Unreferenced date July 2009 File Fotometer.jpg thumb A photometer In its widest sense, a photometer is an instrument for measuring Light intensity disambiguation light intensity or optical properties of solutions or surfaces. Photometers are used to measure Illuminance Irradiance Absorption optics Light absorption Scattering Scattering of light Reflection of light Fluorescence Phosphorescence Luminescence History Before electronic light sensitive elements were developed, Photometry optics photometry was done by estimation by the eye. The relative luminous flux of a source was compared with a standard source. The photometer is placed such that the illuminance from the source being investigated is equal to that of the standard source as equal illuminance can be judged by the eye. The relative luminous fluxes can then be calculated as the illuminance decreases proportionally to the inverse square of distance. A standard example of such a photometer consists of a piece of paper with an oil spot on it that makes the paper there slightly more transparent. When the spot is not visible from either side, the illuminance from the two sides is equal. Principle of photometers Most photometers detect the light with photoresistor s, photodiode s or photomultiplier s. To analyze the light, the photometer ... exposure in photography . In modern camera s, the photometer is usually built in. As the illumination ..., a photometer was separate from the camera and known as an exposure meter . The advanced ... light reflectance photometry A reflectance photometer measures the reflectance of a surface as a function ... reliability and robustness, the photometer has become one of the principal instruments in biochemistry ... using Beer s law . Two types of photometers are used spectrophotometer and Filter optics filter photometer ... in this type of photometer is generated by a discharge lamp where the discharge takes place in a gas ... devices Category Photometry ar ca Fot metre d absorci cs Luxmetr de Photometer et Fotomeeter ... more details
File Keplerspacecraft FocalPlane cutout.svg thumb right Kepler s focal plane sensors File 329161main fullFFIHot300.png thumb right Kepler image with two points of interest outlined. celestial coordinates Celestial north is towards the lower left corner. The Kepler photometer is the main instrument on NASA s Kepler spacecraft Kepler spacecraft . It is a Schmidt telescope 95 cm clear aperture, 140 cm mirror with an array of 42 2200x1024 Charge coupled device CCDs in the focal plane each CCD is flat, but they are mounted on a curved structure to account for the curved focal plane. The CCDs are not abutting, so the focal plane is not entirely covered, but since the mission s goal is to observe a sample of stars, this doesn t matter. References Kepler Mission Photometer and Spacecraft http kepler.nasa.gov sci design spacecraft.html DEFAULTSORT Kepler Photometer Category Space telescopes Category Kepler spacecraft Category Telescope instruments Category Spacecraft instruments US spacecraft stub ... more details
File P ikese fotomeeter CIMEL 318A.jpg thumb Sun photometer CIMEL 318A in T ravere . A sun photometer is a type of photometer conceived in such a way that it points at the Sun . Recent sun photometers are automated instruments incorporating a Sun tracking unit, an appropriate optical system, a electromagnetic spectrum spectrally filtering device, a photodetector , and a data acquisition system . The measured quantity is called direct Sun radiance . When a sun photometer is placed somewhere within the atmosphere Earth s atmosphere , the measured radiance is not equal to the radiance emitted by the Sun i.e. the solar extraterrestrial radiance , because the solar flux is reduced by atmospheric absorption electromagnetic radiation absorption and scattering . Therefore, the measured radiant flux is due to a combination of what is emitted by the Sun and the effect of the atmosphere the link between these quantities is given by Beer s law . The atmospheric effect can be removed with Langley extrapolation this method therefore allows measuring the solar extraterrestrial radiance with ground based measurements. Once the extraterrestrial radiance is known, one can use the sun photometer for studying the atmosphere , and in particular for determining the atmospheric optical depth . Also, if the signal at two or more suitably selected electromagnetic spectrum spectral intervals is measured, one can use the information derived for calculating the vertically integrated concentration of selected atmospheric gases, such as water vapour , ozone , etc. References Glenn E. Shaw, Sun photometry , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64 , 4 10, 1983. Category Optical devices Category Electromagnetic radiation meters Optics stub de Sonnenphotometer lb Sonnephotometer zh ... more details
