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White Paper on Defence





Encyclopedia results for White Paper on Defence

  1. White Paper on Defence

    The White Paper on Defence is a white paper of the Canadian government which was table verb table d on March 26, 1964. The white paper was responsible under Paul Theodore Hellyer and Louis Joseph Lucien Cardin . It led to the unification of the Canadian military on February 1, 1968. External links http www2.parl.gc.ca parlinfo Compilations FederalGovernment PaperDetail.aspx?Paper c6a4db8e e464 430b bbfe ca77532e9ccb&Document 523b5928 ac56 43bd bc23 f81fe71ba0b7&Language E White Paper on Defence http www.cmhg.gc.ca cmh en page 708.asp Canadian Military Heritage CHAPTER 7 From Cold War to Present Day Hellyer s Integration of the Three Services Category 1964 in Canada Category 1968 in Canada Category 1964 works Category Canadian federal legislation Category Military history of Canada Category Defence white papers Canada mil hist stub ...   more details



  1. 1966 Defence White Paper

    refimprove date October 2010 The 1966 Defence White Paper was a major review of the United Kingdom s defence policy brought about by the Labour Party UK Labour Party government under the Prime Minister Harold Wilson . The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence , Denis Healey . In 1967 the government further announced the strategic withdrawal of British forces deployed East of Suez , which marked a watershed in British foreign policy. Contents The government decided on significant reductions in the defence budget, with defence being the primary target of the government s efforts to reduce public spending due to wider economic problems. It resulted in cutting a number of significant new capital projects, including the CVA 01 aircraft carrier . Budget rivalry In the early 1960s, the Royal Navy began to plan for new aircraft carriers to replace its aging fleet. To the Navy, this was a perfectly legitimate and necessary common sense exercise, not in need of explanation. The Royal Air Force , however, saw the renewal as a chance to defeat the Royal Navy and win the budget share which would have been necessary for new carriers. In order to do this, they compiled a history of Royal Navy aircraft carriers and a history of Royal Air Force tactical bombers, comparing the two and finding in favour of bombers. They then submitted this to the HM Treasury Treasury , proposing the BAC TSR 2 TSR 2 tactical strike aircraft in place of the RN s new generation aircraft carriers. The government ... what it is and how to employ it. Citation needed date December 2007 See also 1957 Defence White Paper References references UK Defence Review Category 1966 in the United Kingdom Defence White Paper Category Defence white papers UK mil stub ..., London, 5 February 2007 ref Relevance Professor Andrew Lambert has described the 1966 Defence White Paper as the perfect example of what happens if your enemy knows your history better than you do ...   more details



  1. 1981 Defence White Paper

    The 1981 Defence White Paper was a major review of the United Kingdom s defence policy brought about by the Conservative Party UK Conservative government under the Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . The main author was the then Secretary of State for Defence , John Nott . The aim of the review was to reduce expenditure during the early 1980s recession and to focus on supporting NATO rather than out of area operations. Contents This review proposed extensive cuts to the Royal Navy including the sale of the new aircraft carrier HMS Invincible R05 HMS Invincible to Australia. Under the review, the Royal Navy was focussed primarily on anti submarine warfare under the auspices of NATO. Any out of area amphibious operations were considered unlikely. The entire Royal Marine amphibious force was in jeopardy of being disbanded and the sale of HMS Intrepid and HMS Fearless was mooted. ref Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins The Battle for the Falklands, chapter 5 Task Force In the previous decade, the very existence of the marines had come into question. and both the assault ships Fearless and Intrepid were at that time threatened with sale to foreign powers ref The ice patrol ship HMS Endurance 1967 HMS Endurance was also due to be withdrawn from the South Atlantic. This was interpreted as a sign of weakness by the Argentine Government, encouraging the invasion of the Falkland Islands . Chatham Dockyard was also to be closed as an operational base. Feasibility studies for the Type 43 destroyer Type 43 and Type 44 destroyer Type 44 destroyers were also cancelled, together with the Sea Dart missile Sea Dart MkII surface to air missile. References references UK Defence Review Category 1981 in the United Kingdom Defence White Paper Category Defence white papers Category Falklands War ...   more details



  1. 1957 Defence White Paper

    was cancelled. References references UK Defence Review Category 1957 in the United Kingdom Defence White Paper Category Defence white papers ... to air missile was also cancelled, although it would be more in keeping with the spirit of the paper ...   more details



