Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Lowercase tt words tt is a standard file on all Unix and Unix like operating systems, and is simply a newline delimited list of dictionary words. It is used, for instance, by spell checking programs. With Unix s text processing capabilities, one can use the words file for many purposes. For example, using the grep tool, one can find all three letter words without any vowels, using regular expression s egrep i aeiouy 3 usr share dict words The words file is usually stored in tt usr share dict words tt , or tt usr dict words tt . On Debian and Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu , the tt words tt file is provided by the tt wordlist tt package, or its Provider packages tt wbritish tt , tt wamerican tt , etc. On Fedora operating system Fedora and Arch Linux Arch , the tt words tt file is provided by the tt words tt package. A words file is also used to contain words related to a specific topic. One such example of this is for profanity censorship censoring software that replaces profanities, for example, posted on the web with strings such as or some other replacement. Words that are posted in this example are compared with a bad words file and then if there is an occurrence of such a word, it is summarily replaced. Category UnixUnix stub ... more details
Infobox OS name Unix logo screenshot Image Unix history simple.svg 250px caption Evolution of Unix and Unix ... model Historically Closed source software closed source , now some Unix projects Berkeley Software ... Command line interface & Graphical user interface Graphical X Window System family Unix released 1969 ... language English license Proprietary software Proprietary working state Active Unix officially trademarked as UNIX , sometimes also written as span style font variant small caps Unix span is a Computer ... . The Unix operating system was first developed in assembly language , but by 1973 had been almost ... portability porting to other hardware. Today s Unix system evolution is split into various branches ... consortium, owns the UNIX trademark. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark others might be called Unix system like or Unix like , although the Open Group disapproves ref http www.unix.org questions answers faq.html 7a What is a Unix like operating system? Unix.org FAQ ref of this term. However, the term Unix .... During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large scale adoption of Unix particularly of the Berkeley Software Distribution BSD variant, originating ... ref Among all variants of Unix, the most widely used are Linux Citation needed date January 2012 ..., set top boxes or e book readers. Today, in addition to certified Unix systems such as those already mentioned, Unix like operating systems such as MINIX , Linux , Android operating system Android ... traditional Unix may be used to describe a Unix or an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V . Overview Unix operating systems are widely used in Server ... www.asymco.com 2010 09 29 unixs revenge title Unix s Revenge publisher asymco date 2010 09 29 accessdate 2010 11 09 ref The Unix environment and the client server program model were essential elements ... more details
lowercase In Unix like computer operating system s, the code at code command is used to schedule command computing command s to be executed once, at a particular system time time in the future. More precisely, it reads a series of commands from standard input and collects them into one at job which is carried out at a later date. The at job inherits the current environment, so that it is executed in the same working directory and with the same environment variable s set as when it was scheduled. It differs from code cron code which is used for recurring executions e.g. once an hour, every Tuesday, January 1 every year . As with code cron code , many Unix systems allow the administrator to restrict access to the code at code command. code at code can be made to mail a user when done carrying out a scheduled job of theirs, can use more than one job queue, and can read a list of jobs to carry out from a file instead of standard input. A sample command to compile a C programming language C program at 11 45 a. m. on January 31st and e mail the results Standard streams STDOUT and STDERR to your user ID would be source lang bash echo cc o foo foo.c at 1145 at 1145 jan 31 at cc o foo foo.c at D press Control D while at the beginning of a line atq 1234 2011 08 12 11 45 cc o foo foo.c user atrm 1234 atq source In some Unix like computer operating system s it uses a Daemon computer software daemon , code atd code , which waits in the background periodically checking the list of jobs to do ... s replacement for at. List of Unix programs External links man cu at SUS execute commands at a later time man 1 at queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution unix commands unix stub Category Standard Unix programs At Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Unix process and task management related software ca At Unix cs At Unix de At Unix el At Unix es At Unix fr At Unix it At Unix hu At Unix ja At UNIX pl At Unix pt At Unix ro At Unix ru At uk At ... more details