wiktionarypar wedgeWedge may refer to Mathematics Triangular prism , a parallel triangle wedgeWedge geometry , a polyhedral solid defined by two triangles and three trapezoid faces Wedge product , a mathematical term, named for the operator symbol used Wedge sum , in mathematics, a one point union ... by the math land math symbol Abstract concepts Wedge pattern , technical analysis financial chart patterns Wedge issue , in politics, a divisive issue used to split the support base of an opposing political group Wedge strategy , a Creationist political action plan In phonetics, a name for the International ... Wedge Game , in climatology, a concept developed to demonstrate that global warming is a problem ... Flying wedge , a troop formation Wedge hat A type of hat used by some military organizations Wedge The Secret War between the FBI and CIA , a book by Mark Riebling Natural phenomena Wedge tornado ... Wedge pressure, the blood pressure measured in a pulmonary artery Organisations Wedge Card , a social .... Wedge Community Co op , a cooperative grocery in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Wedge Records , a record label Wedge Group a British Galvanising Company People and characters Eric Wedge , manager of the Seattle Mariners Wedge Transformers , an Autobot, leader of the Build Team in the Transformers Robots in Disguise toy line Wedge Antilles , a character in the Star Wars films A recurring character in the Final Fantasy video game series see Biggs and Wedge Physical objects A foldback sound engineering wedge, or monitor wedge A name for a submarine sandwich in Westchester ... manufacturer TVR A shortening of Potato wedges wedge base , an electrical fitting for small light bulbs Wedge boots , a type of women s boot with a thick heel Wedge golf , a specialized type of club used at short ranges Wedge mechanical device , a simple machine used to separate two objects, or portions ... partially wedge shaped object used to arrest wheels and prevent their movement Places Wedge Island ... more details
seealso Wedge disambiguation The Wedge can refer to The Wedge Australian TV series The Wedge , an Australian television comedy series on Network Ten. The Wedge Canadian TV series The Wedge , a Canadian television series airing on MuchMusic. The Wedge surfing The Wedge , a surf spot located on the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach, California. The Wedge border The Wedge , part of the boundary between the states of Pennsylvania and Delaware in the United States. The Wedge, a popular nickname for the Lowry Hill East, Minneapolis Lowry Hill East neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Wedge Community Co op , located just outside of the Wedge neighborhood in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Wedge, the narrowest house in Britain, located on the island of Great Cumbrae off the North Ayrshire coast, Scotland which is just 47 inches wide at the front but 22ft wide at the rear ref http www.dailymail.co.uk news article 2011199 Worlds narrowest house Warsaw just 60 inches wide.html Daily Mail story of narrow houses appeared 4th July 2011 retrieved 4th July 2011 ref . The Wedge strategy , a political and social action plan for the promotion of Intelligent design . The Wedge Fugue is the popular name given to the organ music organ fugue from Prelude music Prelude and Fugue in E minor BWV 548 by Johann Sebastian Bach on account of the opening theme which starts with one note, then with two notes either side forming a minor third a small interval music interval and then gradually widening to an octave . The Wedge album , an album by the British neo prog band Pallas band Pallas The Wedge, a song by the jam band Phish . references disambig ... more details
Wedge Island may refer to Australia Wedge Island South Australia Wedge Island Tasmania Wedge Island Western Australia Canada Wedge Island Nova Scotia Wedge Island Nunavut geodis ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 orphan date November 2009 The tiny ionospheric photometer TIP is a small space based photometer that observes the Earth s ionosphere at 135.6 nm. The TIP instruments were designed and built by the US Naval Research Laboratory and are a part of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate COSMIC program. Although each TIP instrument is fairly simple in design and operation, the value of this instrument is that six of them are launched at once, and they will observe the earth simultaneously from three orbital planes spaced equally apart around the earth. The data of this instrument when combined with the data from the other COSMIC payloads will allow a 3D tomographic analysis of the Earth s ionosphere to be performed. Category Electromagnetic radiation meters Category Optical devices Optics stub ... more details
