About weathering of rocks and minerals weathering of polymers Polymer degradation and Weather testing of polymers Refimprove date April 2009 Weathering is the breaking down of Rock geology rocks , soil ... ecology biota and waters. Weathering occurs in situ , or with no movement , and thus should not be confused ..., snow, wind and gravity. Two important classifications of weathering processes exist physical and chemical weathering. Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through ... classification, chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals also known as biological weathering in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals ... many of Earth s landforms and landscapes are the result of weathering processes combined with erosion and re deposition. Physical weathering Image KharazaArch.jpg thumb 300px A natural arch produced by erosion of differentially weathered rock in Jebel Kharaz Jordan Physical weathering is the class ... process in physical weathering is Abrasion geology abrasion the process by which clasts and other particles are reduced in size . However, chemical and physical weathering often go hand in hand. Physical weathering can occur due to temperature, pressure, frost etc. For example, cracks exploited by physical weathering will increase the surface area exposed to chemical action. Furthermore, the chemical ... weathering sometimes called insolation weathering ref Hall, K. http www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.its.uu.se ... changes. Thermal stress weathering comprises two main types, thermal shock and thermal fatigue . Thermal stress weathering is an important mechanism in deserts , where there is a large Diurnal ... fires are also known to cause significant weathering of rocks and boulders exposed along the ground surface. Intense, localized heat can rapidly expand a boulder. Frost weathering image Abiskorock.JPG ... weathering or thermal stress Expert subject Geology date May 2010 Main Frost weathering Frost weathering ... more details
Image LarrabeeHoneycomb.JPG thumb Honeycomb weathering in Larrabee State Park , Washington Image HoneycombWeatheringCambrianIsrael.jpg thumb Honeycomb weathering in a Cambrian sandstone, Timna Valley, Negev Desert, Israel . File Wabenverwitterung auf Burg Altdahn.jpg thumb Honeycomb weathering at Altdahn Castle in the Palatinate Forest , Germany Honeycomb weathering , also known as fretting, cavernous weathering, alveoli alveolar weathering, stone lattice, stone lace or miniature tafoni weathering Mustoe, 1982 is a type of salt weathering common on coastal and semi arid granite s, sandstone s and limestone s Mustoe 1982 . Honeycomb weathering is not limited to natural settings and can be seen to develop on buildings where a rate of development can be established. This rate can be as fast as several centimeters in 100 years Mustoe 1982 . Honeycomb weathering occurs throughout the world from the polar regions French and Guglielmin 1999 to the equator. There are two distinct types of coastal honeycomb weathering intertidal and supratidal. Cause For honeycomb weathering to occur, a source of salt is needed because the basic mechanism for this kind of weathering is salt heaving. Salt is deposited on the surface of the rock by Seawater saltwater spray or by wind . Moisture must be present ... them vulnerable to other forms of weathering. It takes prolonged periods for this weathering to become visible, as the rock goes through cycles of wetting and drying. Intertidal honeycomb weathering is found on horizontal planes in rock within the tidal zone. This type of honeycomb weathering ... salt weathering by microscopic algae Mustoe, 1982 , while others believe that case hardening, wind ... Honeycomb weathering has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscope SEM imaging, laboratory reconstruction of weathering conditions, Mass Spectrometry , Electron Diffraction Spectroscopy EDS and other ... super Mare , UK. References Mustoe, G. E., 1982, The Origin of Honeycomb Weathering, Geological ... more details
Differential weathering is the difference in degree of discoloration , disintegration , of rocks of different kinds exposed to the same environment. Quartz deposits in basaltic flows will weather slower than the surrounding rock, while being exposed to the same forces of weathering. More simply, Differential weathering is the chemical or physical breakdown of different rock units at different rates. The rate of breakdown is determined by several factors the rocks mineral composition, surface area, climate, time, etc. Landforms created by differential weathering consist of balanced rocks, cliff and bench topography, natural arches, natural bridges, and fins. References Reynolds, Stephen, Julia Johnson, Paul Morin, and Charles Carter. Exploring Geology. 2nd. 1. New York City McGraw Hill, 2010. Print. Northern Kentucky University Geology Dept. reflist Category Geomorphology climate stub ja ... more details
Merge Geoengineering date December 2009 Enhanced weathering refers to chemical approach to geoengineering involving land or ocean based techniques. Examples of land based enhanced weathering techniques are in situ carbonation of silicates. Ultramafic rocks, for example, have the potential to store 500 years worth of CO2 production according to one estimate. Ocean based techniques involve alkalinity enhancement, such as, grinding, dispersing and dissolving limestone, silicates, or calcium hydroxide to address ocean acidification and CO2 sequestration. Enhanced weathering is considered as one of the least expensive of geoengineering options. Category Geoengineering ... more details