  1. 2008 French White Paper on Defence and National Security

    The 2008 French White paper White Paper on Defence and National Security is the most recent defence reform of the French Armed Forces . On 31 July 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy ordered M. Jean Claude Mallet , a member of the Council of State, to head up a thirty five member commission charged with a wide ranging review of French defence. The commission issued its White Paper in early 2008. ref Official Presidential Website, http www.elysee.fr elysee elysee.fr anglais speeches and documents 2007 white paper on defence and national security letter to m jean claude mallet member of the conseil d etat.79322.html Letter of Engagement to M. Jean Claude Mallet, 31 July 2007 ref Acting upon its recommendations, President Sarkozy began making radical changes in French defence policy and structures starting in the summer of 2008. Summary As part of the White Paper Sarkozy declared that France will now participate fully in NATO . The White Paper will result in a reduction of total armed forces personnel both civilian and military from 271,000 personnel in 2008 to 225,000 personnel in 2014 2015. Therefore the French Armed Forces will retain the ability to deploy up to 30,000 troops in a single overseas deployment. The proposed force structure is to be complete by 2014 2015. ref http merln.ndu.edu whitepapers france english2008.pdf ref Land component The army will be reduced to an operational force of 88,000 military personnel. With a combined strength of 131,000 civilian and military personnel. A reduction of over 150 Leclerc Main battle tanks to 250. A strength of 80 attack helicopters and 130 support helicopters. Orders for 25,000 FELIN type infantry combat suits. Naval component A reduction in personnel to 44,000 civilian and military personnel. A total strength of 18 frigates ... will be combined under the operational command of the Chief of the Defence Staff. The Air Force and Navy ... over seas. Criticism References reflist Category White Papers ...   more details



  1. White paper

    inadequate lead date March 2012 TOCright A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that helps solve a problem. White papers are used to educate readers and help people decision making make decisions , and may be a consultation as to the details of new legislation. The publishing of a white paper signifies a clear intention on the part of a government to pass new law. White Papers are a ... tool ... , a white paper is considered to be a policy document, approved by Cabinet, tabled in the House of Commons and made available to the general public . ref name Doerr2 Doerr, Audrey D. The Role of White .... ref White Papers are used as a means of presenting government policy preferences prior to the introduction of legislation as such, the publication of a White Paper serves to test the climate of public ... a public consultation process. Examples of governmental white papers include White Paper on Full Employment , the 1939 White Paper and the 1966 Defence White Paper . Commercial white papers Unreferenced section date February 2012 Since the early 1990s, the term white paper has come to refer ... location Florence, Kentucky isbn 978 0 324 30082 6 pages 256 cite book title Crafting White Paper ... pages 167 External links http europa.eu scadplus glossary white paper en.htm White paper EU glossary http www.leslivresblancs.fr White papers directory DEFAULTSORT White Paper Category Technical communication ... kn la Liber albus nl Witboek document ja pl Bia a ksi ga pt White paper ru sh Bijela knjiga fi White paper sv Vitbok skrift ta tr Beyaz kitap yi zh ..., Audrey D. The Role of White Papers. In Doern, G.B. and Peter Aucoin. The Structures of Policy making in Canada. Toronto, MacMillan, 1971. pp. 179 203. ref White Papers have tried to perform the dual ... Carleton University. 1. 56 ref The provision of policy information through the use of white and green paper s can help to create an awareness of policy issues among parliamentarians and the public ...   more details



  1. The White Paper

    The Neglected Disease of Modern Society medical stub DEFAULTSORT White Paper, The Category ...Accidental Death and Disability The Neglected Disease of Modern Society , more commonly known as The White Paper , was an influential report published in 1966 by the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences that is considered a landmark in the development of the Emergency medical services in the United States emergency medical services system in the United States . ref cite web url http www.ems1.com ems products education articles 584788 EMS in America The Foundation Documents title EMS in America The Foundation Documents author Mike Touchstone publisher EMS1.com accessdate 2010 02 21 ref The National Academy of Sciences United States National Research Council National Research Council Committees on Physical trauma Trauma and Shock circulatory Shock , a federally funded department of the government, published the report of their research which concluded, in part, that both the public and government were insensitive to the magnitude of the problem of accidental death and injury in the U.S. that the standards to which ambulance services were held were diverse and often low and that most ambulances used in this country are unsuitable, have incomplete equipment, carry inadequate supplies, and are manned by untrained attendants. ref citation title Accidental Death and Disability The Neglected Disease of Modern Society year 1966 month September author Division of Medical Sciences, Committee on Trauma and Committee on Shock publisher National Academy of Sciences National Research Council location Washington, D.C. ref The report led to the design and implementation of the first federally qualified ambulance services and personnel. The reforms inaugurated by the publication of The White Paper led to higher quality care provided on scene and in transit by trained paramedic s and Emergency medical technician EMT s. See also White paper References reflist ...   more details