notability date September 2011 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 infobox software name As latest release version latest release date platform website as is a generic name for an assembly language Assembler assembler on Unix . The GNU Project s assembler is named GNU assembler Gas . Category Assemblers Category Unix programming tools Unix stub ru As ... more details
Songs Name These Words Cover These Words 2.jpg Artist Natasha Bedingfield from Album Unwritten ... single Last single Single Natasha Bedingfield song Single br 2004 This single These Words br 2004 Next single Unwritten song Unwritten br 2004 These Words also known as These Words I Love You, I Love ... as its second Single music single . These Words details Bedingfield s lack of inspiration and her reaction to pressure from her record label to produce a hit song. ref name bio These Words ... way, without using all those flowery words. The line that Bedingfield sang out of frustration became ... a love song. ref http www.songfacts.com detail.php?id 6479 These Words Song Facts . Song Facts. Retrieved 3 May 2007. ref Critical reception These Words was generally very well received by contemporary ... . ref http news.bbc.co.uk cbbcnews hi find out specials reviews newsid 3553000 3553054.stm These Words ... ranked These Words at number thirteen on his list of the Top 20 Singles of 2004 ref Colin Cooper ...?id 35733 These Words International Version Information . MVDBase.com. Retrieved 2 May 2007. ref ... MVPA Awards. ref http www.mvdbase.com video.php?id 41642 These Words Version 3 . MVDBase.com. Retrieved ... . Retrieved 2 May 2007. ref div style clear left Chart performance These Words entered the UK Singles ... for seventeen weeks. ref name musicsqaure Across Europe, These Words was largely successful, reaching ... it entered. In Australia, These Words debuted at number six and reached a peak position of number ... two on the singles chart. ref name musicsqaure These Words performed moderately well in North America ... . Retrieved 30 April 2007. ref These Words was helped on the Hot 100 by its strong digital downloads ... and track listings of major single releases of These Words . col begin col 2 UK CD single br small 82876630122 Released 29 August 2004 small These Words Single Natasha Bedingfield song Single Live at BBC Radio One Live Lounge UK Maxi CD single br small 82876639182 Released 29 August 2004 small These Words ... more details
About the upcoming film The Words film Infobox Book name The Words title orig Les Mots translator Bernard Frechtman image image caption author Jean Paul Sartre illustrator cover artist country France language French language French series genre Autobiography publisher George Braziller release date 1963 in literature 1963 english release date 1964 in literature September 1964 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages 255 oclc preceded by followed by Refimprove date February 2010 The Words French Les Mots is Jean Paul Sartre s 1963 ref name Aronson http www.is.wayne.edu raronson Books JPS Part4 Chap1 Chap1.htm Aronson, Ronald. 1980. Jean Paul Sartre Philosophy in the World . ref autobiography . Structure and Presentation The text is divided into two near equal parts entitled Reading and Writing . However, according to Philippe Lejeune , these two parts are only a fa ade and are not relevant to the chronological progression of the work. He considers the text to instead be divided into five parts which he calls acts The first act presents in chronological order the prehistory of the child by giving his family origin. The second act evokes the different roles Sartre acted out in his seclusion to an imaginary world, enabled by his family. ref name Aronson The third act tells of his conscious realization of his imposture, his contingency , his fear of death and his ugliness. The fourth act presents the development of a new imposture, in which Sartre took up multiple different postures of writing. The fifth act relates Sartre s delusion, which he considers the source of his dynamism, and contains the announcement of a second book which he did not complete before his death. The first title which Sartre thought of was Jean sans terre . ref http books.google.com books?id aC1 fUnddikC&printsec frontcover&source gbs navlinks s v onepage&q &f false Boul , Jean Pierre. 2005 ... DEFAULTSORT Words Category 1964 books Category Biographies books Category Works by Jean Paul Sartre ... more details
lowercase tt wc tt short for w ord c ount is a command in Unix like operating systems. The program reads either standard input or a list of files and generates one or more of the following statistics number of bytes, word count number of words , and number of lines specifically, the number of newline characters . If a list of files is provided, both individual file and total statistics follow. Sample execution of tt wc tt wc foo bar 40 149 947 foo 2294 16638 97724 bar 2334 16787 98671 total The first column is the count of newlines, meaning that the text file tt foo tt has 40 newlines while tt bar tt has 2294 newlines resulting in a total of 2334 newlines. The second column indicates the number of words in each text file showing that there are 149 words in tt foo tt and 16638 words in tt bar tt giving a total of 16787 