form of weathering that also creates domes. Granite dome References Geology Underfoot in Death Valley ... 362 1 DEFAULTSORT Spheroidal Weathering Category Geological processes an Berrocal de Wollsackverwitterung ... more details
The Weathering Continent Kaze no Tairiku is a Japanese language Japanese fantasy light novel series written by Sei Takekawa and illustrated by Mutsumi Inomata . The Weathering Continent centers on three ... . The first installment of The Weathering Continent was published in Monthly Dragon Magazine in April ... stories were published. A short, sequel series also followed when the original The Weathering Continent ended. Media Novels The Weathering Continent , Serial literature serial novels written by Sei ... cite web title trans title The Weathering Continent url http www.kadokawa.co.jp lnovel bk detail.php ... cite web title trans title The Weathering Continent url http www.kadokawa.co.jp lnovel bk detail.php ... The Weathering Continent series was also collected into five larger volumes and published on September 28, 2007. ref cite web title I trans title The Weathering Continent I url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 17 ref ref cite web title II trans title The Weathering Continent II url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 17 ref ref cite web title III trans title The Weathering Continent III url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 17 ref ref cite web title IV trans title The Weathering Continent IV url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 17 ref ref cite web title V trans title The Weathering Continent V url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 17 ref During the publication of The Weathering Continent , several related stories were issued The three volume nihongo Kaze no Tairiku Gaiden 1 lit. The Weathering Continent Side Story ref cite web title 1 trans title The Weathering Continent 1 url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 06 18 ref ref cite web title 2 trans title The Weathering Continent 2 url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 06 18 ref ref cite web title 3 trans title The Weathering Continent 3 url http www.kadokawa.co.jp ... 2011 06 18 ref the three volume nihongo Kaze no Tairiku Koori no Shima lit. The Weathering Continent Island of Ice ref cite web title 1 trans title The Weathering Continent Island of Ice ... more details
A Weathering Scale for the Ordinary Chondrites author1 Wlotzka first1 F. volume 28 year 1993 pages ... 1993 and Al Kathiri et al. ref cite journal doi 10.1111 j.1945 5100.2005.tb00185.x title Weathering of meteorites from Oman Correlation of chemical and mineralogical weathering proxies with14C terrestrial ... Group at the Johnson Space Center uses weathering categories A B , C and E to denote the alteration ... references See also Weathering Meteorite classification Category Meteorites ... more details
Space weathering is a blanket term used for a number of processes that act on any body exposed to the harsh ... , comets , and some of the moons of other planets incur many weathering processes collisions of galactic ... particles, and bombardment by different sizes of meteorites and micrometeorites . Space weathering ... planetary bodies. Therefore, it is critical to understand the effects of space weathering in order ... of space weathering s different components. History Much of our knowledge of the space weathering ... soil, as well as to garden or overturn it. The first products of space weathering that were ... . Space weathering also produces surface correlated products on individual soil grains, such as glass ... 11 pages 2331 2341 doi 10.1016 S0016 7037 97 00085 9 bibcode 1997GeCoA..61.2331K ref These weathering .... M. Keller L. P. title An experimental approach to understanding the optical effects of space weathering ... effects of space weathering are threefold as a surface matures it becomes darker the albedo ... E. M. last3 Rode first3 O. last4 Basu first4 A. year 1993 title Optical Effects of Space Weathering ... rims on individual grains. The darkening effects of space weathering are readily seen by studying ..., unweathered material, but over time those rays disappear as the weathering process darkens the material. Space weathering on asteroids Space weathering is also thought to occur on asteroids, ref For a thorough review of the current state of understanding of space weathering on Asteroids, see cite journal last Chapman first Clark R. year 2004 month May title Space Weathering of Asteroid Surfaces ... should be younger than the lunar surface . Therefore, space weathering should occur more slowly and to a lesser degree on the surfaces of asteroids. However, we do see evidence for asteroidal space weathering ... evidence of space weathering. Because Itokawa is so small 550 m diameter , the low gravity does not allow for the development of a mature regolith. However, it appears that weathering patinas ... more details