The High Speed Photometer HSP was a Measuring instrument scientific instrument installed on the Hubble Space Telescope . The HSP was designed to measure the brightness and polarity of rapidly varying celestial objects. It could observe in ultraviolet , visible light , and near infrared at a rate of one measurement per 10 microseconds . The design was novel in that despite being able to view through a variety of filters and apertures, it had no moving parts. The HSP was one of the instruments on Hubble at launch. Its primary mission was compromised by the optical problems with the telescope, although some projects were still successful. During the STS 61 first servicing mission , in December 1993, it was replaced by the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement COSTAR , which corrected the optical problem for the remaining instruments. Further reading citation title The Hubble Space Telescope s High Speed Photometer year 1999 journal Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific pages 364 volume 111 issue 757 doi 10.1086 316334 author Bless, R. C., et al. format url bibcode 1999PASP..111..364B External links http www.stsci.edu hst hsp HSP Information at STSCI http www.stsci.edu hst hsp documents ihb.html Instrument Handbook http www.sal.wisc.edu HSP HSP at the University of Wisconsin s Space Astronomy Laboratory Hubble Space Telescope Category Hubble Space Telescope Category Space science experiments Category Telescope instruments Category Spacecraft instruments physics stub hu High Speed Photometer th zh ... more details
A photoelectric flame photometer is a device used in Inorganic chemistry inorganic chemical Analytical chemistry analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions, among them sodium , potassium , lithium , and calcium . Group 1 and Group 2 metals are quite sensitive to Flame Photometry due to their low excitation energies. In principle, it is a controlled flame test with the intensity of the flame colour quantified by photoelectric circuitry. The intensity of the colour will depend on the energy that had been absorbed by the atoms that was sufficient to vaporise them. The sample is introduced to the flame at a constant rate. Filters select which colours the photometer detects and exclude the influence of other ions. Before use, the device requires calibration with a series of standard solutions of the ion to be tested. Flame photometry is crude but cheap compared to Emission spectroscopy flame emission spectroscopy , where the emitted light is analysed with a monochromator. Its status is similar to that of the Colorimeter chemistry colorimeter which uses filters compared to the Spectrophotometry spectrophotometer which uses a monochromator . It also has the range of metals that could be analysed and the limit of detection are also considered References pre http www.articlesbase.com science articles flame photometers and how they work 2640727.html pre Category Inorganic chemistry ca Fot metre de flama pl Fotometria p omieniowa ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A wedge filter is an Filter optics optical filter so constructed that its thickness varies continuously or in steps in the shape of a wedge. The filter is used to modify the Intensity physics intensity distribution in a radiation beam. DEFAULTSORT Wedge Filter Category Optical filters Optics stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2012 File Pink wedge heeled sandals.jpg thumb Wedged Heeled Sandals Wedge boots or wedgies are boots with a Sole shoe sole in the form of a wedge so that one piece of material, normally rubber , serves as both the sole and the heel . Wedge boots are more common for women and often have a sole that is much thicker at the back than the front, making it a high heel shoe or boot . Men s wedge boots, not normally called wedgies , usually have a low heel. These wedged boots became popular during the 1970s. Some forms of wedge boots, called platform shoes platform boots , have thick soles throughout. External links Category Boots Category 1970s fashion clothing stub ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 A gap wedge , also known as an approach wedge , is a wedge golf wedge used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a pitching wedge and lower and longer trajectory than a sand wedge . The name derives from the club s design to fill the gap between sand and pitching wedges. History Over time the loft angle on irons has been reduced for multiple reasons including improved designs and the desire to advertise longer ranges for clubs. This has affected long and short irons including the pitching wedge which is now pitched about the same as an 8 iron from the 1960s, generally about 48 degrees. However, sand wedge s did not because they must retain 54 58 degree loft necessary for bunker golf sand . It is now popular for golfers to carry a wedge in the 49 54 degree range to fill the gap these are typically referred to as a gap wedge. Design Gap wedges are loosely defined, but typically have the loft between that of a pitching wedge and sand wedge, between ... publisher For Dummies isbn 0 7645 6920 1 url http books.google.com books?id pvCXJEOMb7AC&dq 22Gap wedge ... 