High German languages High German iso5 gmw lingua 52 AB & 52 AC The WestGermaniclanguages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the GermaniclanguagesGermanic family of language ... the WestGermaniclanguages descend from a common ancestor later than Proto Germanic, that is, they doubt ..., the properties that the WestGermaniclanguages have in common separate from the North Germaniclanguages are not inherited from a Proto WestGermanic language, but rather spread by language ... been argued that, judging by their nearly identical syntax, the WestGermaniclanguages of the Old period ... , the WestGermaniclanguages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand ... shift distinguished the High German languages from the other WestGermaniclanguages. By early modern ... Swedish language Swedish legend 0000FF Danish language Danish WestGermaniclanguages legend D2691E ... of modern WestGermaniclanguages to each other, showing some closely related word forms, as descended from the Proto Germanic roots se e, hwa, and he, within the three main WestGermaniclanguages ... width 100 Comparison table of words derived from three roots in modern WestGermaniclanguages colspan ... Dutch colspan 3 German References reflist GermaniclanguagesGermanic philology Category WestGermanic ...Infobox language family name WestGermanic region Originally between the Rhine , Alps , Elbe , and North Sea today worldwide familycolor Indo European fam2 GermaniclanguagesGermanic child1 Anglo Frisian ... traditional branches of the Germaniclanguages are the North Germaniclanguages North and East Germaniclanguages . History Origins and characteristics File WestGermaniclanguages simplified .png thumb 400px right Simplified diagram of the modern WestGermaniclanguages The Germaniclanguages are traditionally divided into three groups West, East Germanic language East and North Germanic language North Germanic. ref name Hawkins cite book last Hawkins first John A. chapter Germaniclanguages ... more details
Germanic child1 North Germaniclanguages North Germanic child2 WestGermaniclanguagesWestGermanic child3 East Germaniclanguages East Germanic small extinct small iso2 gem iso5 gem lingua 52 phylozone ... Low Saxon and Yiddish . ref native speakers respectively. They belong to the WestGermanic family. The WestGermanic group also includes other major languages, such as Dutch language Dutch with 23 ... of their earliest attestation, the Germanic varieties are divided into three groups WestGermaniclanguagesWest , East Germaniclanguages East , and North Germaniclanguages North Germanic. Their exact ... 0000FF Danish language Danish WestGermaniclanguages legend D2691E Scots language Scots legend ... the early Middle Ages, the WestGermaniclanguages were separated by the insular development of Middle ... dialect groups All living Germaniclanguages belong either to the WestGermanic or to the North Germanic ... English and all its English languages variants , while Continental WestGermanic includes German ... Dutch Standard Dutch standard register and Dutch dialects dialects . WestGermaniclanguages High ... loss of final z Germanic umlaut The following innovations are common to the WestGermaniclanguages ... innovations are common to the Ingvaeonic subgroup of the WestGermaniclanguages The so ... is an official but not primary language Indo European topics The Germaniclanguages constitute a sub ... of the languages in this branch is called Proto Germanic also known as Common Germanic , which was spoken ... BC, to settle in north central Europe. The most widely spoken Germaniclanguages are English language ... date accessdate 2010 08 28 ref . The North Germaniclanguages include Norwegian language Norwegian , Danish ... The SIL International SIL Ethnologue lists 53 different Germaniclanguages. Characteristics Germaniclanguages possess several unique features, such as the following Large number of vowels. Germanic ... in almost all Germaniclanguages The sound change known as Verner s Law , which left a trace of Indo ... more details