Attrition is a form of coastal or river erosion , when the bed load is eroded by itself and the bed. As rocks are transported downstream along a riverbed, the regular impacts between the grains themselves and between the grains and the bed cause them to be broken up into smaller fragments. This process also makes them rounder and smoother. Attrition can also occur in glaciated regions, where it is caused by the movement of ice with embedded boulders over surface sediments. Pebbles are more affected by attrition further upstream, as the rivers velocity tends to be higher, and therefore its competence ability to carry sediment is increased. This means that the load rubs against itself more and with more force when suspended in the river, thus increasing erosion by attrition, though there is a point after transport over a certain distance that pebbles reach a size that is relatively immune to further attrition. Grain size distribution of sediments produced by attrition will also be controlled by the lithology of the rock from which they are derived. The effects of attrition can be mistaken for the effects of Sorting sediment sorting , in which the grain size of sediments is affected by sediment transport mechanisms e.g. suspension v. bed load. This effects pebble beaches the most as the pebbles smash into each other and causes it to smooth. In most cases attrition is helpful on pebble beaches because it will make sure the pebbles do not cut people and harm others. Sources Strasbourg, Universite, Institut de Geographie, Laboratoire, Etudes de geomorphologie dynamique sur le Var inferieur , Geologische Rundschau, vol.43, no.2, pp.371 383, 1955 Bird, Eric C F, Lateral grading of beach sediments a commentary , Journal of Coastal Research, vol.12, no.3, pp.774 785, 1996 geomorph stub Category Sedimentology Category Erosion Category Weathering fa ... more details
Weathering nodules of ear is a cutaneous condition seen on the helices of the ears of Caucasian men who have a history of significant cumulative sun exposure. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages 1369 70 isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref ref http dermatology.jwatch.org cgi content citation 1997 201 5 ref See also Zirconium granuloma List of cutaneous conditions Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous condition stub Category Skin conditions resulting from physical factors ... more details
with solar radiation to significantly influence the weathering processes. All weather factors ... to observable or measurable physical changes. Other weather factors mainly promote weathering ... beam and diffuse sky radiation are important factors in the design and evaluation of weathering .... Moisture, in combination with solar radiation, contributes significantly to the weathering ... of wetness are more important in the weathering of materials than the total amount of precipitation ... effect results in an auto acceleration of the weathering process, and may partially account for the general non linearity of the weathering response to radiant exposure . In addition to the reactions ... automobile exhaust s is another source. Ozone plays a dual role in weathering. The concentrated ... et al, in Proceedings of the 3rd European Weathering Symposium, Reichert T ed. , CEEES Publication ... thought of as weathering factors. References reflist See also Photo oxidation of polymers Category ... more details
update date April 2012 ref improve date April 2012 Image YehliuTaiwan HoneycombWeathering.jpg thumb The surface pattern on this pedestal rock is honeycomb weathering, caused by salt crystallisation. This example is at Yehliu, Taiwan. Haloclasty is a type of weathering Physical mechanical weathering physical weathering caused by the growth of salt crystals . The process is first started when salinity saline water seeps into cracks and evaporates depositing salt crystals, when the rocks are then heated, the crystals will expand putting pressure on the surrounding rock which will over time splinter the stone into fragments. Salt crystallization may also take place when solutions decompose rocks for example, limestone and chalk to form salt solutions of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate, from which water evaporates to form their respective salt crystals. The salts which have proved most effective in disintegrating rocks are sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride. Some of these salts can expand up to three times or more in volume. It is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and therefore salt crystallization. It is also common along coasts. An example of salt weathering can be seen in the honeycombed stones in sea walls. References F.J.P.M. Kwaad 1970 . http home.tiscali.nl wr2777 Kwaad Salt.pdf Experiments of the granular disintegration of granite by salt action . Accessed October 12, 2007. Weathering Category Weathering eu Haloklastismo fr Haloclastie it Aloclastismo ... more details
File HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg thumb Heavy mineral concentrated in a beach sand near Chennai, India The ZTR index is a method of determining how weathering weathered , ref Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, pg. 460, ISBN 0 7167 2726 9 ref both weathering Chemical weathering chemically and Weathering Physical weathering mechanically , a sediment or a corresponding sedimentary rock is. The letters in ZTR stand for 3 common mineral s found in ultra weathered sediments zircon , tourmaline , and rutile . Other minerals that can be used along the ZTR index are garnet , magnetite , sphene , and other minerals from local provenance sources. The ZTR index is commonly high in beach or littoral zone depositional environment s due to the long transport distances from the source and the high energy of the environment. These minerals are found in abundance due to their high specific gravity and resistance to weathering. References references http jsedres.geoscienceworld.org cgi content abstract 32 3 440 Hubert, John F., A zircon tourmaline rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones, Journal of Sedimentary Research September 1962 v. 32 no. 3 p. 440 450 Category Petrology Category Sedimentology petrology stub ... more details