2011 page 38 ref but at the extremes there is redundancy with either the sand or pitching wedge. Most players look for a separation of 4 degrees between clubs. A frequent compromise gap wedge is 52 degrees. In the lower loft range, from 48 to 50 degrees, the gap wedge typically has little or no angle between the sole and the ground when the club is at rest that is, no bounce . This wedge is used primarily from the fairway and favors firm lies. It is often called an approach wedge and is sometimes ... degrees these typically have a higher bounce angle. These can be used as an approach wedge or a sand wedge, and are useful for popping the ball out of heavy rough. The bounce helps to prevent the club ... call it an all wedge and label it with A, creating confusion with the lower loft approach wedges ... its gap wedges with U for utility wedge . It is uncommon to find a gap wedge labeled with G . Adams ... more details
About the polyhedron defined by two triangles and three trapezoid faces the wardrobe malfunction Wedgie border 1 bgcolor ffffff cellpadding 5 align right style margin left 10px width 250 bgcolor e7dcc3 colspan 2 Wedge align center colspan 2 Image Geometric wedge.png 240px Square Pyramid bgcolor e7dcc3 Faces 2 triangle s, BR 3 quadrilateral s bgcolor e7dcc3 Edges 9 bgcolor e7dcc3 Vertices 6 bgcolor e7dcc3 Dual polyhedron ? bgcolor e7dcc3 Properties convex In solid geometry , a wedge is a polyhedron defined by two triangle s and three trapezoid faces. A wedge has five faces, nine edges, and six vertices. A wedge is a subclass of the prismatoid s with the base and opposite ridge in two parallel planes. A wedge can also be classified as a digon al Cupola geometry cupola . Wedges can be created from decomposition of other polyhedra. For instance, the dodecahedron can be divided into a central cube with 6 wedges covering the cube faces. The orientations of the wedges are such that the triangle and trapezoid faces can connect and form a regular pentagon . A triangular prism is a special case wedge with the two triangle faces being translationally congruent. Comparisons A wedge is a parallelepiped where a face has collapsed into a line. A quadrilaterally based pyramid is a wedge in which one of the edges between two trapezoid faces has collapsed into a point. For a rectangle based wedge, the volume is math V bh left frac a 3 frac c 6 right , math where the base rectangle is a by b , c is the Apex geometry apex edge length parallel to a , and h the height from the base rectangle to the apex edge. File Triangular prism wedge.png thumb Triangular prism BR Parallel triangle wedge References Harris, J. W., & Stocker, H. Wedge . 4.5.2 in Handbook of Mathematics and Computational Science . New York Springer, p. 102, 1998. ISBN 978 0 387 94746 4 External links MathWorld urlname Wedge title Wedge Category Polyhedra Category Prismatoid polyhedra pl Klin matematyka eo Kojno geometrio ... more details
The wedge pattern is a commonly found pattern in the price chart s of financially traded assets stocks , Bond finance bonds , Futures contract futures , etc. . The pattern is characterized by a contracting range in prices coupled with an upward trend in prices known as a rising wedge or a downward trend in prices known as a falling wedge . A wedge pattern is considered to be a temporary halt of primary trend. It is a type of formation in which trading activities are confined within converging straight lines which form a pattern. It should take about 3 to 4 weeks to complete the wedge. This pattern has a rising or falling slant pointing in the same direction. It differs from the triangle in the sense that both boundary lines either slope up or down. Price breaking out point creates another difference from the triangle. Falling and rising wedges are a small part of intermediate or major trend ... or primary Trend lines technical analysis trend resumes itself, the wedge pattern loses its effectiveness as a technical indicator. Falling wedge Image Falling wedge.jpg right thumb 200px Falling wedge The falling wedge pattern is characterized by a chart pattern which forms when the market makes ... and the resumption of the uptrend is in the making. In a falling wedge, both boundary lines slant ... of a falling wedge, they are more likely to move sideways and saucer out before they resume the basic trend. clear Rising wedge Image Rising wedge.jpg right thumb 200px Rising wedge The rising wedge ... of the downtrend is in the making. In a rising wedge, both boundary lines slant up from left to right ... is weakening at the higher price level. A rising wedge is more reliable when found in a bearish market. In a bullish trend what seems to be a Rising Wedge may actually be a Flag or a Pennant stepbrother of a wedge requiring about 4 weeks to complete. clear External links http stockchartpatterns.org ... charts charts7.asp Analyzing Chart Patterns The Wedge at investopedia.com technical analysis ... more details