  1. 1969 White Paper

    Use mdy dates date February 2012 Indigenous Peoples of Canada The 1969 White Paper was a Government of Canada Canadian policy document white paper in which then Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Canada Minister of Indian Affairs , Jean Chr tien , proposed the abolition of the Indian Act of Canada Indian Act , the rejection of Aboriginal land claims land claims , and the assimilation of First Nations people into the Canadian population with the status of other ethnic minorities rather than a distinct group. A response by Harold Cardinal and the Indian Chiefs of Alberta entitled Citizens Plus but commonly known as the Red Paper explained the widespread opposition to the paper from Status Indians in Canada. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau Trudeau and the Liberal Party of Canada Liberals began to back away from the White Paper, particularly after the Calder v. British Columbia Attorney General Calder case decision in 1973. ref name ndp ear cite journal last Tester first Frank James coauthors Paule McNicoll, Jessie Forsyth date Spring 1999 title With an ear to the ground The CCF NDP and aboriginal policy in Canada, 1926 1993 journal Journal of Canadian Studies page 9 url http www.findarticles.com p articles mi qa3683 is 199904 ai n8843392 pg 9 ISSN 1911 0251 accessdate 1 December 2006 DASHBot ref References reflist colwidth 30em External links http www.ainc inac.gc.ca ai arp ls pubs cp1969 cp1969 eng.asp White Paper original text , Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969 http dsp psd.pwgsc.gc.ca Collection R LoPBdP BP bp175 e.htm Aboriginal People History of Discriminatory Laws , Wendy Moss, Elaine Gardner O Toole, Law and Government Division, Last revised, November 1991 cite web url http www.cbc.ca ideas title WHITE PAPER RED PAPER last Flaherty ... Category Jean Chr tien Category 1969 in Canada White Paper ... the Red Paper Original Text , aboriginal policy studies Journal, Vol. 1 Issue 2, 2011. FirstNations ...   more details



  1. Passfield white paper

    Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots The Passfield White Paper , issued October 20, 1930, by colonial secretary Sidney Webb Lord Passfield , was a formal statement of British policy in Palestine, which previously had been set by the Churchill White Paper of 1922. The new statement resulted from the Hope Simpson Royal Commission Hope Simpson Commission s investigation into the deeper causes of the 1929 Palestine riots , that initially started over access to the Wailing Wall . The white paper limited official Jewish immigration to a much greater degree. The paper s tone was decidedly anti Zionist since several of its institutions were severely criticized, including the Histadrut General Federation of Labor and the Jewish Agency , which both promoted Jewish employment of only Jewish labor. Like the Hope Simpson Report, the Passfield White Paper found this Zionist policy damaging to the economic development of the Arab population. Zionists claimed it backtracked from what they felt were commitments in the Balfour Declaration of 1917 Balfour Declaration and, if implemented, would limit Jewish immigration to Palestine . Contrary to these claims, the White Paper states that the development of a Jewish National Home in Palestine is a consideration, which would enjoy continued support, but it was not central to mandate governance. The paper states that the British intend to fulfill their mandate obligations to both Arabs and Jews, and they would resolve any conflicts that might surface as a result of their respective needs. Zionists organizations worldwide mounted a vigorous campaign against the document. In Britain it led to Ramsay MacDonald s clarification of the white paper in front of the British House of Commons and in a letter to Chaim Weizmann in 1931 see below . See also http ... http hansard.millbanksystems.com commons 1930 nov 17 palestine House of Commons debate on the White Paper, 17 November, 1930 Peel Commission , 1937 References Cleveland, William L. 2004 A History of the Modern ...   more details



