Infobox language family name WestSemitic region Middle East and East Africa familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic child1 Central Semiticlanguages Central Semitic child2 South Semiticlanguages South Semitic The WestSemiticlanguages are a proposed major sub grouping of Semiticlanguages . One widely accepted analysis, supported by semiticist s like Robert Hetzron and John Huehnergard , divides the Semitic language family into two branches East Semiticlanguages Eastern and Western. The former consists of the extinct language extinct Eblaite language Eblaite and Akkadian language Akkadian languages, the latter of the majority of Semiticlanguages. It consists of the clearly defined sub groups Ethiopic languages Ethiopic , South Arabian languages South Arabian , Arabic language Arabic and Northwest Semiticlanguages Northwest Semitic this including Hebrew language Hebrew , Aramaic language Aramaic and Ugaritic language Ugaritic . The first two, Ethiopic and South Arabian, show particular common features, and are often grouped together as South Semiticlanguages South Semitic . The correct classification of Arabic with respect to other Semiticlanguages is debated. In older classifications, it is grouped with the South Semiticlanguages. However, Hetzron and Huehnergard connect it more closely with the Northwest Semiticlanguages, to form Central Semiticlanguages Central Semitic . Some semiticists continue to argue for the older classification based on the distinctive feature of broken plural s. Some linguists argue that Eteocypriot was a WestSemitic language spoken in ancient Cyprus . References Unreferenced date December 2006 Semiticlanguages Category Semiticlanguages AfroAsiatic lang stub ar an Luengas semiticas occidentals de Westsemitische Sprachen es Lenguas sem ticas occidentales lv Rietumsem tu valodas mk pt L nguas sem ticas ocidentais ta th ... more details
millennium BC , East Semiticlanguages dominated in Mesopotamia, while WestSemiticlanguages ... languages East Semitic extinct child2 Central Semiticlanguages Central Semitic child3 South Semitic ... letter in Akkadian language Akkadian , found in Amarna . The Semiticlanguages are a group of related ... languages Afroasiatic language family. The most widely spoken Semiticlanguages today are Arabic ... tir ref and Aramaic about 2.2 million . Semiticlanguages are attested in written form from a very ... cuneiform script cuneiform . However, most scripts used to write Semiticlanguages are abjad s a type ... because the consonants in the Semiticlanguages are the primary carriers of meaning. Among them ... South Arabian alphabets. The Ge ez alphabet , used for writing the Semiticlanguages of Ethiopia and Eritrea ... script and the only official Semitic language of the European Union . The Semiticlanguages are well ... ez Ethiopia & Eritrea The Semitic family is a member of the larger Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic ... the latter possibility and identifies an origin of Semiticlanguages in the Levant around 3,750 ..., Assefa S, Mulligan CJ. 2009 . Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semiticlanguages identifies an Early ... by approximately the 4th millennium BC , from which Semitic daughter languages continued to spread ... to the spread of an invention first used to capture the sounds of Semiticlanguages the alphabet ... of a WestSemitic language although earlier testimonies are possibly preserved in Middle Bronze ... Ge ez texts beginning in this era give the first direct record of Ethiopian Semiticlanguages ... ass n brought Arabization to Mauritania . Meanwhile, Semiticlanguages were diversifying in Ethiopia ..., replacing languages both Semitic such as Gafat language Gafat and non Semitic such as Weyto ... East, other Semiticlanguages still exist. Hebrew , long extinct as a colloquial language and in use ... Semiticlanguages number of Semiticlanguages the most widely spoken are Amharic in Ethiopia ... more details
language extinct . They stand apart from other Semiticlanguages, traditionally called WestSemitic ... features of WestSemiticlanguages for example, Akkadian language Akk. b l master Proto Semitic language PS. ba al . Also, East Semiticlanguages do not possess a series of three back fricative ...Infobox language family name East Semitic region formerly Mesopotamia familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic child1 Akkadian language Akkadian child2 Eblaite language Eblaite The East Semiticlanguages are one of six fairly uncontroversial divisions of the Semiticlanguages , the others being Northwest Semiticlanguages Northwest Semitic , Arabic languages Arabian , Old South Arabian languages Old South Arabian also known as Sayhadic , Modern South Arabian