File Spherical Wedge.svg thumb right 250px A spherical wedge with radius r and angle of the wedge In geometry , a spherical wedge or ungula is a portion of a ball mathematics ball bounded by two plane semidisk s and a Lune mathematics Spherical geometry spherical lune termed the wedge s base . The angle between the radii lying within the bounding semidisks is the Dihedral angle dihedral angle of the wedge . If AB is a semidisk that forms a ball when completely revolved about the z axis, revolving AB only through a given produces a spherical wedge of the same angle . ref cite book title Geometry, plane, solid, and spherical, in six books author P. Morton publisher Baldwin and Cradock year 1830 page 180 ref Beman 2008 ref cite book title New Plane and Solid Geometry page 338 author D. W. Beman publisher BiblioBazaar, LLC year 2008 isbn 0554447010 ref remarks that a spherical wedge is to the sphere of which it is a part as the angle of the wedge is to a perigon. ref a A A spherical wedge of radian s 180 is called a Sphere hemisphere , while a spherical wedge of 2 radians 360 constitutes a complete ball. The volume of a spherical wedge can be intuitively related to the AB definition in that while the volume of a ball of radius r is given by math tfrac 4 3 pi r 3 math , the volume a spherical wedge of the same radius r is given by ref name Hart math V frac alpha 2 pi cdot ... corresponding to the same wedge is given by Ref a A math A frac alpha 2 pi cdot 4 pi r 2 2 ... BiblioBazaar, LLC year 2009 isbn 1103118048 ref states that the volume of a spherical wedge is to the volume of the sphere as the number of degree angle degree s in the angle of the wedge is to 360 . ref a A Hence, and through derivation of the spherical wedge volume formula, it can be concluded ... wedge, math frac V w V s frac alpha 2 pi math Also, if S sub l sub is the surface area area of a given wedge s lune, and S sub s sub is the area of the wedge s sphere, ref cite book title Marks ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The inverted wedge is a military formation resembling a V or inverted triangle, and is sometimes known as a V formation . In the inverted wedge, two units advance abreast of each other, and a third unit follows behind and between the two, in reserve. It is roughly the reverse of the flying wedge formation. The inverted wedge is particularly effective for encirclement encircling an enemy force, village, or other strategic objective. The leading units envelop the objective to the right and left, while the remaining unit is free to search, attack, or support one or both of the leading units as the situation requires. Arguably the most famous use of the inverted wedge was by Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae , where he surrounded the numerically superior Roman force. The inverted wedge formation is used ceremonially by cadets at the United States Air Force Academy each year at the acceptance parade in the fall, when the new fourth class cadets freshmen join the Cadet Wing. The formation is reversed at the spring s graduation parade, when the soon to be commissioned first class cadets seniors leave the Cadet Wing in the flying wedge formation. DEFAULTSORT Inverted Wedge Category Tactical formations Mil stub ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 Charles Wedge was a surveying surveyor and explorer of the North West of Western Australia . He was the eldest son of Edward Davy Wedge and the nephew of John Helder Wedge , with whom he arrived, together with his cousin John Charles Darke in 1824 in Van Diemens Land . From 1826 he was an Assistant Surveyor with the Survey Department in Van Diemen s Land, resigning in 1836 to follow his uncle John Helder Wedge to the newly established settlement in the Port Phillip District . In Port Phillip Charles Wedge managed the Wedge s sheep station at Werribee, Victoria Werribee and then established a sheep station in the Western District, Victoria Western District of Victoria Australia Victoria . He was a member of the Denison Plains Association , a group of Victorians that made an unsuccessful bid to settle in the North West of Western Australia . Later under direction from the resident magistrate , Treverton Sholl, Wedge was given the task of exploring Port Hedland, Western Australia Port Hedland as an alternative port as though Roebourne, Western Australia Roebourne was chosen for a settlement the distance from the coast was found to be a disadvantage. Wedge encountered difficulties in his efforts, as he was hampered by heavy rain and the tidal creeks around Mangrove harbour and unable to get to the preposed port site to survey its suitability. Wedge reported Independent of the port being difficult to access from the landside, the want of a natural supply of water must always be a serious impediment. He also felt that the deep sand and lack of wood for building made the land very inferior. It is evident that his bad report meant that the development of Port Hedland was dropped until about 1891. The Port Hedland industrial suburb of Wedgefield is named in his honour. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Wedge, Charles ALTERNATIVE NAMES ... DEFAULTSORT Wedge, Charles Category Explorers of Australia Category Year of birth missing Category ... more details