  1. Nicaragua War White Paper

    The Nicaragua White Paper , drafted by a young intelligence officer named Jon D. Glassman, was a sensationalized piece of psyops propaganda ref http www.questia.com PM.qst jsessionid KTHSwn2VCvhdpdz891RDG3LLv1Jzkj2pb1V0JSvkRJTrcympSFPq 497993468 627277496?a o&d 5002117554 www.questia.com ref published by the U.S. State Department in February 1981 its purpose was to use public diplomacy to justify the U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua . ref http books.google.com books?id IbFXs7 LutMC&pg PA68&lpg PA68&dq glassman nicaragua white paper&source bl&ots 6Hyw500QgB&sig FZAVHZBqPaTEyyv8OGQz5krCt10&hl en&ei P DSoaaAoOgmQPPjJCzBg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4 v onepage&q glassman 20nicaragua 20white 20paper&f false books.google.com ref Sources for the document were allegedly El Salvador Salvadoran rebel documents. ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,952940,00.html www.time.com ref The fallacy filled paper described a smoking gun linking Salvadoran insurgents, Nicaragua, Cuba , and the Soviet Union . The deception was discovered by Jonathan Kwitny , a Wall Street reporter who analyzed the documents and determined various failures of fact. When confronted, Glassman admitted to Kwitny that he had manufactured figures, lamely claiming that he d justified extrapolations on embellishments of ref http books.google.com books?id IbFXs7 LutMC&pg PA68&lpg PA68&dq glassman nicaragua white paper&source bl&ots 6Hyw500QgB&sig FZAVHZBqPaTEyyv8OGQz5krCt10&hl en&ei P DSoaaAoOgmQPPjJCzBg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4 v onepage&q glassman 20nicaragua 20white 20paper&f false books.google.com ref various figures pieces of information, including but not limited to figures related to Salvadoran insurgent use of Soviet weapons. ref http books.google.com books?id yp01AUkrE gC&pg PA27&lpg PA27&dq glassman nicaragua white paper wall street journal&source bl&ots iGJyScBh6W&sig ozAY KucpgrDnZ1 4QiSMwr 52o&hl en&ei vgDEStXXFZT0mQOVzcihBg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum ...   more details



  1. White Paper of 1939

    right is Lord Halifax , and to his left, Malcolm MacDonald The White Paper of 1939 , also known as the MacDonald White Paper after Malcolm MacDonald , the United Kingdom British Secretary of State for the Colonies Colonial Secretary who presided over it, was a White paper policy paper issued by the British ... of land from Arabs to Jews, while now the White Paper stated blockquote The Reports of several ... powers to prohibit and regulate transfers of land. blockquote The White Paper was passed in the British ... imprisoned on Mauritius . During the Parliamentary debate, Lloyd George described the White Paper ... abstained unanimously from endorsing the White Paper, though four members thought the new policy ... . The provisions of the White Paper were opposed both by the Jews and the Arabs in Palestine. The Arab ... years. In place of the policy enunciated in the White Paper, the Arab Higher Committee called for a complete ... of the Arab Higher Committee by turning down the White Paper . Al Husayni, according to Benny Morris ... David Ben Gurion declared We will fight the White Paper as if there is no war, and fight the war as if there is no White ..., The White Paper must be torn, We don t want to be away from our home anymore. As described in Palestine ... voted to rescind the White Paper and establish a Jewish state in Palestine, however the Labour ... act was a Proclamation that All legislation resulting from the British Government s White Paper ... reflist Bibliography http www.yale.edu lawweb avalon mideast brwh1939.htm British White Paper of 1939 ... White Paper of Palestine 1936 Aliyah Bet Arab Israeli conflict British Mandate of Palestine Churchill White Paper, 1922 Passfield white paper , 1930 1936 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Proposals for a Palestinian ... Palestine Arab Israeli diplomacy DEFAULTSORT White Paper Of 1939 Category British Mandate for Palestine ... MacDonald White Paper no Hvitboka av 1939 pt Livro Branco de 1939 ru 1939 ... II . Restrictions were also placed on the rights of Jews to buy land from Arabs section III . The White ...   more details