languages Modern South Arabian , and Ethiopic languages Ethiopic . The East Semitic group is attested by two distinct languages ... of East Semiticlanguages wandered further east, settling in Mesopotamia during the 3rd millennium ... of the 2nd millennium BC second millennium BCE , East Semiticlanguages, in particular Akkadian language Akkadian , had come to dominate the region. They were influenced by the non Semitic Sumerian language and adopted cuneiform writing. Modern understanding of the phonology of East Semiticlanguages ... Semiticlanguages for example, Akkadian language Akk. ekallu palace temple Proto Semitic language PS ... languages rather than their real absence. The word order in East Semitic may also have been influenced by Sumerian, being subject object verb rather than the WestSemitic verb subject object order. References Huehnergard, J. 1995. SemiticLanguages. Pp. 2117 2134 in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East . Jack Sasson editor . New York. Semiticlanguages DEFAULTSORT East SemiticLanguages Category East Semiticlanguages Category Semiticlanguages ar an Luengas semiticas ... reconstructed Proto Semitic language Proto Semitic . Most striking is the loss of the glottal stop ... more details
Infobox language family name South Ethiopian Semitic region Ethiopia familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic fam3 South Semiticlanguages South Semitic fam4 Western fam5 Ethiopian Semiticlanguages Ethiopian Semitic child1 Outer child2 Transversal South Ethiopian Semitic is a group of group of Semiticlanguages of Ethiopia that include Amharic and the Gurage languages . Languages Transversal Amharic Argobba languages Amharic Argobba Amharic language Amharic national language of Ethiopia Argobba language Argobba Harari East Gurage Harari language Harari East Gurage languages East Gurage Selti language Selti Silt e dialects Ulbare language Ulbare , Wolane language Wolane , Inneqor language Inneqor Zway language Zway Zay Outer n group Gafat language Gafat extinct Soddo language Soddo Kistane Goggot language Goggot tt group Mesmes language Mesmes extinct sometimes considered Inor Muher language Muher West Gurage languagesWest Gurage Masqan language Masqan Mesqan Sebat Bet Sebat Bet Gurage language Sebat Bet Gurage dialects Chaha language Chaha , Ezha language Ezha , Gumer language Gumer , Gura language Gura Inor language Inor dialects Ennemor Inor proper , Endegegn, Gyeto External links Category South Semiticlanguages Category Languages of Ethiopia AfroAsiatic lang stub Ethiopia stub br Yezho etiopek ar su de S d thiosemitische Sprachen hr Ju noetiopski jezici ... more details
Infobox language family name Central Semitic region Middle East and North Africa familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic child1 Northwest Semiticlanguages Northwest Semitic child2 Arabic languages Arabic The Central Semiticlanguages are a proposed intermediate group of Semiticlanguages , comprising Arabic language Arabic and Northwest Semiticlanguages which include Aramaic language Aramaic , Ugaritic language Ugaritic , and the Canaanite languages of Hebrew language Hebrew and Phoenician language Phoenician . Different classification systems disagree on the precise structure of the group. The most common approach divides it into Arabic and Northwest Semitic, while SIL Ethnologue has South Central Semitic including Arabic and Hebrew vs. Aramaic. The main distinction between Arabic and the Northwest Semiticlanguages is the presence of broken plural s in the former. The majority of Arabic masculine non human nouns form plurals in this manner called inanimate plural , whereas almost all nouns in the Northwest Semiticlanguages form their plurals with a Affix suffix . For example, the Arabic bayt house becomes buy t houses the Hebrew bayit house becomes batt m houses . See also Northwest Semiticlanguages Arabic language Aramaic language Hebrew language Ugaritic language Semiticlanguages Proto Semitic language References cite book author Sabatino Moscati title An Introduction to Comparative Grammar of SemiticLanguages Phonology and Morphology publisher Harrassowitz Verlag year 1980 isbn 3 447 00689 7 Semiticlanguages Category Central Semiticlanguages Category Semiticlanguages AfroAsiatic lang stub ar an Luengas semiticas centrals es Lenguas sem ticas centrales hr Centralnosemitski jezici lv Centr l s sem tu valodas ms Bahasa bahasa Semitik Tengah pt L nguas sem ticas centrais sh Centralnosemitski jezici ta th ... more details
familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic fam3 Central Semiticlanguages Central Semitic ... Canaanite languages Canaanite The Northwest Semiticlanguages form a medium level division of the SemiticlanguagesSemitic language family . The languages of this group are spoken by approximately ... language Aramaic . Semiticists group the Northwest Semiticlanguages together with Arabic language Arabic to form the larger Central Semiticlanguages Central Semitic group. ref http multitree.linguistlist.org ... Rubin, Aaron D. 2007. The Subgrouping of the SemiticLanguages, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol ... Cambridge, pp. 138 159 . br Faber, Alice. 1997. Genetic Subgrouping of the SemiticLanguages, The SemiticLanguages Routledge, pp. 3 15 br Huehnergard, John. 1991. Remarks on the Classification of the Northwest SemiticLanguages, The Balaam Text from Deir Alla Re evaluated Brill, pp. 282 293 ... Studies 32 1 19. br Goldenberg, Gideon. 1977. The SemiticLanguages of Ethiopia and Their Classification ... language SemiticLanguages Proto Semitic language Notes references Bibliography Blau, J. 1968. Some ... of the WestSemitic Peoples, JCS 15 27 47. Gelb, I. J. 1963. A Study of Writing . 2nd edition .... Ginsberg, H. L. 1970. The Northwest SemiticLanguages, in The World History of the Jewish People ... 34. Hoftijzer, J. and Jongeling, K. 1995. Dictionary of the North WestSemitic inscriptions . 2 volumes ... of the Northwest SemiticLanguages, in The Balaam Text from Deir Alla Re evaluated proceedings .... The Classification of North WestSemitic Dialects of the Biblical Period and Some Implications ..., ed. 1969. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the SemiticLanguages Phonology and Morphology ... of the Alphabet An Introduction to WestSemitic Epigraphy and Palaeography . 2nd edition. Jerusalem Magnes. Especially sections on WestSemitic. Parker, Simon B. 1997. Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions ... Oxford University Press. Chaim Menachem Rabin Rabin, C. 1971. SemiticLanguages, Encyclopaedia ... more details
Infobox language family name South Semitic region Yemen , Oman , Ethiopia , Eritrea familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic child1 Eastern Modern South Arabian languages Modern South Arabian child2 Western Old South Arabian , Ethiopian Semiticlanguages Ethiopian South Semitic is a commonly accepted branch of the Semiticlanguages . Semitic itself is a branch of the larger Afro Asiatic ... . Southern Arabian languages have withered at the expense of the more dominant Arabic also a Semitic .... The homeland of the South Semiticlanguages is widely debated, but is believed to have been Northern ... of South Semitic Ethiopian languages and Ge ez abugida Ethiopic script in Africa is believed ... defenders. ref Kitchen, Andrew, Christopher Ehret, et al. 2009. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semiticlanguages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. Proceedings of the Royal ... languages Old South Arabian extinct, formerly believed to be the linguistic ancestors of modern South Arabian Semiticlanguages, now classified as Eastern South Semitic Ethiopic languages Ethiopic Ethio Semitic, Ethiopian Semitic Eastern Modern South Arabian languages Modern South Arabian . These languages ... show family.asp?subid 90980 Ethnologue entry for South SemiticlanguagesSemiticlanguages Category South Semiticlanguages Category Semiticlanguages ar br Yezho semitek ... . South Semitic is divided into two uncontroversial branches South Arabian , on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula , and Ethiopian Semiticlanguages Ethiopian Semitic , found across the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa , mainly in modern Ethiopia and Eritrea . The Ethiopian Semiticlanguages have by far the greatest numbers of modern native speakers. Eritrea s main languages are mainly Tigrinya and Tigre language Tigre which are North Ethiopic languages while Amharic South Ethiopic is the main ... Down Afrasian , Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19 34 ref suggesting that Semitic may have ... more details
Infobox language family name Ethiopian Semitic region Ethiopia , Eritrea familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 SemiticlanguagesSemitic fam3 South Semitic fam4 Western child1 North Ethiopian Semiticlanguages North Ethiopian Semitic child2 South Ethiopian Semiticlanguages South Ethiopian Semitic Ethiopian Semitic also known as Ethiopian, Ethiosemitic, Ethiopic, or Afro Semitic is a language group, which together with Old South Arabian forms the Western branch of the South Semiticlanguages. The languages are spoken in both Ethiopia and Eritrea . Some linguists have begun calling this group Afro Semitic to avoid the exclusive focus on Ethiopia, but its use is not widespread. While focused on Semiticlanguages as the only branch of the broader Afroasiatic languages that has its distribution