Infobox mountain name The Wedge photo The Wedge aerial.jpg photo caption The Wedge Sept. 2006 elevation m 2665 elevation ref ref name peakfinder cite web url http www.peakfinder.com peakfinder.ASP?PeakName The Wedge title The Wedge author PeakFinder accessdate 2007 09 10 ref prominence m 686 prominence ref ref cite bivouac id 1454 name The Wedge accessdate 2009 01 02 ref location flag Alberta CAN range Fisher Range, Kananaskis Country coordinates coord 50.8491 N 115.1372 W type mountain region CA topo first ascent easiest route easy difficult scrambling scramble The Wedge is a mountain in Alberta , Canada . It is part of the Fisher Range of the Southern Continental Ranges of the Canadian Rockies . It is located east of Alberta Highway 40 Highway 40 just SE from the K Country golf course, immediately SE of wedge pond in Kananaskis Country . Scramble convert 1100 m ft 0 abbr on gain, mostly easy with a moderate section just above the tree line and a short difficult section on the ridge. The trail starts from the wedge pond parking lot. Either follow the shore counter clock wise until a trail takes off into the trees or follow the cutline south right from the gate to find a trail that soon joins the other and heads up the hill. It s a nice treed walk up convert 850 m ft 0 abbr on to the tree line. Once on the rocks the best route up is to keep to the right, beside the cliffs until you can get on top then it s an easy walk up to the false summit. From there a ridge walk leads to the true ... again. See also Mountains of Alberta Mountain peaks of Canada Gallery gallery Image Wedge Pond by VictorLLee.JPG View from Wedge Pond. Image The Wedge aerial2.jpg The wedge. Image Wedge Pond LookingNorth by VictorLLee.JPG Looking north from Wedge Pond. gallery References reflist External links Peakware. http www.peakware.com peaks.html?pk 2188 The Wedge Scrambling.ca. http www.scrambling.ca 2006 thewedge The Wedge Canadian Rockies state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Wedge, The Category Mountains of Alberta ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 for the Anglo Australian surveyor John Helder Wedge John Wedge 10 December 1744 19 March 1816 was an English agriculturalist. John Wedge was the son of Francis Wedge 1714 1784 and Elizabeth Knock 1713 1788 of Fernhill House , near Forton, Staffordshire Forton , Staffordshire , a prosperous farmer, and brother of Thomas Wedge of Chester and Charles Wedge of Shudy Camps . John Wedge established himself on the Church Farm, Bickenhill , in Warwickshire . He was agent to the Earl of Aylesford , whose seat at Packington House was close by, and a friend of Rev John Jaques clergyman John Jaques , the Rector of Bickenhill and Prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral , who left his estate to John Wedge. John Wedge was Churchwarden at Little Packington , one of the livings held by Rev Jaques. John Wedge owned various properties and prospered from agriculture, as well as taking up surveying he helped survey the Grand Canal of Ireland Grand Canal and he also owned a brass factory in Birmingham . His description of land drainage works on the Earl of Aylesford s estate at Bickenhill won the Silver Medal of the Society of Arts in 1792. In 1794 he wrote A General View of the Agriculture of the County of Warwick London, 1794 for the Board of Agriculture and Internal Improvement . On 23 May 1793 John Wedge married Sarah Bennett born September 1760 , the daughter of Thomas Bennett, solicitor of Coventry. Their second child, John Jaques Wedge 1795 1836 , was born February 1795 and was educated at St John s College, Cambridge St John s College , Cambridge University , and afterwards entered the Church of England, as did his son also called John Jaques Wedge 1821 1873 . John Wedge died 19 March 1816 and was buried in the graveyard of St Bartholomew s, Little Packington with his ... Persondata . NAME Wedge, John ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION English agriculturalist DATE ... Wedge, John Category 1744 births Category 1816 deaths Category Agriculturalists Category English farmers ... more details