  1. Churchill White Paper

    The Churchill White Paper also known as The British White Paper of 1922 of 3 June 1922 clarified how Britain viewed the Balfour Declaration, 1917 . That Declaration announced the United Kingdom British intent to aid the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jew ish people. Key provisions The main provisions of this white paper are summarized by these quotations from it The tension which has prevailed from time to time in Palestine is mainly due to apprehensions, which are entertained both by sections of the Arab and by sections of the Jewish population. These apprehensions, so far as the Arabs are concerned are partly based upon exaggerated interpretations of the meaning of the Balfour Declaration favouring the establishment of a Jewish National Home in Palestine, made on behalf of British government His Majesty s Government on 2 November 1917. Unauthorized statements have been made to the effect that the purpose in view is to create a wholly Jewish Palestine. Phrases have been used such as that Palestine is to become as Jewish as England is English. His Majesty s Government ... the understanding and intent of the British government, the White Paper continues, outlining ... The 1922 White Paper did not put an end to the controversy, The text of the Sykes Picot Agreement ... part, he entertained serious doubts as to the validity of the Churchill White Paper s interpretation ... Palestine Mandate White Paper of 1939 The White Paper of 1939 , also known as the MacDonald White Paper 1947 UN Partition Plan Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948 White paper References reflist External links http unispal.un.org UNISPAL.NSF 0 F2CA0EE62B5680ED852570C000591BEB text of the Churchill White Paper, 1922 at UNISPAL http www.yale.edu lawweb avalon mideast brwh1922.htm text of the 1922 White Paper from the Avalon Project http www.yale.edu lawweb avalon ... of the United Kingdom Category White Papers Category Zionism Category Borders of the Palestinian territories ...   more details



  1. White Defence League

    Infobox political party name White Defence League native name lang1 name lang1 lang2 name lang2 lang3 name lang3 lang4 name lang4 logo Image Crossed circle.svg thumb 150px center The Sun cross sun wheel , was the logo used by the White Defence League ref http southendpatriot.blogspot.com 2011 04 arnold leese house property that was.html Southend Democratic Nationalist photo of the headquarters of the White Defence League with the sun wheel symbol displayed ref colorcode HTML color code e.g. red or FF0000 or transparent for no coloring leader Colin Jordan chairperson president secretary general spokesperson founder Colin Jordan leader1 title leader1 name leader2 title leader2 name leader3 title ... flag website country or state country2 state or country footnotes The White Defence League was a United ... of White Defence League. ref http www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk server.php?show ConMediaFile.11990 ... Invasion rally with banner displayed saying Keep Britain White and photo of the Arnold Leese House and of the headquarters of the White Defence League with the sun wheel symbol ref Jordan, who had ... National Party British National Front English Defence League White supremacy References Reflist ... British National Party headquarters Arnold Leese House, Notting Hill , London newspaper Black and White ... wing3 membership year membership ideology Neo Nazism , White nationalism religion national international .... Jordan had wanted a ban on Jews and non white members enshrined in the League but this had been ... of this shared space with the Britons the WDL was able to publish its own magazine, Black and White ... immigration rhetoric. ref Walker, The National Front , pp. 33 34 ref A further WDL paper, The Nationalist ... Invasion in Trafalgar Square in May 1959 with banners that read Keep Britain White . ref name Walker33 Walker, The National Front , p. 33 ref The monitors at the rally wore white armbands emblazoned with a black ... saying Keep Britain White ref ref http www.searchlightmagazine.com features century cbf.php?include ...   more details



  1. Indian White Paper on Plebiscite in Kashmir

    . I can imagine no fairer and juster offer. Govt. of India, White Paper on Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi .... 1948 Govt. of India, White Paper on Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi 1948, p.  3. Nevertheless, in accepting ...   more details



  1. White Paper on Full Employment in Australia

    The White Paper Full Employment in Australia was the defining document of economic policy in Australia for the 30 years between 1945 and 1975. For the first time, the Australian government accepted an obligation to guarantee full employment and to intervene as necessary to implement that guarantee. The preparation of the paper was ordered by The Australian Labor Party Prime Minister of Australia Prime Minister John Curtin and his Employment Minister John Dedman and undertaken by a group of economists headed by H.C. Coombs . The contrasting experiences of the Great Depression and the Second World War convinced the Labor Party that governments could and must intervene to ensure the achievement of full employment. The introduction to the White Paper summed this up Despite the need for more houses, food, equipment and every other type of product, before the war not all those available for work were able to find employment or to feel a sense of security in their future. On the average during the twenty years between 1919 and 1939 more than one tenth of the men and women desiring work were unemployed. In the worst period of the depression well over 25 per cent were left in unproductive idleness. By contrast, during the war no financial or other obstacles have been allowed to prevent the need for extra production being satisfied to the limit of our resources. The basic ideas behind the White Paper were those set out by John Maynard Keynes in his 1936 work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money . Keynes neoclassical contemporaries, argued that the economy was naturally self correcting. Unless real wages were held above their market level by union action or government ... into demand for other goods and services, yielding a stimulus to the private sector. The White Paper .... p12 Following the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s, the ideas of the White Paper were ... of a white paper Canberra Dept. of Economic History, Faculty of Economics, Australian National University ...   more details