outside Africa, a recent study proposed through the use of Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques that contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago , and that this single introduction of Ethiosemitic underwent Rapid Diversification within Ethiopia and Eritrea. ref name Semitic Bayesian http rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org content 276 1668 2703.abstract Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semiticlanguages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. ref North Ethiopic Ge ez language Ge ez Ethiopic extinct, liturgical use in Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox Churches and by the Beta Israel . Tigrinya and maybe Tigre descend from Ge ez Tigrinya language Tigrinya Tigre language Tigre Dahlik language Dahlik newly discovered South Ethiopian Semiticlanguages South Ethiopic Amharic and Gurage References Reflist Semiticlanguages expanded Western South Category Ethiopian Semiticlanguages Category Western South Semiticlanguages Category Languages of Ethiopia Category Languages of Eritrea AfroAsiatic lang stub br Yezho etiopek ca Lleng es eti piques de thiosemitische ... more details
Indo Semitic is a theory that relates Indo European languages Indo European and SemiticlanguagesSemitic ... European . Several phases in the development of the Indo Semitic hypothesis can be distinguished. 1 In a first phase, a few scholars in the 19th century argued that the Indo European languages were related to the Semiticlanguages . The first to do so was Johann Christoph Adelung in his work ... M ller argued that the Semiticlanguages were related to a large group of African languages, which he termed Hamitic . This implied a larger grouping, Indo European Hamito Semitic. However, the concept .... In 1950, Joseph Greenberg showed that the Hamitic grouping needed to be split up, with only some of the languages it concerned groupable with Semitic. He named this greatly modified grouping Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic . In principle, then, Indo European Hamito Semitic was replaced by Indo European .... The term Indo Semitic was first used by Graziadio Isaia Ascoli Graziadio Ascoli Cuny 1943 1 , a leading ... time. In German the term indogermanisch semitisch , Indo Germanic Semitic , has often been used as by Delitzsch ... in 1836. A succinct history of the Indo Semitic hypothesis is provided by Alan S. Kaye 1985 887 in a review ... Indo European and Semitic goes back some 125 years to Rudolf von Raumer R. von Raumer sup 1 sup but it was Graziadio .... Scholars waited for a systematic study of IE Semitic vocabulary until 1873, when Friedrich ... this was followed in 1881 by James Frederick McCurdy J. McCurdy s Aryo Semitic Speech . Carl Abel C. Abel s 400 page dictionary of Egyptian Semitic IE roots appeared in 1884. Work by 20th century linguists who have investigated the problem more thoroughly with Afro Asiatic and or Semitic data include .... According to Carleton T. Hodge 1998 318 , a leading specialist of Afroasiatic languages Afroasiatic , The positing of a genetic connection between Indo European and Semitic goes back at least as far as Richard Lepsius 1836 . The arguments presented for a relationship between Indo European and Semitic ... more details
For the subgroup of Niger Congo languages Atlantic languages The Atlantic languages of SemiticlanguagesSemitic or Semitidic paraphyletic para Semitic origin are a disputed concept in historical linguistics put forward by Theo Vennemann . The theory has found no notable acceptance in academic circles, and is criticised as being based on sparse and often misinterpreted data. Theory and lines of argumentation According to Vennemann, Afroasiatic seafarers settled the European Atlantic coast and are to be associated with the European Megalithic Culture . They left a superstratum in the Germanic languages and a substratum in the development of Insular Celtic . He claims that Atlantic Semitic or Semitidic speakers founded coastal colonies beginning in the fifth millennium BC. Thus Atlantic influenced the lexicon and structure of Germanic and the structure of Insular Celtic. According to Vennemann, migrating Indo European speakers encountered non IE speakers in northern Europe who had already ... derive from languages related to the Mediterranean Hamito Semitic group. Vennemann bases his theory on the claim that Germanic languages Germanic Germanic substrate hypothesis words without cognates in other Indo European languages very often belong to semantic fields that are typical for loanword s from a superstratum language, such as warfare, law and communal life. Likewise, he proposes Semitic ... language Akkadian weri um copper . Other evidences he adduces for a Semitic superstratum are a Semitic ... in Insular Celtic compared to other IE languages, together with lexical correspondences. Another important ... Vennemann lays out his arguments for the existence of a Semitic or Semitidic superstratum in the Germanic languages. He concludes that Vennemann s arguments are unacceptable on several grounds. He notes ... in reference to Semitic range from objectionable to ridiculous . In summary, Sheynin concludes that Vennemann ... substratum hypothesis References Alfred Bammesberger, Theo Vennemann Languages in prehistoric Europe ... more details