Subclass PF WestGermaniclanguages is a classification used by the Library of Congress Classification system under Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes subclass PF, which covers the WestGermaniclanguages except the English languages classified under Library of Congress Classification Class P, subclass PE English language PE and Yiddish language Yiddish classified under Library of Congress Classification Class P, subclass PJ Oriental philology and literature PJ . Contents PF1 5999....... WestGermaniclanguagesWestGermanic 1 979......... Dutch language Dutch 1001 1184..... Flemish 1401 1541..... Frisian languages Frisian 3001 5999..... German language German 3801 3991.... Old High German 3992 4010.... Old Saxon language Old Saxon 4043 4350.... Middle High German 4501 4596.... Early Modern German 5000 5951.... German dialects Dialects . Provincialism, etc. 5971 5999....Slang. Argot, etc. Sources http www.loc.gov catdir cpso lcco lcco.html Library of Congress Classification Outline Category Library of Congress Classification P PF ... more details
Yola North Germanic main North Germaniclanguages Proto Norse language Proto Norse Old Norse West ...The Germanic language s include some 58 SIL International SIL estimate languages and dialects that originated in Europe this language family is a part of the List of Indo European languages Indo European language family . Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. The standard division of Germanic is into three branches, East Germaniclanguages North GermaniclanguagesWestGermaniclanguages The all descend from Proto Germanic , and ultimately from Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European . denotes extinct languages. WestGermanic main WestGermaniclanguages Continental WestGermanic see German language Dutch language German dialects Dutch dialects High German languages Old High German Upper German High Franconian East Franconian German Main Franconian ... , Italy M cheno language M cheno Cimbrian language Cimbrian Central German languagesWest ... Low Saxon languages Low Saxon , Dutch language Dutch , Polish language Polish , and Scots language Scots Low German Low German languages Old Saxon West Low German Low Saxon Northern Low Saxon East Frisian ... influx of vocabulary from other languages North Sea Germanic Anglo Frisian languages Anglo Frisian Old Frisian Frisian languages Frisian Stadsfries language West Frisian language spoken in the Netherlands ... Modern Gutnish Alternate classification of contemporary North Germaniclanguages Insular Scandinavian ... Danish Norwegian language Norwegian Swedish language Swedish East Germanic East Germaniclanguages ... show family.asp?subid 90067 Germanic language tree References Reflist GermaniclanguagesGermanic philology Category Germaniclanguages Category Lists of Indo European languagesGermanic ... language Yiddish with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew language Hebrew and other languages ... Mennonite Low German, used also in many other countries Low Franconian languages Old Frankish Old ... more details
The North Germaniclanguages or Scandinavian languages , the languages of Scandinavia ns, make up one of the three branches of the Germaniclanguages , a sub family of the Indo European languages , along with the WestGermaniclanguages and the extinct East Germaniclanguages . The language group ... The Germaniclanguages are traditionally divided into three groups WestGermaniclanguagesWest , East Germaniclanguages East and North Germanic. ref name Hawkins cite book last Hawkins first John A. chapter Germaniclanguages pages 68 76 editor Bernard Comrie title The World s Major Languages ... this view, the properties that the WestGermaniclanguages have in common separate from the North Germaniclanguages are not inherited from a Proto WestGermanic language, but rather spread by language ... language Swedish legend 0000FF Danish language Danish WestGermaniclanguages legend D2691E Scots ... than the WestGermanicLanguages do. These lexical, grammatical, and morphological similarities can ... European fam2 GermaniclanguagesGermanic protoname Proto Norse language Proto Norse child1 Icelandic ... Germaniclanguages br Continental Scandinavian languages legend 6262ff Danish legend 0000ff Norwegian ... heritage. The term North Germaniclanguages is used in genetic linguistics , ref Gordon, Raymond ..., Germanic, North . Ethnologue Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Texas SIL International ... . Languages belonging to the North Germanic language tree are, to some extent, spoken on Greenland ... branch is attested through Runic inscriptions. Features shared with WestGermanic The North Germanic ... innovations shared with WestGermanic The retraction of Proto Germanic IPA , also written ... North WestGermanic j raN North Germanic ra Old Norse r , and WestGermanic j ra Old High German ... lowered to IPA . Proto Germanic geb gift , IPA e North WestGermanic gebu North Germanic gjavu by u umlaut gj vu Old Norse gj f , and WestGermanic gebu Old English giefu . In Gothic ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Germanic tribes 750BC 1AD The WestGermanic tribes were Germanic peoples who spoke the branch of Germaniclanguages known as WestGermaniclanguages . They appear to be derived from the Jastorf culture , a Pre Roman Iron Age offshoot of the Nordic Bronze Age culture. The WestGermanic tribes expanded southwards to the Rhine and later down to the Alps and west into Great Britain . Groups Istvaeones Saxons Jutes Angles Thuringians Alamanni Suebi Franks Sicambri Salian Franks Salii Chamavi Bructeri Chatti Chattuarii Ampsivarii Tencteri Ubii Batavians Batavi Frisii Cimbri Batavi Germanic tribe Batavi Chatti Thuringii Hermunduri Ingaevones See also Portal Ancient Germanic culture North Germanic tribes East Germanic tribes DEFAULTSORT WestGermanic Tribes Category Ancient Germanic peoples Ethno stub es Pueblos germ nicos occidentales it Popoli germanici occidentali nl West Germaanse volkeren pt Tribos germ nicas ocidentais ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 WestGermanic gemination is a sound change that took place in all WestGermaniclanguages , around 300 AD. All single consonants except IPA r original or from earlier IPA z were gemination geminated doubled before IPA j . The second element of the diphthongs iu and au was still underlyingly IPA w at this time and therefore was still considered a consonant, so it was geminated as well. Similar changes occurred in the history of Old Norse , but was much more limited, applying only to IPA k and IPA . The change affected only words with a short root vowel followed by a single consonant, as those with long vowels or with more than one consonant following the root vowel never contained IPA j after the ending consonant IPA j had already been lengthened to IPA ij in these words through a rule known as Sievers law . Following the gemination, all word stems that ended in IPA j except those ending in r were now Syllable weight heavy . This set the stage for the later loss of IPA j following heavy syllables in the individual WestGermaniclanguages. This change particularly affected the infinitives of the first conjugation of Germanic weak verb weak verbs , which ended in IPA i j n , and also the short stemmed ja n and j n stem nouns and adjectives. By historical times c. 800 900 AD , all of the WestGermaniclanguages except Old Saxon had dropped the IPA j in these words, but not before it IPA j had triggered Germanic umlaut i Mutation , as well as palatalization in Old English language Old English and Old Frisian . Examples class wikitable Proto Germanic Gothic language Gothic Old Norse language Old Norse Old High German Old Saxon Old English language Old English hugjanaN hugjan hyggja huggen huggian hycgan to think gemination also ... no gemination of r from z Germanic philology DEFAULTSORT WestGermanic Gemination Category WestGermaniclanguages Category Language histories Category History of German Category History of Dutch Category ... more details
Wiktionary GermanicgermanicGermanic may refer to The Germaniclanguages , descended from Proto Germanic . The Germanic peoples List of Germanic peoples List of confederations of Germanic tribes German people Germanic mythology disambiguation SS Germanic 1875 S S Germanic 1875 , a White Star Line steamship See also Portal Ancient Germanic culture Gothic disambiguation Germania disambiguation Germanus disambiguation Germany Germanicia Caesarea disambig de Germanisch nds nl Germoans no Germansk ... more details
see also West Trans New Guinea languages Infobox language family name West Papuan region Maluku and West Papua Indonesian province West Papua familycolor Papuan fam1 Extended West Papuan languages Extended West Papuan ? child1 ? Amberbaken language Amberbaken child2 ? Hattam language Hattam child3 Halmahera languages Halmahera child4 West Bird s Head languagesWest Bird s Head child5 ? Abun language Abun child6 ? Maybrat languages Maybrat The West Papuan languages are a hypothetical language family of about two dozen Papuan languages of the Bird s Head Peninsula Vogelkop or Doberai Peninsula of far ... proposal that the West Papuan languages form one of three branches of an extended West Papuan family ... Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani family as a third branch. West Papuan proper is distinguished ... as families on the order of the Germaniclanguages , stocks on the order of the Indo European languages , and phyla on the order of the Afroasiatic languages . West Papuan is a phylum in this terminology ... 