Refimprove date June 2009 File Metal clubs.jpg thumb right 300px Some wedges In the sport of golf , a wedge ... and short shaft make the wedge family of clubs ideal for short shots. ref name gsts cite book last1 ... wedges and lob wedges. History The first golf wedge to be played was the pitching wedge, also ... wedge. ref name usgtf Citeweb url http www.usgtf.com articles three wedges.html last Moffatt first Jim title History of the Three Wedges accessdate 2009 05 04 ref The sand wedge was invented ... carrying it in his bag in 1932. Before his invention of the sand wedge, many golfers had ... of square grooves accelerated revenues from wedge sales as golfers rushed to acquire them before the ban took effect. Sales peaked in 2010 with a 23 revenue increase. Wedge prices inflated to a record ... John E, Gamble year 2011 ref Pitching wedge Main Pitching wedge A pitching wedge is a type of golf ... and longer trajectory than a gap wedge . Design and history Though technically a Iron golf Wedges wedge , pitching wedges are generally treated as if they were numbered Iron golf irons . This is for a number of reasons first, before the term wedge became common for high loft short irons, the pitching wedge was actually numbered as the 10 iron of a matched set, and to this day it follows the normal loft progression of the numbered irons. Also, even though it has been named a wedge, many matched iron sets for retail sale include the pitching wedge even when not including other wedges. Finally ... 2010 The pitching wedge, as a result, was delofted along with the numbered irons from a traditional ... wedge is a very versatile club. Being on the cusp between numbered irons and wedges, the pitching wedge ... , though most pitching wedges have very low bounce only 2 or 3 degrees as other wedges like gap wedge gap , or sand wedge s are more traditionally suited for play out of hazards or soft lies like high grass or soggy ground where high bounce is desired. Gap wedge Main Gap wedge A gap wedge or approach ... more details
unreferenced date November 2007 A pitching wedge is a Wedge golf wedge used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a 9 iron and a lower and longer trajectory than a gap wedge . Design history Though technically a Iron golf Wedges wedge , pitching wedges are generally treated as if they were numbered Iron golf irons . This is for a number of reasons first, before the term wedge became common for high loft short irons, the pitching wedge was actually numbered as the 10 iron of a matched set, and to this day it follows the normal loft progression of the numbered irons. Also, even though it has been named a wedge, many matched iron sets for retail sale include the pitching wedge even when not including other wedges. Finally, the loft of modern irons has been reduced compared to older designs. This is both to compensate for cavity back iron designs that launch the ball higher for a given loft, and to increase the distance carried by each club for the average golfer s clubhead speed. Professionals now also use similar designs, preserving the gap in hitting distance between the amateur golfer and the pro. As a result the loft of the pitching wedge decreased along with the numbered irons from a traditional loft of between 48 54 to between 45 50 , similar to that of an older 8 iron. Many pitching wedges have a loft close to 50 . Usage The pitching wedge is a very versatile club. Being on the cusp between numbered irons and wedges, the pitching wedge has generally accepted uses falling into either class. Used with a full swing similar to a short iron, a golfer can produce a high trajectory shot that carries between 80 130 yards depending on a variety of factors such as swing and club design , then bites with little or no roll after initial impact. Used with an abbreviated ... have very low bounce only 2 or 3 degrees as other wedges like gap wedge gap , or sand wedge s are more ... Pitching wedge ... more details
In topology , the wedge sum is a one point union of a family of topological space s. Specifically, if X and Y are pointed space s i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints x sub 0 sub and y sub 0 sub the wedge sum of X and Y is the quotient space quotient of the disjoint union topology disjoint union of X and Y by the identification x sub 0 sub y sub 0 sub math X vee Y X amalg Y sim, , math where is the equivalence closure of the relation x sub 0 sub , y sub 0 sub . More generally, suppose X sub i sub pad 0.1em sub i I sub is a indexed family family of pointed spaces with basepoints p sub i sub pad 0.1em . The wedge sum of the family is given by math bigvee i X i coprod i X i sim ... . In other words, the wedge sum is the joining of several spaces at a single point. This definition ... are homogeneous space homogeneous . The wedge sum is again a pointed space, and the binary operation is associative and commutative up to isomorphism . Sometimes the wedge sum is called the wedge product , but this is not the same concept as the exterior product , which is also often called the wedge product. Examples The wedge sum of two circles is homeomorphic to a figure eight space . The wedge sum of n circles