The Professor of Hebrew and SemiticLanguages is a position at the University of Glasgow . It was established in 1709 by Queen Anne of Great Britain as the Chair of Oriental Languages . The title was changed in 1893. Professors of Oriental Languages Professors of Hebrew and SemiticLanguages Charles Morthland MA 1709 Alexander Dublop MA LLD 1745 William Rouet MA 1751 George Muirhead MA 1753 John Anderson MA 1755 James Buchanan MA 1757 Patick Cumin MA LLD 1761 Robert Trail MA DD 1761 Gavin Gibb MA LLD 1820 William Fleming MA DD 1831 George Gray DD 1839 Duncan Harkness Weir MA DD 1850 James Robertson MA DD 1877 William Barron Stevenson MA DLitt LLD DD 1907 Cecil James Mullo Weir MA DPhil DD 1937 John McDonald MA BD PhD STM 1968 1987 References Who, What and Where The History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow . Compiled by Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond See also List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow Category Glasgow Professorships Hebrew and SemiticLanguages Category Professorships in Languages Hebrew Category 1709 establishments in Scotland ... more details
Semitic peoples infobox pp semi indef small yes Image Semitic languages.svg thumb 250px Map showing the distribution of Semiticlanguages In linguistics and ethnology , Semitic from the Bible Biblical ... Middle East ern origin, now called the Semiticlanguages . This family includes the ancient ... analysis identifying an origin for Semiticlanguages in the Levant around 5,750 Before Present ... languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East. Proc Biol Sci. 276 1668 ... macro family of languages. Identification of the hypothetical proto Semitic region of origin is therefore ... languages around the 1st century AD The following is a list of ancient and modern Semitic peoples ... 9th to 1st c. BC Sheba ns Iram of the Pillars Ubarites Magan ites Ethiopian Semiticlanguages Ethio ... Aksum Ethiopia Languages main Semiticlanguages File SemiticMuseumHarvard.jpg thumb right The Harvard ... from though not identical to Biblical usage. In a linguistic context the Semiticlanguages are a subgroup ... languages far beyond their numbers of contemporary first language speakers, a few Semiticlanguages ... list of Semiticlanguages arranged by subfamily, see list from SIL s http www.ethnologue.com 15 show family.asp?subid 89998 Ethnologue . Geography Semitic peoples and their languages, in both ... inscriptions from Petra modern Jordan south into Arabia. Later historical Semiticlanguages also spread ... Aramaic is still spoken in parts of southern and northern Iraq . Semiticlanguages and are also ... by at least 10 million Ethiopian Orthodox Christians . Semiticlanguages today are also spoken ... Semiticlanguages. These peoples were often considered to be a distinct Race classification of human ... and other mixed groups. See also Hamitic Japhetic Proto Semitic Antisemitism Afroasiatic languages ... of any of various ancient and modern Semitic speaking peoples originating in southwestern Asia ... , Syriacs , Mhallami , Amalekites and Ethiopian Semites. It was proposed at first to refer to the languages ... more details
see also Bomberai languages Infobox language family name West Bomberai altname region West New Guinea familycolor Papuan fam1 Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea ? fam2 West Trans New Guinea languagesWest Trans New Guinea ? sil 1080 16 The West Bomberai languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea. Two of the languages are closely related the third is more distant and was only recently added to the family. Karas language Karas isolate West Bomberai proper Baham language Baham , Iha language Iha Category Trans New Guinea languages Category Languages of Indonesia pa lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name West Fijian Rotuman region Fiji and Rotuma familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Pacific languages Central Pacific fam5 West Fijian Polynesian child1 Rotuman language Rotuman child2 West Fijian languagesWest Fijian sil 1155 16 West Fijian Rotuman languages are a language group that includes the West Fijian languages and the Rotuman language . Components Rotuman language Rotuman West Fijian languages Namosi Naitasiri Serua language Namosi Naitasiri Serua Western Fijian language Western Fijian DEFAULTSORT West Fijian Rotuman Languages Category Languages of Fiji Fiji stub Au lang stub es Lenguas rotuman fiyiano occidentales fr Langues fidjiennes occidentales et rotumanne mk ... more details