1 clade 1 West Bird s Head languagesWest Bird s Head 2 clade 1 Abun language Abun 2 Mai Brat ... 209 issn 0078 9135 oclc 2729642 Refend See also Internal links Papuan languagesWest Trans New Guinea ... West Papuan language families DEFAULTSORT West Papuan Languages Category Proposed language families Category Languages of Indonesia Category West Papuan languages Category Languages of western New Guinea ... known West Papuan language is Ternate language Ternate 50 000 native speakers , which is a regional lingua franca and which, along with Tidore language Tidore , were the languages of the rival ... Wilhelm Schmidt first linked the Bird s Head and Halmahera languages in 1900. In 1957 HKL Cowan linked them to the non Austronesian languages of Timor as well. Stephen Wurm believed that although traces of West Papuan languages were to be found in the languages of Timor, as well as those of Aru Islands Aru and Great Andaman , this was due to a substratum and that these languages should be classified ... more details
Subclass PD Germaniclanguages is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system under Library of Congress Classification Class P Language and Literature Class P Language and Literature . This article describes subclass PD. Contents PD 1 7159........ GermaniclanguagesGermanic 1 777........General 1001 1350....Old Germanic Dialects 1101 1211... Gothic language Gothic 1501 7159.... North Germanic language North Germanic , Scandinavian language Scandinavian 2201 2392... Old Norse language Old Norse . Old Icelandic language Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian 2401 2489.... Icelandic language Modern Icelandic 2483 2489...Old Norse dialects 2501 2999.... Norwegian language Norwegian 3001 3929.... Danish language Danish 5001 5929.... Swedish language Swedish 6000 7159....Scandinavian dialects, Modern Sources http www.loc.gov catdir cpso lcco lcco.html Library of Congress Classification Outline Category Library of Congress Classification P PD ... more details
see also Bomberai languages Infobox language family name West Bomberai altname region West New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea ? fam2 West Trans New Guinea languagesWest Trans New Guinea ? sil 1080 16 The West Bomberai languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea. Two of the languages are closely related the third is more distant and was only recently added to the family. Karas language Karas isolate West Bomberai proper Baham language Baham , Iha language Iha Category Trans New Guinea languages Category Languages of Indonesia pa lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name West Fijian Rotuman region Fiji and Rotuma familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Pacific languages Central Pacific fam5 West Fijian Polynesian child1 Rotuman language Rotuman child2 West Fijian languagesWest Fijian sil 1155 16 West Fijian Rotuman languages are a language group that includes the West Fijian languages and the Rotuman language . Components Rotuman language Rotuman West Fijian languages Namosi Naitasiri Serua language Namosi Naitasiri Serua Western Fijian language Western Fijian DEFAULTSORT West Fijian Rotuman Languages Category Languages of Fiji Fiji stub Au lang stub es Lenguas rotuman fiyiano occidentales fr Langues fidjiennes occidentales et rotumanne mk ... more details
Infobox language family name West Barito altname region south Borneo , Madagascar familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Barito languages Barito The West Barito languages are a group of half a dozen Dayak languages Dayak Austronesian languages Austronesian languages of Borneo . They are named after the Barito River . The languages are, North Kohin language Kohin , Dohoi language Dohoi Ot Danum , Siang language Siang South Bakumpai language Bakumpai , Ngaju language Ngaju Category Barito languages au lang stub fr Langues barito occidentales hr Zapadnobaritski jezici mk ... more details
Infobox language family name West Bird s Head region Papua Indonesian province Papua familycolor Papuan fam1 West Papuan West Bird s Head languages are a small family of poorly known Papuan languages spoken on the Bird s Head Peninsula of New Guinea. Languages Tehit language Tehit Kaibus , the most populous, with 10,000 speakers Kalabra language Kalabra , close to Tehit Moi Bird s Head language Moi Moraid language Moraid Seget language Seget Kuwani language Kuwani Kuwani is attested only from a single word list, but is clearly distinct. ref Language , 1979, 55 899 ref References refs Category Languages of western New Guinea Category West Papuan languages ... more details