words. The last column indicates the number of characters in each text file, meaning that the file tt foo tt has 947 characters while tt bar tt has 97724 characters 98671 characters all in all. Newer versions of tt wc tt can differentiate between byte and character computing character count. This difference arises with Unicode which includes multi byte characters. The desired behaviour is selected with the tt c tt or tt m tt switch. GNU tt wc tt used to be part of the GNU textutils package it is now part of GNU coreutils . Usage tt wc l filename tt print the line count tt wc c filename tt print the byte count tt wc m filename tt print the character count tt wc L ... of Unix programs External links man 1 wc from linux.die.net http man.cat v.org unix 1st 1 wc wc 1 Original Unix First Edition manual page for wc . http www.linuxmanpages.com man1 wc.1.php wc The program ... Unix commands unix stub Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Wc Unix el Wc Unix es Wc Unix fr Wc Unix it Wc Unix hu Wc ja Wc UNIX pl Wc Unix pt Wc Unix ro Wc Unix ru Wc fi Wc Unix uk Wc Unix zh Wc Unix ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 Spell is the standard English language spell checker for Unix . Spell was originally written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in 1975. Douglas McIlroy later improved its accuracy, performance, and memory use, and described his work and spell in general in his 1982 paper http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who doug spell.ps.gz Development of a Spelling list . Spell has a simple command line interface It goes over all the words in a given text file, and prints a sorted list of unique misspelled words in that file. It does not provide any interface for looking for those words in the file, or helping to correct the mistakes. In 1983, a different spell checker, ispell the interactive spell checker was ported to Unix. ispell had a user interface for showing the spelling mistakes in context, and suggest how to correct them. Since then, the original Spell tool has been mostly considered obsolete. Another reason why Spell is considered obsolete is that it only supports the English language. Modern spell checkers for Unix and Linux systems, such as aspell , MySpell and hunspell all support a multitude of different languages and character sets. The Single Unix Specification has officially declared Spell a legacy application , stating that this was done because there is no known technology that can be used to make it recognise general language for user specified input without providing a complete dictionary along with the input file. ref http pubs.opengroup.org onlinepubs 007908799 xcu spell.html ref Nevertheless, the Single Unix Specification does not standardize any other spell checking utility to take Spell s place. Because of Spell s problems and the superiority of its alternatives, a free software version of McIlroy s spell has never been written. Instead ... p unix spell Original unix spell source code References reflist Unix commands Category 1975 software Category Standard Unix programs ... more details
lowercase The Unix banner Computer program program outputs a large ASCII art version of the text that is supplied to it as its command line argument program argument s. One use of the command is to create highly visible separator pages for print job s. ref name PracticalUnix cite book title Practical UNIX author Steve Moritsugu, Sanjiv Guha, James Edwards, David Pitts pages 220&ndash 221 publisher Que Publishing date 2000 isbn 078972250X isbn13 9780789722508 ref Operation Each argument is truncated at 10 characters and printed on a line of its own. To print multiple words on a single line, they must therefore be passed as a single argument, which is done from the shell computing shell by escaping or quoting the words as appropriate. ref name PracticalUnix A related, and more flexible, program is FIGlet , which can display text in different fonts and orientations. ref cite book title UNIX in a Nutshell author Arnold Robbins pages 24 publisher O Reilly date 2006 isbn 0596100299 isbn13 9780596100292 ref Implementation The way that the program is implemented internally is error prone and antiquated. The character fonts used are hardwired into the program code itself, as statically initialized data structures. Two data structures are used. The first is a data table comprising a sequence of printing instructions that encode the bitmap for each character in an encoding specific to the code banner code program . The second is an index into that table that indicates, for each character .... ref name Spinellis Versions A partial list of versions By AT&T , in UNIX System V . ref http www.zen77087.zen.co.uk ... references Further reading cite book title UNIX Unbounded author Amir Afzal chapter The banner command pages 462&ndash 463 publisher Prentice Hall date 2008 isbn 0131194496 isbn13 9780131194496 unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities fr Banner Unix hu Banner Unix ja Banner UNIX pl Banner Unix ru Banner ... more details