  1. Cousin White Paper: Aching Mature Lewdness

    Infobox film name Cousin White Paper Aching Mature Lewdness image Cousin White Paper Aching Mature Lewdness.jpg caption Theatrical poster for Cousin White Paper Aching Mature Lewdness 2009 director Tetsuya Takehora ref name PG producer writer Kiminori Komatsu br Daisuke Yamaguchi starring Ry Akanishi br Kaho Kasumi br Riri K da music Ippei Yogo cinematography Y wa S editing Sen Arima studio Blue Forest Film distributor OP Eiga released Film date 2009 5 15 runtime country Film Japan language Japanese budget gross nihongo Cousin White Paper Aching Mature Lewdness Itoko Hakusho Uzuku Inran Netsu is a 2009 Japanese pink film directed by Tetsuya Takehora . Takehora filmed Cousin White Paper Aching Mature Lewdness for the Blue Forest Film production studio and it was released theatrically in Japan by OP Eiga on May 15, 2009. ref cite web url http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g data 2009 newmovie2009.htm title 2009 accessdate 2010 06 26 language Japanese publisher http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g menu.htm P.G. Web Site ref It won the award for Eighth Best Film at the Pink Grand Prix ceremony, and Kaho Kasumi was given an award for Best New Actress. ref cite web url http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g award 2009.htm title Best Ten of 2009 2009 accessdate 2010 06 26 publisher http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g menu.htm P G Website language Japanese ref Synopsis Sakura is a young woman who begins exploring her sexuality while preparing for university life. ref name PG cite web url http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g data 2009 090506 090515itoko.htm title accessdate 2010 06 26 language Japanese publisher http www2u.biglobe.ne.jp p g menu.htm P.G. Web Site ref Cast Ry Akanishi nihongo2 as Sakura Kurusu ref name PG Kaho Kasumi nihongo2 as Momiji Kurusu Riri K da nihongo2 as Masami Sait Hironari Kubota nihongo2 as K mei Yoshida Saamon Sakeyama nihongo2 as Yoshiyuki Tanitsu Tomohiro Okada nihongo2 as Heikichi Hamaguchi Matsuo Yoshioka nihongo2 ...   more details



  1. Paper

    be bleaching of wood pulp bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5 of the fibers. Chemical ...Other uses pp semi small yes pp move indef File Stack of Copy Paper.jpg thumb A stack of copy paper commons category Paper is a thin material mainly used for writing upon, printing upon, drawing or for packaging ... wood , Textile rags or grass es, and drying them into flexible sheets. Paper is a versatile material ..., and even as a food ingredient  particularly in Asian cultures. Paper, and the pulp papermaking ... court eunuch Cai Lun , although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. ref name Tsien1985 harvnb Tsien 1985 p 38 ref History Main History of paper see Science and technology of the Han Dynasty List of Chinese inventions Image Chinese hemp paper western han.jpg thumb Hemp wrapping paper , China, circa 100 BCE. The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper date to 2nd century BC China . Papermaking is considered ... , a 2nd century AD Han Dynasty Han court eunuch. ref name Tsien1985 With paper an effective substitute ... Age . Paper spread from China through the Muslim world Islamic world to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mill s were built. ref name Burns 1996, 417f. harvnb ... fibers. ref http www.charlesfenerty.ca book.html Burger, Peter . Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention ... paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus , which comes from the Greek language Greek ... en gb msdict 00002 E2 80 93049928 papyrus , on Oxford Dictionaries ref Papyrus is a thick, paper like ... the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com ... ref Although paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of modern paper is separate from the development of papyrus. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plants, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration ...   more details