Infobox language family name West Semitic region Middle East and East Africa familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Semitic languages Semitic child1 Central Semitic languages Central Semitic child2 South Semitic languages South Semitic The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub grouping of Semitic languages . One widely accepted analysis, supported by semiticist s like Robert Hetzron and John Huehnergard , divides the Semitic language family into two branches East Semitic languages Eastern and Western. The former consists of the extinct language extinct Eblaite language Eblaite and Akkadian language Akkadian languages, the latter of the majority of Semitic languages. It consists of the clearly defined sub groups Ethiopic languages Ethiopic , South Arabian languages South Arabian , Arabic language Arabic and Northwest Semitic languages Northwest Semitic this including Hebrew language Hebrew , Aramaic language Aramaic and Ugaritic language Ugaritic . The first two, Ethiopic and South Arabian, show particular common features, and are often grouped together as South Semitic languages South Semitic . The correct classification of Arabic with respect to other Semitic languages is debated. In older classifications, it is grouped with the South Semitic languages. However, Hetzron and Huehnergard connect it more closely with the Northwest Semitic languages, to form Central Semitic languages Central Semitic . Some semiticists continue to argue for the older classification based on the distinctive feature of broken plural s. Some linguists argue that Eteocypriot was a West Semitic language spoken in ancient Cyprus . References Unreferenced date December 2006 Semitic languages Category Semitic languages AfroAsiatic lang stub ar an Luengas semiticas occidentals de Westsemitische Sprachen es Lenguas sem ticas occidentales lv Rietumsem tu valodas mk pt L nguas sem ticas ocidentais ta th ... more details
Infobox language family name West Barkly region Barkly Tableland , Australia familycolor Australian fam1 Mirndi languages Mirndi child1 Jingulu language Jingulu child2 Ngarnka language Ngarnka child3 Wambaya language Wambaya map Australian languages.png mapcaption legend 6666ff West Barkly at SE of inset The West Barkly or simply Barkly languages are a branch of the Mirndi languages spoken around in the Barkly Tableland of Northern Territory , Australia . The branch consists of three languages Jingulu language Jingulu , and Ngarnka language Ngarnka and Wambaya language Wambaya . The last two languages form yet another branch themselves, called Eastern Mirndi . ref cite journal last Green first Ian authorlink Ian Green year 1995 title The death of prefixing contact induced typological change in northern Australia journal http linguistics.berkeley.edu bls Berkeley Linguistics Society volume 21 pages 414 425 ref References reflist Category West Barkly languages ia lang stub pl J zyki Zachodniej Barkly ru sv V stliga Barklyspr k ... more details
Ross Pronouns Refend Category Proposed language families Category Languages of Indonesia Category West Papuan languages Category Western New Guinea Category Papuan languages ...Infobox language family name Extended West Papuan region Papua Province and Halmahera , Indonesia familycolor Papuan family a possible primary family of Papuan languages child1 ? West Papuan languagesWest Papuan child2 ? Yawa languages Yawa child3 nowrap ? East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani The Extended West Papuan language family is a tentative proposal in Malcolm Ross s classification of Papuan languages . It includes the West Papuan languages of the Indonesia n island of Halmahera and the Bird s Head Peninsula of far western New Guinea the Yawa languages Yawa language isolate or small family on Yapen Yapen Island in Cenderawasih Bay Cenderawasih Geelvink Bay , Indonesian New Guinea previously placed in the hypothetical Geelvink Bay languages Geelvink Bay family , and a newly proposed East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani family scattered across northern Indonesian New Guinea. The Extended West Papuan languages are defined by common grammatical person first person pronouns da or di for the singular I , and m for the inclusive and exclusive we exclusive we , which are found in all branches of the three constituent families except for the Amberbaken isolate within West Papuan proper. The families linked by these various proposals are thus, West Papuan languagesWest Papuan Yawa languages Yawa East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani Pronouns The pronominal evidence connecting these families is at least as strong as the evidence for classifying Borai Hattam as West Papuan. The relevant pronouns are I , thou , and we inclusive and exclusive we exclusive . class wikitable family I thou we West Papuan da, di na, ni, a mam, mi EBH Sentani da, di ba wa, bi meme, me Yava rei wein imama etc. All have forms in d for I ... more details