is often called a bouquet of circles , while a wedge product of arbitrary spheres ... defined the wedge sum of two functions, which was possible because math f s 0 g s 0 x 0 math , which was the point that is equivalenced in the wedge sum of the underlying spaces. Categorical description The wedge sum can be understood as the coproduct in the category of pointed spaces . Alternatively, the wedge sum can be seen as the pushout category theory pushout of the diagram X Y in the category ... which the fundamental group of the wedge sum of two spaces X and Y is the free product of the fundamental ... Topology , Springer, 2004, p. 153. ISBN 0 387 96678 1 DEFAULTSORT Wedge Sum Category Topology Category Binary operations de Wedge Produkt Topologie eo Kojna sumo fr Bouquet math matiques ... more details
cleanup reorganize date June 2009 The wedge prism is a prism optics prism with a shallow angle between its input and output surfaces. Refraction at the surfaces causes the prism to deflect light by a fixed angle. When viewing a scene through such a prism, objects will appear to be offset by an amount that varies with their distance from the prism. Applications Beam steering A pair of wedge prisms, called a Risley prism pair, can be used for beam steering . Forestry Image WedgePrism IN Tree .jpg thumb below 300px Figure 1. View through 10 factor wedge prism of an IN tree. Image WedgePrism BorderlineTree .jpg thumb below 300px Figure 2. View through 10 factor wedge prism of a Borderline tree. Image WedgePrism Out Tree .jpg thumb below 300px Figure 3. View through 10 factor wedge prism of an OUT tree. The wedge prism is primarily used as an angle gauge in variable radius plot sampling. The wedge ... can be used with a target object calibrated to the desired size of the plot Wedge prisms used ... for establishing circular plots in the field Bot generated title ref In forestry, the wedge prism ... . Because the wedge prism refracts light to offset the object of interest ex. A tree , it can be used ... tree Figure 3 . Wedge prisms come in different factors 5, 10, 20 BAF and the factor of the prism ... area in the stand on a per acre basis. Wedge prisms can be difficult to use in wet conditions due to the effect water droplets have on the optical properties of the glass. Wedge prisms come in different colors such as clear or amber. The amber provides the same function as the clear wedge prism, only it reduces glare and is easier to use on overcast or cloudy days. Operating a wedge prism is one technique used in forestry today because, the wedge prism is simple, relatively inexpensive ... and by focusing on a tree, the refracted light will offset the trunk of the tree. The wedge prism is used ... to accompany the wedge prism in taking forest inventory are clinometer s, Biltmore stick s, relascope ... more details
unreferenced date November 2007 Image Golf Bunker shot 1.jpg thumb A golfer uses a sand wedge to hit the ball from a green side bunker golf bunker . An open faced club, sand wedge , or sand iron , is a wedge golf wedge primarily designed for use out of bunker golf sand bunkers . It has the widest sole of any wedge, which provides the greatest amount of bounce golf bounce , allowing the club head to glide through sand and avoid digging in. History Gene Sarazen began to win tournaments in 1935 with a new club he had invented that was specialized for sand play. He is hailed as the inventor of the sand wedge. However, history goes about 3 years further back than that. Spoon golf Spoon clubs offered varying degrees of loft and allowed players to scoop their ball out of sand traps and deep rough ... and R&A regulations, and many were banned. With the concave faced wedge having been outlawed in 1931, Sarazen designed his sand wedge with a straight face. Another modification that he made was to add ... grew. Design The modern sand wedge is often the heaviest iron in a player s bag, with most weighing ... most common , although that distinction now goes to the lob wedge , which often has a loft of 60 degrees ... , though in some sets the sand wedge has a longer shaft than the pitching wedge . Bounce The main ... more easily. A sand wedge however is designed with the sole of the club at an angle to the ground ... soft lies, but the sand wedge will typically have the highest amount of bounce of any club in a player ... in which the lob wedge has significantly higher bounce than the sand wedge. Usage As its name suggests, a sand wedge is used most often to extract the ball from a sand Bunker golf bunker . However ... typically hit a sand wedge between convert 80 100 yd 1 m . Tour players often use a lob wedge 60 wedge to get out of sand traps with controlled trajectory and lots of spin. Golf Clubs Category Golf equipment cs P se n wedge de Golfschl ger Sand Wedge lmo Sand wedge nl Sand wedge ja sv Sandwedge ... more details
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