lowercase Image Pg Unix screenshot.png thumbnail Example output of the tt pg tt command in xterm . pg is a terminal pager program on Unix and Unix like systems for viewing text file s. It can also be used to page through the output of a command via a pipe Unix pipe . pg uses an interface similar to vi , but commands are different. ref http www.computerhope.com unix upg.htm Linux Unix pg command ref more command more , and less Unix less are more commonly used paging programs. See also less Unix less more command more References reflist Unix commands unix stub Category Terminal pagers ... more details
lowercase fg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process by bringing it to the foreground and thus redirecting its standard input and standard output output streams to the user s computer terminal terminal . ref name man http www.computerhope.com unix ufg.htm fg man page ref fg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also bg Unix bg , the complementary command that sends a process to the background SIGCONT References Reflist External links man cu fg SUS run jobs in the foreground Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Unix stub ca Fg Unix el Fg Unix fr Fg Unix pl Fg Unix ... more details
lowercase In computer software , tt id tt is a program in Unix like operating system s that prints the User identifier Unix user or Group identifier Unix group identifier of the account by which the program is executed an example of the command tt id tt as executed by user tt alice tt source lang bash alice darkstar id uid 1016 alice gid 100 users groups 100 users source The superuser root account has a UID of 0 source lang bash root darkstar id uid 0 root gid 0 root groups 0 root source The tt whoami tt utility has been obsoleted by the tt id tt utility and displays a user s ID as a name source lang bash alice darkstar whoami alice alice darkstar id un Where u refers to user and n refers to name alice source See also List of Unix programs User identifier Unix UID Group identifier Unix GID tt Who Unix who tt tt uname tt References man cu id SUS return user identity Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Id Unix el Id Unix fr Id Unix hu Id Unix ja Id UNIX pl Id Unix pt Id Unix ru Id uk Id ... more details
lowercase Unreferenced date March 2007 The tt install tt command is a standard Unix program used to copy Computer file files and set file permissions . Category Standard Unix programs Unix stub ... more details
lowercase bg is a job control Unix job control command in Unix and Unix like operating systems that resumes execution of a suspended Process computing process without bringing it to the foreground ref name bg man page http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix bg bg man page ref the resumed process continues to execute in the background without receiving user input from the Computer terminal terminal . bg is required to be included in an operating system in order for it to be POSIX compliant. ref name POSIX commands http manuals.fujitsu siemens.com servers bs2 man man us posix v6 0 posix k.pdf POSIX BS2000 OSD Commands User Guide ref See also fg Unix fg , the complementary command that brings a process to the foreground References Reflist Unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities unix stub ca Bg Unix el Bg Unix fr Bg Unix zh Bg Unix ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Lowercase The command w on many Unix like operating system s provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, what that user is currently doing, and what Load computing load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. The command is a one command combination of several other Unix programs tt Who Unix who tt , tt uptime tt , and tt Ps Unix ps a tt . Sample output this may vary between systems source lang text w 11 12am up 608 day s , 19 56, 6 users, load average 0.36, 0.36, 0.37 User tty login idle what smithj pts 5 8 52am w jonesm pts 23 20Apr06 28 bash harry pts 18 9 01am 9 pine peterb pts 19 21Apr06 emacs nw html index.html janetmcq pts 8 10 12am 3days csh singh pts 12 16Apr06 5 29 usr bin perl w perl test program.pl source External Links man 1 w Unix commands Category Unix user management and support related utilities Unix stub cs W Unix el W Unix es W Unix ko W hu W Unix ja W UNIX pl W Unix pt W Unix ru W Unix zh W Unix ... more details
saved book title Unix subtitle cover image Poundexclam.svg cover color Black Unix Introduction UnixUnix wars Historically significant corporations AT&T Bell Labs Hewlett Packard IBM Novell SCO Group Sun Microsystems Unix standards and organizations The Open Group X Open POSIX Single UNIX Specification Unix operating systems Berkeley Software Distribution 1977 Berkeley Software Distribution Version 7 Unix 1979 Version 7 Unix SunOS 1982 SunOS UNIX System V 1983 UNIX System V HP UX 1984 HP UX IBM AIX 1986 AIX IRIX 1988 IRIX SCO OpenServer 1989 SCO OpenServer Solaris operating system 1992 Solaris Tru64 UNIX 1992 Tru64 UNIX UnixWare 1992 UnixWare Mac OS X 2001 Mac OS X Unix like operating environments Unix like Cygwin FreeBSD GNU Interix Linux NetBSD NeXTSTEP OpenBSD OpenSolaris Plan 9 from Bell Labs Legal battles and controversies SCO Linux controversies SCO v. IBM SCO v. Novell SCO and SGI Red Hat v. SCO USL v. BSDi Category Wikipedia books on computing ... more details