Infobox language family name West Timor region Indonesia familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian MP fam3 Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages Nuclear MP fam4 Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Central Eastern MP ? fam5 Timor Babar languages Timor Babar fam6 Nuclear Timor ? child1 Atoni child2 Roti The West Timor languages are a group of Timor languages spoken in the western half of Timor and on the Roti Islands. There are branches Atoni Uab Meto Baikeno , Amarasi language Amarasi Roti Bilba language Bilba , Dengka language Dengka , Lole language Lole , Ringgou language Ringgou , Dela Oenale language Dela Oenale , Termanu language Termanu , Tii language Tii A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref found full support for the unity between Atoni and Roti. These were then linked to exclusively to the languages of eastern Timor, in a Nuclear Timor family, with about 75 confidence. References Reflist Category Languages of Indonesia Category Central Malayo Polynesian languages au lang stub ... more details
studies References reflist Slavic languages commons category West Slavic languages DEFAULTSORT West Slavic Languages Category West Slavic languages ie lang stub af Wes Slawiese tale ast Eslavu ...Infobox language family name West Slavic map Slavic europe.svg mapcaption legend 7cdc87 Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language region Eastern Europe familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic fam3 Slavic languages Slavic child1 Czech Slovak languages Czech Slovak child2 Lechitic languages Lechitic child3 Sorbian languages Sorbian iso5 zlw The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic languages Slavic language group that includes Czech language Czech , Polish language Polish , Slovak language Slovak , Kashubian language Kashubian and Sorbian language Sorbian . File Zapadoslovanske.jpg thumb Groups and dialects Classification Indo European languages Indo European Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic Slavic languages Slavic West Slavic Czech Slovak languages Czech language Czech Knaanic language Knaanic Judaeo Czech Slovak language Slovak Lechitic languages Lechitic Polish language Polish Pomeranian language Pomeranian Kashubian language Kashubian Slovincian language Slovincian Polabian language Polabian Silesian language Silesian Sorbian languages Sorbian Upper Sorbian language Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian language Lower Sorbian Distinctive features Some distinctive features of the West Slavic languages, as from when they split from the East Slavic languages East Slavic and South Slavic languages South Slavic branches around the 3rd to 6th centuries AD, are as follows ref Zenon Klemensiewicz, Historia j zyka polskiego , 7th edition, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN, Warsaw 1999. ISBN 83 01 12760 0 ref development of proto Slavic tj , dj into palatalized ts , d z , as in modern Polish Czech noc night compare Russian retention ... mk nl West Slavische talen ja oc Lengas eslavas de l o st ps ... more details
is a Castilian dialect in the ISO codes. See also Iberian Romance languages Iberian languages DEFAULTSORT West Iberian Languages Category West Iberian languages Ie lang stub es Grupo Ibero Occidental ... of these languages independence of Portugal since the early 12th century, though briefly interrupted ... , who privileged Castilian over the other Iberian languages , Spanish Castilian and Portuguese have tended to overtake and to a large extent absorb their sister languages, while they kept diverging ... is to state that Portuguese and Galician are separate languages, as Asturian, Leonese, and Mirandese ... nl West Iberische talen no Vestiberiske spr k pt L nguas ibero ocidentais ... more details