Infobox language family name West Barito altname region south Borneo , Madagascar familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Barito languages Barito The West Barito languages are a group of half a dozen Dayak languages Dayak Austronesian languages Austronesian languages of Borneo . They are named after the Barito River . The languages are, North Kohin language Kohin , Dohoi language Dohoi Ot Danum , Siang language Siang South Bakumpai language Bakumpai , Ngaju language Ngaju Category Barito languages au lang stub fr Langues barito occidentales hr Zapadnobaritski jezici mk ... more details
Infobox language family name West Bird s Head region Papua Indonesian province Papua familycolor Papuan fam1 West Papuan West Bird s Head languages are a small family of poorly known Papuan languages spoken on the Bird s Head Peninsula of New Guinea. Languages Tehit language Tehit Kaibus , the most populous, with 10,000 speakers Kalabra language Kalabra , close to Tehit Moi Bird s Head language Moi Moraid language Moraid Seget language Seget Kuwani language Kuwani Kuwani is attested only from a single word list, but is clearly distinct. ref Language , 1979, 55 899 ref References refs Category Languages of western New Guinea Category West Papuan languages ... more details
see also West Trans New Guinea languages Infobox language family name West Papuan region Maluku and West Papua Indonesian province West Papua familycolor Papuan fam1 Extended West Papuan languages Extended West Papuan ? child1 ? Amberbaken language Amberbaken child2 ? Hattam language Hattam child3 Halmahera languages Halmahera child4 West Bird s Head languagesWest Bird s Head child5 ? Abun language Abun child6 ? Maybrat languages Maybrat The West Papuan languages are a hypothetical language family of about two dozen Papuan languages of the Bird s Head Peninsula Vogelkop or Doberai Peninsula of far ... proposal that the West Papuan languages form one of three branches of an extended West Papuan family ... Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani family as a third branch. West Papuan proper is distinguished ... languages , and phyla on the order of the Afroasiatic languages . West Papuan is a phylum in this terminology ... 1 clade 1 West Bird s Head languagesWest Bird s Head 2 clade 1 Abun language Abun 2 Mai Brat ... 209 issn 0078 9135 oclc 2729642 Refend See also Internal links Papuan languagesWest Trans New Guinea ... West Papuan language families DEFAULTSORT West Papuan Languages Category Proposed language families Category Languages of Indonesia Category West Papuan languages Category Languages of western New Guinea ... known West Papuan language is Ternate language Ternate 50 000 native speakers , which is a regional lingua franca and which, along with Tidore language Tidore , were the languages of the rival ... Wilhelm Schmidt first linked the Bird s Head and Halmahera languages in 1900. In 1957 HKL Cowan linked them to the non Austronesian languages of Timor as well. Stephen Wurm believed that although traces of West Papuan languages were to be found in the languages of Timor, as well as those of Aru Islands Aru and Great Andaman , this was due to a substratum and that these languages should be classified as Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea , Austronesian languages Austronesian , and Andamanese ... more details
Infobox language family name West Barkly region Barkly Tableland , Australia familycolor Australian fam1 Mirndi languages Mirndi child1 Jingulu language Jingulu child2 Ngarnka language Ngarnka child3 Wambaya language Wambaya map Australian languages.png mapcaption legend 6666ff West Barkly at SE of inset The West Barkly or simply Barkly languages are a branch of the Mirndi languages spoken around in the Barkly Tableland of Northern Territory , Australia . The branch consists of three languages Jingulu language Jingulu , and Ngarnka language Ngarnka and Wambaya language Wambaya . The last two languages form yet another branch themselves, called Eastern Mirndi . ref cite journal last Green first Ian authorlink Ian Green year 1995 title The death of prefixing contact induced typological change in northern Australia journal http linguistics.berkeley.edu bls Berkeley Linguistics Society volume 21 pages 414 425 ref References reflist Category West Barkly languages ia lang stub pl J zyki Zachodniej Barkly ru sv V stliga Barklyspr k ... more details