Dissolved load is the term for material, especially ion s from Weathering Chemical weathering chemical weathering , that are carried in solution by a stream . The dissolved load contributes to the total amount of material removed from a Drainage basin catchment . The amount of material carried as dissolved load is typically much smaller than the suspended load , though this is not always the case. Dissolved load comprises a significant portion of the total material flux out of a landscape, and its composition is important in regulating the chemistry and biology of the stream. See also Sediment Sediment transport Rouse number Bed load Suspended load Wash load References http walrus.wr.usgs.gov infobank programs html school moviepage 18.01.13.html USGS CMG InfoBank Suspended and Dissolved Loads DEFAULTSORT Dissolved Load Category Geology Category Hydrology geomorph stub ... more details
wiktionary detritus Detritus is a biological term used to describe dead or waste organic material. Detritus may also refer to Detritus geology , a geological term used to describe the particles of rock produced by weathering Detritus Discworld , a fictional character in the Discworld novels of Terry Pratchett Disambig de Detritus nl Detritus pl Detrytus sk Detrit uk ... more details
In sailing, lying ahull is a controversial method of weathering a storm, by downing all sails, battening the hatches and locking the tiller to leeward . Unlike heaving to , a sea anchor is not used, allowing the boat to drift freely, completely at the mercy of the storm. Sources http boats.com content boat articles.jsp?contentid 1284 sailing stub Category Nautical terms sv Ahull ... more details
The term terra rosa a misspelling of terra rossa , Italian language Italian for red soil can refer to Terra rosa soil , a red clay soil produced by the weathering of limestone Terra rosa colour , a red colour Terra Rosa band , a Japanese hard rock band Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The term subaerial literally under the air is mainly used in geology to describe events or structures that are located on the Earth s surface. This is to be contrasted with wiktionary submarine submarine events or structures those located beneath the surface of sea, or wiktionary subglacial subglacial ones those located beneath glacier glacial ice , such as ice sheet s. A subaerial eruption of a volcano is one that ejects material into the air. Subaerial weathering is weathering by rain, frost, rivers etc. Subaerial materials are materials at the surface of the planet exposed to the air. Citation needed date May 2007 The term may exclude those processes occurring in caves. geology stub Category Geology ... more details
familytree start style float right familytree ds ds Discontinuous br Series cs cs Continuous br Series tmph tmph High boxstyle border width 0 0 2px 0 familytree familytree ol cp ol Olivine cp Plagioclase br Calcium rich familytree familytree py py Pyroxene familytree familytree am am Amphibole familytree familytree bi np bi Biotite br Black Mica np Plagioclase br Sodium rich cr cr Relative br Weathering br potential boxstyle cr border 0 familytree v familytree or or Orthoclase familytree familytree mu mu Muscovite br White Mica familytree familytree qu qu Quartz familytree tmpl tmpl Low boxstyle border width 2px 0 0 0 familytree end File Iddingsite.JPG thumb left Olivine weathering to iddingsite within a Mantle geology mantle xenolith , a common reaction within the series The Goldich dissolution series is a way of predicting the relative stability or weathering rate of various mineral s on the Earth s surface. S. S. Goldich came up with the series in 1938 ref cite journal last Goldich first S. S. title A Study in Rock Weathering journal Journal of Geology year 1938 volume 46 pages 17 58 ref after studying soil profiles. He found that minerals that form at higher temperatures and pressures are less stable on the surface than minerals that form at lower temperatures and pressures. ref cite book last Prothero & Schwab first Donald R. & Fred title Sedimentary Geology year 1996 publisher W. H. Freeman isbn 0 7167 2726 9 pages 24 ref This pattern follows the same pattern of the Bowen s reaction series , with the minerals that are first to crystallize also the first the undergo chemical weathering . References references Category Petrology petrology stub ... more details
Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration . It is observed commonly in felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite , phonolite and trachyte pyroclastic rock s, as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air fall deposits and vent filling pyroclastic deposits sedimentary rock s, as sandstone and mudstone . Image Amotoki CaseHardening 1 Principle En.jpg right thumb 150px Principle of case hardening Weathering process Chemical weathering alters the minerals constituent of rock surface. Decomposition of mafic and opaque minerals releases ions and colloids of iron, magnesium, calcium and sulphur. Alteration of feldspar s and feldspathoid s releases silica colloid. These materials are reached and transported by surface water. The remnant materials are highly aluminous and siliceous. They could have certain mechanical firmness of own minerals, however no cohesion. Therefore, physical disintegration of the rock takes place to form the surface. In certain cases, the weathered surface obtains mechanical firmness higher than subsurface. The reached materials dissolved in the surface infiltrates in the weathered surface and cement the silica aluminous remnant materials. The surface induration by means of this process is named case hardening ref Dorn, R.L. 2004. Case hardening. In Goudie A.S. Ed. Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Loutledge, London, 118 119 ref . The physical .... Chemical weathering associated with tafoni at Papago Park, Central Arizona. Earth Surface Process ... syenite, alkaline syenite, phonolite, and trachyte, because of weathering vulnerability ... of the rock surface present at Gusev meteorite Crater. This phenomenon is attributed to the weathering ... ref Farmer, J.D. 2005. Case hardening of rocks on Mars evidence for water mediated weathering ... rocks, the weathering selectively affects certain minerals. Nepheline is very sensitive to weathering ... cleavage planes and the weathering advances easily up to the mineral core. Because of this phenomenon ... more details
steel roofing and walling products, which are constantly exposed to harmful weathering conditions. Typical result of polymer surface after weathering gallery Image Paintweatheringsample.JPG Figure ... Figure 1.2 Diagram showing paint pigments in a resin matrix. It can be seen that weathering ... weathering results of a sample of painted steel the paint on the steel is an example of a common ... of pigments produces the original brown colour. The upper diagram has had no weathering, and the surface is still smooth and undamaged. The lower diagram shows the painted surface after weathering ... testing There are 3 main testing techniques Natural Weathering, Accelerated Natural Weathering and Artificial Weathering. Because natural weathering can be a slow process, each of the techniques is a tradeoff between realistic weathering results and the duration of testing before results are collated. Natural weathering Image Bellambisamples.jpg thumb 250px A typical natural weather testing rack. This one is located in Bellambi, NSW , Australia Natural Weathering involves placing samples on inclined ... years before significant results are achieved. Accelerated natural weathering To speed up the weathering ... for this to accelerate weathering by a factor 5, in comparison to weathering in Florida. Citation ... years of weathering. A variety of environmental chamber s are also used in conjunction with industry Technical standard standards . Artificial weathering The weather testing process can be greatly accelerated through the use of specially designed weathering chambers. While this speeds up the time ... with those found in natural sunlight QUV Accelerated Weathering testing is a laboratory simulation ... industries. See also Polymer degradation Factors of polymer weathering Ultraviolet UV degradation ... of Paints on Steel ASTM G90 Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Nonmetallic ... Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Non metallic Materials Q.U.V Accelerated Weathering Tester ... more details
Exfoliation has several meanings Exfoliation botany describes the loss of leaves or, in some cases, pieces of bark from a plant. Exfoliation cosmetology , is a cosmetic technique aimed at removing dead skin cells from the face and body. Exfoliation dome , a granite dome, Exfoliation geology is a weathering process. Exfoliation material science is the process responsible for breaking up particle aggregates. disambig es Exfoliaci n ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In lithic analysis in archaeology the cortex is the outer layer of rock geology rock formed on the exterior of raw materials by chemical and mechanical weathering processes. It is often recorded on the Dorsum biology dorsal surface of flake s using a three class system primary 100 cortex , secondary 100 x 0 , and tertiary 0 . The amount of cortex present on artifacts in an archaeological assemblage may indicate the extent of lithic reduction that has occurred. DEFAULTSORT Cortex Archaeology Category Lithics Archaeology stub ... more details
A588 may refer to A588 road Great Britain , a road in the United Kingdom a type of Weathering steel the Chrysler Neon engine A588 Letter NumberCombDisambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
W0 may refer to Nominal day, ignoring the variation followed via the Equation of Time, a variable in the equations of Arthur Thomas Doodson a variable for a word in the PICAXE microcontroller Short Run Consumption Function, the initial endowed wealth level of a particular individual in the life cycle Income Hypothesis first step of the W0 W6 scale for the classification of meteorites by weathering Letter NumberCombDisambig fr W0 ... more details
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