Infobox language family name West Himalayish altname Kanauric, Almora region Himachal Pradesh , India familycolor Sino Tibetan fam2 Tibeto Burman languages Tibeto Burman fam3 Tibeto Kanauri languages Tibeto Kanauri The West Himalayish languages , also known as Almora and Kanauric , are a family of Tibeto Burman languages centered on Kanauri language Kanauri , in Himachal Pradesh and across the border into Nepal . The languages include Kanauri Pattani language Pattani Manchad , Tinan language Tinan , Gahri language Gahri Bunan , Kanashi language Kanashi , Kinnauri language Kinnauri Sunam language Sunam , Jangshung language Jangshung , Kaike language Kaike , Bhoti Kinnauri language Bhoti Kinnauri , Chitkuli Kinnauri language Chitkuli Kinnauri , Shumcho language Shumcho , Tukpa language Tukpa Almora Ranglo Darma language Darma , Chaudangsi language Chaudangsi , Byangsi language Byangsi , Rangas language Rangkas extinct early 20th c. ? Rangpo language Rangpo Ethnologue also lists Rawat language Rawat Janggali , which it says is similar to Raji Raute and Rangpo. One West Himalayish language, Zhangzhung language Zhangzhung , the sacred language of the Bon religion , was spoken north of the Himalayas across western Tibet before being replaced by Tibetan. Depending on what is considered a dialect, other Kanauri languages may be recognized, such as Sunam language Sunam . References George van Driem 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. Category Bodish languages st lang stub br Yezho himalayek ar c horn g de Westhimalayische Sprachen lt Vakar Himalaj kalbos mk pt L nguas himalaias ocidentais zh ... more details
Infobox language family name West Chadic region Nigeria , Niger familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Chadic languages Chadic child1 Hausa child2 Bole Angas child3 Bade Warji child4 Barawa map West Chadic Languages.jpg mapcaption West Chadic per Newman 1977 The West Chadic languages of the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref They include Hausa language Hausa , the most populous Chadic language and the major language of West Africa. Languages The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format. ref Blench, 2006. http rogerblench.info Language Afroasiatic General AALIST.pdf The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification and Reference List ms ref Hausa A.1 Hausa language Hausa , Gwandara language Gwandara Bole Angas Bole Bole Tangale A.2 North Bole proper Bure language Bure , Karekare language Karekare , Bole language Bole , Gera language Gera , Geruma language Geruma , Deno language Deno , Galambu language Galambu , Giiwo language Giiwo , Kubi language Kubi , Ngamo language Ngamo , Maaka language Maaka Maagha , eele language eele , Dazawa language Daza Dazawa , Pali language Chadic Pali ref Presumably of the Bole Tangale group reported by Rudolf Leger Blench 2006 ref South ... & Hoskison 1972 from Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is unclassified within West Chadic. ref Blench, 2006. http rogerblench.info Language Afroasiatic General AALIST.pdf The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification ... West Chadic resources at africanlanguages.org http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 2021 16 Ethnologue family tree for West Chadic languages Category Chadic languages Category West Chadic languages Category Languages of Nigeria AfroAsiatic lang stub bn br Yezho tchadek ... nl West Tsjadische talen pl J zyki zachodnioczadyjskie pt L nguas tch dicas ocidentais ... more details
Infobox journal title Journal of West African Languages cover editor Keir Hansford br Ngessimo Mutaka discipline Linguistics language English, French abbreviation J. West. Afr. Lang. publisher West African Linguistic Society country frequency Biannually history 1964 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 844072 LCCN 64009419 CODEN ISSN 0022 5401 eISSN The Journal of West African Languages is a peer review peer reviewed academic journal dedicated to the study of Languages of Africa West African languages . It is the official publication of the West African Linguistic Society . History The journal was established in 1964 and up to volume 8 published by Cambridge University Press . It was subsequently taken over by the West African Linguistic Society. Editing and production were initially undertaken at the University of Ibadan , but production was later transferred to the SIL International Summer Institute of Linguistics beginning with volume 12. The journal is published in volumes of two issues per year May and November , in print form only. The current editor in chief is Keir Hansford SIL International . Indexing and abstracting The journal is abstracted and indexed in Abstracts in Anthropology , International Bibliography of the Social Sciences , Linguistic Bibliography , Linguistics Abstracts , Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts , Modern Language Association MLA International Bibliography , and Scopus . External links Official http www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org http coral.lili.uni bielefeld.de WALS Information West African Linguistic Society Category Linguistics journals Category Publications established in 1964 Category Multilingual journals Category Biannual journals ... more details