Ross Pronouns Refend Category Proposed language families Category Languages of Indonesia Category West Papuan languages Category Western New Guinea Category Papuan languages ...Infobox language family name Extended West Papuan region Papua Province and Halmahera , Indonesia familycolor Papuan family a possible primary family of Papuan languages child1 ? West Papuan languagesWest Papuan child2 ? Yawa languages Yawa child3 nowrap ? East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani The Extended West Papuan language family is a tentative proposal in Malcolm Ross s classification of Papuan languages . It includes the West Papuan languages of the Indonesia n island of Halmahera and the Bird s Head Peninsula of far western New Guinea the Yawa languages Yawa language isolate or small family on Yapen Yapen Island in Cenderawasih Bay Cenderawasih Geelvink Bay , Indonesian New Guinea previously placed in the hypothetical Geelvink Bay languages Geelvink Bay family , and a newly proposed East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani family scattered across northern Indonesian New Guinea. The Extended West Papuan languages are defined by common grammatical person first person pronouns da or di for the singular I , and m for the inclusive and exclusive we exclusive we , which are found in all branches of the three constituent families except for the Amberbaken isolate within West Papuan proper. The families linked by these various proposals are thus, West Papuan languagesWest Papuan Yawa languages Yawa East Bird s Head Sentani languages East Bird s Head Sentani Pronouns The pronominal evidence connecting these families is at least as strong as the evidence for classifying Borai Hattam as West Papuan. The relevant pronouns are I , thou , and we inclusive and exclusive we exclusive . class wikitable family I thou we West Papuan da, di na, ni, a mam, mi EBH Sentani da, di ba wa, bi meme, me Yava rei wein imama etc. All have forms in d for I ... more details
Infobox language family name West Timor region Indonesia familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian MP fam3 Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages Nuclear MP fam4 Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Central Eastern MP ? fam5 Timor Babar languages Timor Babar fam6 Nuclear Timor ? child1 Atoni child2 Roti The West Timor languages are a group of Timor languages spoken in the western half of Timor and on the Roti Islands. There are branches Atoni Uab Meto Baikeno , Amarasi language Amarasi Roti Bilba language Bilba , Dengka language Dengka , Lole language Lole , Ringgou language Ringgou , Dela Oenale language Dela Oenale , Termanu language Termanu , Tii language Tii A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref found full support for the unity between Atoni and Roti. These were then linked to exclusively to the languages of eastern Timor, in a Nuclear Timor family, with about 75 confidence. References Reflist Category Languages of Indonesia Category Central Malayo Polynesian languages au lang stub ... more details
studies References reflist Slavic languages commons category West Slavic languages DEFAULTSORT West Slavic Languages Category West Slavic languages ie lang stub af Wes Slawiese tale ast Eslavu ...Infobox language family name West Slavic map Slavic europe.svg mapcaption legend 7cdc87 Countries where a West Slavic language is the national language region Eastern Europe familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic fam3 Slavic languages Slavic child1 Czech Slovak languages Czech Slovak child2 Lechitic languages Lechitic child3 Sorbian languages Sorbian iso5 zlw The West Slavic languages are a subdivision of the Slavic languages Slavic language group that includes Czech language Czech , Polish language Polish , Slovak language Slovak , Kashubian language Kashubian and Sorbian language Sorbian . File Zapadoslovanske.jpg thumb Groups and dialects Classification Indo European languages Indo European Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic Slavic languages Slavic West Slavic Czech Slovak languages Czech language Czech Knaanic language Knaanic Judaeo Czech Slovak language Slovak Lechitic languages Lechitic Polish language Polish Pomeranian language Pomeranian Kashubian language Kashubian Slovincian language Slovincian Polabian language Polabian Silesian language Silesian Sorbian languages Sorbian Upper Sorbian language Upper Sorbian Lower Sorbian language Lower Sorbian Distinctive features Some distinctive features of the West Slavic languages, as from when they split from the East Slavic languages East Slavic and South Slavic languages South Slavic branches around the 3rd to 6th centuries AD, are as follows ref Zenon Klemensiewicz, Historia j zyka polskiego , 7th edition, Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN, Warsaw 1999. ISBN 83 01 12760 0 ref development of proto Slavic tj , dj into palatalized ts , d z , as in modern Polish Czech noc night compare Russian retention ... mk nl West Slavische talen ja oc Lengas eslavas de l o st ps ... more details