  1. The Paper

    About the 1994 film The MTV reality show The Paper TV series other uses Paper disambiguation Infobox film name The Paper image The Paper movie poster.jpg caption Theatrical release poster director Ron ... 38,824,341 The Paper is a 1994 in film 1994 American comedy drama film directed by Ron Howard and starring ... Sun , a fictional ref The real New York Sun historical New York Sun merged with another paper in 1950 .... He is at risk of experiencing the same fate as his publisher, Bernie White, who put his work first at the expense of his family. The paper s owner, Graham Keighley, faces dire financial straits, so ... she either needs to quit the paper altogether in order to end it, or have a raise in her salary ... their exclusive for the paper. Upon returning to the Sun, they discover that Alica had okay ed .... Cast Michael Keaton as Henry Hacket Robert Duvall as Bernie White Glenn Close as Alicia Clark Marisa ... Geoffrey Owens as Lou Jill Hennessey as Deanne White William Prince actor William Prince as Howard ... David and together they initially came up with A Day in the Life of a Paper as their premise. David ... pressures of a paper to get on the street and still tell the truth. ref name Schaefer ... Tabloid press gets the Ron Howard touch in The Paper work Washington Times pages language publisher ... Opie s Byline Paper Director Ron Howard was drawn to Keaton s Style, Newsroom s Buzz work Pittsburgh ... coauthors title The Paper Replates The Front Page for the 90 s work The New York Times pages language publisher date March 13, 1994 url http www.nytimes.com 1994 03 13 movies film the paper replates the front ... name Carr, Jay cite news last Carr first Jay coauthors title Director Ron Howard goes to press with The Paper ... Box office The Paper was given a limited release in five theaters on March 18, 1994 where it grossed ... title The Paper work Box Office Mojo pages language publisher date url http www.boxofficemojo.com ... into the giddy tradition of the newspaper comedy, but The Paper pulls it off. There s no point ...   more details



  1. A-paper

    Multiple issues unreferenced August 2009 context October 2009 Globalize USA date December 2010 credit scores are not standardized worldwide A paper is a term to describe a mortgage loan for which the asset and borrower meet the following criteria In the United States, the borrower has a Credit score United States credit score of 680 or higher The borrower fully documents his income and assets The borrower s Debt to income ratio debt to income ratio does not exceed 35 The borrower retains 2 months of mortgage payments in reserves after closing The borrower injects at least 20 equity See also Alt A Alt A paper Subprime lending DEFAULTSORT A Paper Category Mortgage industry of the United States Category United States housing bubble ...   more details



  1. DeFence

    Image Defence Wikipedia.jpg thumb 300px right deFENCE project. Click to enlarge deFENCE is an interactive conceptual art project for freedom of cohabitation, designed in such a way as to include each beholder personally. In tradition of Marcel Duchamp , the two main roles of this exhibit are the work itself, and the person watching it. Only here, the subjective role of the beholder is not the only one. They are personally drawn into the exhibit, by way of a mirror . br The work represents a house, with its door wide open, inviting and welcoming every visitor. Except, a certain visitor is watching this house over a barbed wire fence. On the other hand, this visitor is being watched from the window of the house. The author s intention was to combine these two persons into one, so that people who had never had the chance to be on the other side of the barbed wire, can benefit in two ways Firstly, they can see how it is to be looking over a barbed wire into a house inviting you, which you cannot reach. And secondly, they can see themselves passively looking from the house at the person outside the fence, doing nothing to remove this segregation. The concept of this project is to bring to the attention of people living in the free world that many of the boundaries that segregate others in a non free world, are created by themselves. Or, at least, they do nothing to remove these boundaries. br The wish of the author is to help remove all boundaries that separate people and worlds. Note deFENCE project was created by Gregor Markovi from Serbia , in January 2006. It has been selected to take part at the International Design Biennial in St. Etienne, in 2006. Category Conceptual art Category Serbian art ...   more details



  1. Defence Review

    A Defence Review is the process by which government of the United Kingdom decides upon its overall defence policy and upon the means and resources devoted to achieving its defence objectives. Such reviews can happen when political or economic factors dictate, such as upon a change of Government of the United Kingdom Government . The Defence Review will normally result in the publication of a policy document, styled a White Paper and released to parliament as a Command paper , setting out the broad aims, objectives, and rationale for the policy and strategy. Post World War II Defence Reviews The United Kingdom governmental carries out Defence Reviews infrequently, usually upon a change of government or major political event, such as just after the Collapse of Communism . British Defence Reviews since the end of World War II include 1957 Defence White Paper 1966 Defence White Paper 1981 Defence White Paper also known as the John Nott review 1990 Options for Change 1998 Strategic Defence Review 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review Other Defence Policy Statements United Kingdom governments have also conducted policy reviews which cover specific aspects of defence but do not purport to be fundamental reappraisals of overall defence policy and strategy. Examples of these include Front Line First SDR New Chapter ref http www.mod.uk DefenceInternet AboutDefence CorporatePublications PolicyStrategyandPlanning StrategicDefenceReviewANewChaptercm5566.htm ref Delivering Security in a Changing World Defence Industrial Strategy Comparison with the United States The main difference between the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence and the United States Department of Defense as pertains to the review cycle is frequency. The US DoD carries out its review, styled the Quadrennial Defense Review , on a set four year cycle, whereas the UK MoD has no set timetable for any such review. References References UK Defence Review Category British defence policymaking Category Defence white papers ...   more details