A port of Version 6 Unix to the Interdata 7 32 was completed by Richard Miller and Ross Nealon at Wollongong University , Australia , during 1976 1977. This project was supervised by professor Juris Reinfelds . The resulting system was called Wollongong Interdata UNIX, Level 6 . This distribution also included utilities developed at Wollongong, and later releases had features of V7, notably its C programming language C compiler . Wollongong Unix was the first ever port to a platform other than the PDP series of computers, proving that portable operating systems were indeed feasible, and that C was the language in which to write them. In 1980, this version was licensed to The Wollongong Group in Palo Alto that published it as Edition 7. See also Version 7 Unix Ancient UNIX External links http minnie.tuhs.org UnixTree V6 V6 source code http minnie.tuhs.org UnixTree Interdata v6 Wollongong Interdata UNIX source code http www.graphviz.org Gallery directed unix.svg a family tree of Unix, which includes Wollongong UnixUnix like Category Unix variants Category Discontinued operating systems Unix stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Unix and Unix like operating systems, a filter is a program that gets most of its data from its standard input the main input stream and writes its main results to its standard output the main output stream . Unix filters are often used as elements of pipeline Unix pipeline s. The pipe operator on a command line signifies that the main output of the command to the left is passed as main input to the command on the right. The classic filter would be grep , which at it simplest prints to its output any lines containing a character string. Here s an example source lang bash cut d f 1 etc passwd grep foo source This finds all registered users that have foo as part of their username by using the Cut Unix cut command to take the first field username of each line of the Unix system password file and passing them all as input to grep, which searches its input for lines containing the character string foo and prints them on its output. Here is a Perl equivalent to the above, which prints the whole line from the passwd file source lang bash perl ne print if m foo etc passwd source Or, to print only the username, without the rest of the line source lang bash perl ane shift F print n if foo F etc passwd source Common Unix filter programs are Cat Unix cat , cut Unix cut , grep , head Unix head , Sort Unix sort , uniq and tail Unix tail . Programs like awk and sed can be used to build quite complex filters because they are fully programmable. List of Unix filter programs awk programming language awk cat Unix cat comm Unix comm cut Unix cut Expand Unix expand compress Fold Unix fold grep head Unix head Nl Unix nl perl Pr Unix pr sed UNIX shell sh Sort Unix sort Split Unix split Strings Unix strings tail Unix tail Tac Unix tac Tee Unix tee tr program tr uniq Wc Unix wc See also Filter software Unix commands Category Unix da Filter program it Filtro Unix ja pt Filtro Unix ... more details
Bell Unix Columbus UNIX or CB UNIX was, according to Marc Rochkind , ref cite book last Rochkind first Marc title Advanced UNIX Programming publisher Prentice Hall year 1985 pages 156 157 isbn 0 13 011800 1 ref a variant of the UNIX operating system internal to Bell Labs . It was developed at the Columbus, Ohio Columbus , Ohio branch and was little known outside the company. CB UNIX was developed to address deficiencies inherent in Research Unix , notably the lack of interprocess communication and file locking , considered essential for a database management system . Several Bell System operation support system products were based on CB UNIX such as Switching Control Center System . The primary innovations were power fail restart, line disciplines, terminal types, and IPC features similar to System V s messages and shared memory . ref cite newsgroup title UNIX history author Dale Dejager date 1984 01 16 newsgroup net.unix url http groups.google.com group net.unix msg b80689d4b3bff13f?dmode source ref Image CB Unix Manuals.jpg thumb left 200px Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the UNIX Programmers Manual CB Version References reflist Unix like Unix stub DEFAULTSORT Cb Unix Category Bell Labs Unices Category Discontinued operating systems ... more details
The Unix System ISBN 0 201 13791 7 is a book by Stephen R. Bourne it was the first widely available general introduction to the Unix operating system . It included some historical material on Unix, as well as material on using the system, editing, the software tools concept, C programming using the Unix API , data management with the shell and awk , and typesetting with troff . DEFAULTSORT Unix System Category Computer books compu book stub ... more details
lowercase mail Unix mail is a command line email client for Unix and Unix like operating system s. Example usage syntaxhighlight lang bash mail s You ve got mail c cc.rider example.org somebody example.com anotherbody example.net syntaxhighlight This sends a message with the subject You ve got mail to two recipients, somebody example.com and anotherbody example.net, and CCs copies a third, cc.rider example.org. The message will be typed after the command is entered and will be ended with Control D. Any Unix command sequence that generates text can be used to send a message in one line. For example syntaxhighlight lang bash echo Some message mail s meeting today somebody example.com syntaxhighlight This is especially useful for having a system report its status automatically through email. See also Cleancode email mailx External links http mailutils.org manual html section mail.html tt mail tt at GNU Mailutils manual Unix commands Category Unix internet software Unix stub fr Mail Unix pl Mail Unix ru Mail zh Mail Unix ... more details