is a Castilian dialect in the ISO codes. See also Iberian Romance languages Iberian languages DEFAULTSORT West Iberian Languages Category West Iberian languages Ie lang stub es Grupo Ibero Occidental ... of these languages independence of Portugal since the early 12th century, though briefly interrupted ... , who privileged Castilian over the other Iberian languages , Spanish Castilian and Portuguese have tended to overtake and to a large extent absorb their sister languages, while they kept diverging ... is to state that Portuguese and Galician are separate languages, as Asturian, Leonese, and Mirandese ... nl West Iberische talen no Vestiberiske spr k pt L nguas ibero ocidentais ... more details
Infobox language family name West Himalayish altname Kanauric, Almora region Himachal Pradesh , India familycolor Sino Tibetan fam2 Tibeto Burman languages Tibeto Burman fam3 Tibeto Kanauri languages Tibeto Kanauri The West Himalayish languages , also known as Almora and Kanauric , are a family of Tibeto Burman languages centered on Kanauri language Kanauri , in Himachal Pradesh and across the border into Nepal . The languages include Kanauri Pattani language Pattani Manchad , Tinan language Tinan , Gahri language Gahri Bunan , Kanashi language Kanashi , Kinnauri language Kinnauri Sunam language Sunam , Jangshung language Jangshung , Kaike language Kaike , Bhoti Kinnauri language Bhoti Kinnauri , Chitkuli Kinnauri language Chitkuli Kinnauri , Shumcho language Shumcho , Tukpa language Tukpa Almora Ranglo Darma language Darma , Chaudangsi language Chaudangsi , Byangsi language Byangsi , Rangas language Rangkas extinct early 20th c. ? Rangpo language Rangpo Ethnologue also lists Rawat language Rawat Janggali , which it says is similar to Raji Raute and Rangpo. One West Himalayish language, Zhangzhung language Zhangzhung , the sacred language of the Bon religion , was spoken north of the Himalayas across western Tibet before being replaced by Tibetan. Depending on what is considered a dialect, other Kanauri languages may be recognized, such as Sunam language Sunam . References George van Driem 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. Category Bodish languages st lang stub br Yezho himalayek ar c horn g de Westhimalayische Sprachen lt Vakar Himalaj kalbos mk pt L nguas himalaias ocidentais zh ... more details
Infobox language family name West Chadic region Nigeria , Niger familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Chadic languages Chadic child1 Hausa child2 Bole Angas child3 Bade Warji child4 Barawa map West Chadic Languages.jpg mapcaption West Chadic per Newman 1977 The West Chadic languages of the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref They include Hausa language Hausa , the most populous Chadic language and the major language of West Africa. Languages The branches of West Chadic go either by names or by letters and numbers in an outline format. ref Blench, 2006. http rogerblench.info Language Afroasiatic General AALIST.pdf The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification and Reference List ms ref Hausa A.1 Hausa language Hausa , Gwandara language Gwandara Bole Angas Bole Bole Tangale A.2 North Bole proper Bure language Bure , Karekare language Karekare , Bole language Bole , Gera language Gera , Geruma language Geruma , Deno language Deno , Galambu language Galambu , Giiwo language Giiwo , Kubi language Kubi , Ngamo language Ngamo , Maaka language Maaka Maagha , eele language eele , Dazawa language Daza Dazawa , Pali language Chadic Pali ref Presumably of the Bole Tangale group reported by Rudolf Leger Blench 2006 ref South ... & Hoskison 1972 from Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is unclassified within West Chadic. ref Blench, 2006. http rogerblench.info Language Afroasiatic General AALIST.pdf The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification ... West Chadic resources at africanlanguages.org http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 2021 16 Ethnologue family tree for West Chadic languages Category Chadic languages Category West Chadic languages Category Languages of Nigeria AfroAsiatic lang stub bn br Yezho tchadek ... nl West Tsjadische talen pl J zyki zachodnioczadyjskie pt L nguas tch dicas ocidentais ... more details
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