  1. Paper (disambiguation)

    wiktionary paper Paper is a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibres. Paper s or The Paper may also refer to TOCright Publishing and academia Newspaper , a periodical publication Paper magazine Paper magazine , an American monthly fashion and culture magazine The Paper newspaper The Paper newspaper , a 1960s underground newspaper published in East Lansing, Michigan, U.S. Papers software , a reference management package Scholarly paper , in academic publishing, a work published in a peer reviewed journal Term paper , a research paper written by a student as a school assignment the paper , a student newspaper at Fordham University Society, government, and business Banknote , or paper money Commercial paper , a type of unsecured promissory note Document , a physical representation of a body of information Legal instrument or legal document Identity documents Breed registry or pedigreed animal documentation White paper , an authoritative report by a government or other organization Green paper , in Europe, a non committal report that may lead to a white paper Popular culture Film and television The Paper , a 1994 film directed by Ron Howard and starring Michael Keaton Paper film Paper film , a 2010 Turkish film The Paper TV series The Paper TV series , an American reality show The Paper SpongeBob SquarePants episode The Paper SpongeBob SquarePants episode Music Paper album Paper album , an album by Rich Robinson Paper Krayzie Bone song Paper Krayzie Bone song Paper Queen Latifah song Paper Queen Latifah song Papers song Papers song , a song by Usher Paper , a song by Talking Heads from Fear of Music album Fear of Music Other media Yomiko Readman or The Paper , a fictional ... , a play by Allan Stratton Astronomy Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization PAPER , a radio telescope See also Papier disambiguation disambig de Paper fr Paper is Bla nl Paper ja pt Paper ...   more details



  1. Australian Paper

    Third party date September 2011 Australian Paper is an office, printing and packaging paper manufacturer. ref cite web title Products url http www.australianpaper.com.au products.aspx work Australian Paper accessdate 13 September 2011 ref Australian Paper produces flagship brand is Reflex Ultra White and the largest domestic purchaser of pulplogs from Victoria s native forests. Australian Paper now employs over 1,400 Australians and supplies more than 500,000 tonnes of product within Australia and around the world. Australian Paper was purchased from Paperlinx by Japan based Nippon Paper Group in June 2009. Shoalhaven Paper Mill, New South Wales and the Maryvale Mill, Victoria. Criticisms of Australian Paper References Reflist company stub Category Papermakers ...   more details



  1. Correction paper

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Filmintypewriter.jpg thumb A sheet of correction paper in a typewriter. Correction paper , or correction film , its plastic based equivalent, is a tab of plastic with one side coated paper coated with white correction material. It is used to correct typing error s made when using a typewriter . When inserted between the paper and the typebar , and the ribbon select switched to stencil , i.e. inking turned off, the impression of the typebar presses the shape of the character into the film, which prints the white correction material onto the paper, hiding the erroneous Glyph character and preparing the document for the correct character. See also Correction fluid Correction tape DEFAULTSORT Correction Paper Category Correction instruments Category Stationery Category Typewriters Category Paper ...   more details



  1. Book paper

    Wikify date October 2011 A book paper or publishing paper is a paper that is designed specifically for the publication of printed book s. Traditionally, book papers are off white or low white papers easier to read , are opaque to minimise the show through of text from one side of the page to the other, and are usually made to tighter caliper or thickness specifications, particularly for case bound books. Typically, books papers are light weight papers 60 to 90 g m and often specified by their caliper substance ratios volume basis . For example, a bulky 80 g m paper may have a caliper of 120 micrometres 0.12  mm which would be Volume 15 120 10 80 , whereas a low bulk 80 g m may have a caliper of 88 micrometres, giving a volume 11. This volume basis then allows the calculation of a book s PPI printed pages per inch , which is an important factor for the design of Dust jacket book jackets and the bookbinding binding of the finished book. Different paper qualities can be used as book paper depending on the type of book. Coated paper Machine finished coated paper s, woodfree uncoated paper s, coated fine paper s and special fine paper s are common paper grades. Category Paper de Werkdruckpapier ...   more details




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