lowercase title clear Unix Image Clear gnulinux.gif thumb Clear being used on GNU Linux under uxterm code clear do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard Unix computer operating system command which is used to clear the screen. Depending on the system, tt clear tt uses the terminfo or termcap database, as well as looking into the environment for the terminal type in order to deduce how to clear the screen. The Unix command tt clear tt takes no arguments and is roughly analogous to the MS DOS command tt Cls computing cls tt . See also List of Unix programs External links http invisible island.net ncurses man clear.1.html The manual tt man tt page for tt clear tt unix commands Unix stub Category Unix software el Clear Unix fa Clear fr Clear Unix hu Clear Unix ... more details
Ancient UNIX is a term coined by Santa Cruz Operation , Citation needed date October 2009 to describe early releases of the Unix code base released prior to Unix System III , particularly the Research Unix releases prior to and including Version 7 the base for UNIX 32V as well as later developments of AT&T Unix . After the publication of the Lions Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code Lions book , work was undertaken to release the earlier versions of the codebase. SCO first released the code under a limited educational license. Citation needed date October 2009 Later, in January 2002, Caldera International now SCO Group relicensed but has not made available several versions under the four clause BSD license , namely ref cite web url http www.lemis.com grog UNIX title UNIX is free ... February 19, 2009 title Dear Unix enthusiasts, last Broderick first Bill date January 23, 2002 publisher Caldera ref UNIX 32V Research Unix early versions only Version 1 Unix Version 2 Unix Version 3 Unix Version 4 Unix Version 5 Unix Version 6 Unix Version 7 Unix So far there has been no widespread use of the code, but it can be used on emulator systems, and Version 5 Unix has been made to run ... www.kernelthread.com publications gbaunix title UNIX on the Game Boy Advance last Singh first Amit date August 2004 accessdate 2009 10 22 ref As an example of how relicensing the old Unix code bases has affected the modern computing community, the BSD vi text editor was based on code from the ed UNIX ... vi has been adapted for modern Unix like operating systems. ref cite web url http ex vi.sourceforge.net title The Traditional Vi ref References reflist External links http www.tuhs.org The Unix Heritage Society , TUHS a website dedicated to the preservation and maintenance of historical UNIX ... unix 1st Unix First Edition Manual Pages Unix like DEFAULTSORT Ancient Unix Systems Category Bell Labs Unices Category Discontinued operating systems Unix stub ja Ancient UNIX ... more details
lowercase head is a Computer program program on Unix and Unix like systems used to display the first few lines of a text Computer file file or pipe computing pipe d data. The command syntax is head options < file name> By default, tt head tt will print the first 10 lines of its input to the standard output . The number of lines printed may be changed with a command line option. The following example shows the first 20 lines of filename head n 20 filename This displays the first 5 lines of all files starting with foo head n 5 foo Some versions omit the n and just let you say 5. Flags c x number of bytes Copy first x number of bytes. Other Many early versions of Unix did not have this command, and so documentation and books had sed do this job sed 5q foo This says to print every line implicit , and quit after the fifth. See also tail Unix tail , dd Unix dd List of Unix programs External links http www.gnu.org software coreutils manual html node head invocation.html head manual page from GNU coreutils . http www.freebsd.org cgi man.cgi?query head&apropos 0&sektion 0&manpath FreeBSD 5.3 RELEASE and Ports&format html FreeBSD documentation for head Unix commands Category Unix text processing utilities Category Unix SUS2008 utilities cs Head de Head Unix el Head Unix es Head Unix fr Head Unix ko Head it Head hu Head Unix ja Head pl Head Unix pt Head ro Head Unix ru Head Unix uk Head tr Head Unix ... more details
lowercase code fc do not subst template code tag breaks popups is a standard program on Unix that lists or edits and reexecutes, commands previously entered to an interactive shell. fc is a Shell builtin built in command in the Bash Unix shell bash shell help fc will show usage information. Examples Features History See also List of Unix programs References Solaris 10 man page for fc command External links man cu fc SUS process the command history list unix commands Category Standard Unix programs Category Unix SUS2008 utilities el Fc Unix ... more details
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