who wish to promote a free society yet who view voting to be either unethical or Pragmatism impractical . Anarcho libertarian ideologies that generally advocate non voting as a key strategy for Social change social or political change ... non voters claim that voting does not make any positive difference. Anarcho communist Emma Goldman , for example, famously said If voting changed anything, they d make it illegal. Citation needed date .... However, non voting ought not be confused with apathy . Those who advocate non voting typically hope ... that non voting is more practical than voting. Counter arguments for this stance are that each vote ... a plurality voting plurality &mdash the anarchist votes would still have only increased the overall ... the legitimacy of government and the voting system and as such undermines anarchism. In addition to strategic non voters, there are also ethical non voters , those who reject voting outright, not merely ... s countrymen, or both. Thus, this view holds that through voting, one necessarily finds themselves ... candidate, votes for a losing candidate, or abstains from voting, he will be deemed to have ... the New Libertarian Manifesto s arguments that voting is immoral or undesirable ref citation url ... off not voting in order to make a visible protest but this is a tactical not a moral consideration. Voting would not be evil but, in such a case, less effective than the protest. But if it is morally ... III ref cquote Can you imagine slaves on a plantation sitting around voting for masters and spending ... reflist External links http voluntaryist.com nonvoting The Voluntaryist &ndash Non voting http www.strike the root.com vote.html Non voting archive &ndash Strike the root http www.lewrockwell.com orig2 non vote arch.html Non voting archive &ndash LewRockwell.com Category Libertarian theory Category ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 refimprove date April 2012 voting In voting system s, tactical voting or strategic voting or sophisticated voting occurs, in elections with more than two viable candidates ... an undesirable outcome. It has been shown by the Gibbard Satterthwaite theorem that, if a voting ... set of voter preferences . For instance, the random ballot voting method, which randomly selects ..., in a Plurality voting system simple plurality election , a voter might sometimes gain a better outcome by voting for a less preferred but more generally popular candidate while under AV a voter might sometimes get a better outcome by voting their first choice for their least favourite candidate . A false counter example to this that is often given is the random ballot voting method, which ... is often used to imply that the G S Theorem does not apply to non deterministic voting systems. That is not true, it does apply to probabilistic voting systems if they are non dictatorial. However, the type of tactical voting and the extent to which it affects the character of the campaign and the results of the election vary dramatically from one voting system to another. Types of tactical voting Compromising Compromising sometimes useful vote is a type of tactical voting in which a voter insincerely ... as having a greater chance of winning over an option they prefer e.g., a conservative voter voting ... of tactical voting in which a voter insincerely ranks an alternative lower in the hopes of defeating ... Push over also called mischief voting is a type of tactical voting in which a voter ranks a perceived ... round system runoff voting when a voter already believes that their favored candidate will make ... candidate can win later. ref cite web title Voting with Bidirectional Elimination url http economics.stanford.edu files Matthew 20Cook 20Honors 20Thesis.pdf publisher Voting with Bidirectional ... has secured his party s own nomination. Bullet voting Bullet voting is when a voter votes for just ... more details
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