South Germanic is a term used for a number of proposed groupings of the Germanic tribes or Germaniclanguages ... are found As a straightforward synonym for WestGermanic . This usage is particularly found in the study of Germanic mythology and Germanic culture culture , where it covers English and German sources in contrast to those from Scandinavia, which are termed North Germanic . The East Germanic tribes are generally ... for example, Stefan Sonderegger . As a term in Ernst Schwarz s theory of the GermaniclanguagesGermanic dialects. He divides Germanic into a North Germanic and a South Germanic or Continental Germanic group, with the Scandinavian languages and Gothic in the former. A feature of his grouping is the intermediate position of two other groups, Elbe Germanic and Ingvaeonic North Sea Germanic Anglo Frisian and Old Saxon , with the latter viewed floating being initially part of North Germanic ... did not form any sort of larger WestGermanic grouping. The German term Binnengermanisch Inland Germanic is also used in a similar sense to contrast the coastal WestGermanic dialects with the rest, though it does not imply that they are not all part of WestGermanic . Footnotes references References ... and separation of the Germaniclanguages in Frans Van Coetsem F. van Coetsem & H.L. Kufner eds. , Toward ... Press, 1966 H.F. Nielsen, The GermanicLanguages. Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations ... 1979 See also South Germanic mythology Category Germaniclanguages ..., use instead the terms Northeast Germanic and Southwest Germanic . Nowadays the five linguistic ... North Germanic , North Sea Germanic , Rhine Weser Germanic , Elbe Germanic and East Germanic , all ... to replace the late 19th century North West East model that tended to overemphasize splits and to obscure ... 641 642 ref As a synonym for High German languages High German . This usage seems to be exclusive to Hutterer, who groups North Sea Germanic separately from the Weser Rhine Germanic and Elbe Germanic ... more details
Northwest Germanic is a proposed grouping of the GermaniclanguagesGermanic dialects, representing the current consensus among Germanic historical linguists. It does not challenge the late 19th century tri partite division of the Germanic dialects into North Germanic , WestGermanic and East Germanic , but proposes additionally that North and WestGermanic remained as a subgroup after the southward migration of the East Germanic tribes, only splitting into North and WestGermanic later. Whether ... and the Elbe Germanic tribes had settled in Southern Germany. This grouping was proposed by Hugo Kuhn as an alternative to the older view of a Gotho Nordic versus WestGermanic division. This older ... morphology , word formation and lexis in North and WestGermanic, though in fact there is considerable ... than the other Germaniclanguages, with the exception of a few runes runic inscription s. This means that direct comparisons between Gothic and the other Germaniclanguages are not necessarily good ... verbs in North and WestGermanic, while Gothic uses reduplication e.g. Gothic haihait ON, OE h t , preterite ... the early Germaniclanguages, given their close geographic position over a long period of time. Under ... a later similar relationship between remaining North and WestGermanic groups, once the Gothic migration ... Linguistics Mouton, 2002 H.L. Kufner, The grouping and separation of the Germaniclanguages ... 86 1955 , 1 47. H.F. Nielsen, The GermanicLanguages. Origins and Early Dialectal Interrelations University ... Germaniclanguages Category Hypotheses ... groups to be distinguishable North Germanic in Southern Scandinavia excluding Jutland North Sea Germanic along the middle Rhine and Jutland Rhine Weser Germanic Elbe Germanic and East Germanic ref Britannica 15th edition 22 642 ref . The Northwest Germanic theory challenges these proposals, since it is strongly tied to runic inscriptions dated from AD 200 onwards. The evidence for Northwest Germanic ... more details
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