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Encyclopedia results for X ray background

X ray background





Encyclopedia results for X ray background

  1. X-ray background

    The observed X ray background is thought to result from, at the soft end below 0.3 keV , Galactic X ray emission the galactic X ray background , and, at the hard end above 0.3keV , from a combination of many unresolved X ray sources outside of the Milky Way the cosmic X ray background . The galactic X ray background is produced largely by emission from hot gas in the Local Bubble within 100 parsec s of the Sun . Deep surveys with X ray telescopes, such as the Chandra X ray Observatory , have demonstrated that around 80 of the cosmic X ray background is due to resolved extra galactic X ray sources, the bulk of which are unobscured type 1 and obscured type 2 active galactic nuclei AGN . References T Shanks, I Georgantopoulos, GC Stewart, KA Pounds, http www.nature.com nature journal v353 n6342 abs 353315a0.html The origin of the cosmic X ray background , Nature 353, 315 320 26 September 1991 doi 10.1038 353315a0 Xavier Barcons, http books.google.com books?id Q31L1Lj4XzoC&dq 22X ray background 22 The X ray Background , 1992 Cambridge University Press, 324 pages ISBN 0 521 41651 5 Audio Cain Gay 2009 http www.astronomycast.com astronomy ep 135 x ray astronomy Astronomy Cast X ray Astronomy See also X ray astronomy Category X ray astronomy Category Astronomical X ray sources X ray background Category Observational astronomy Category Cosmic background radiation ja X pl T o rentgenowskie ...   more details



  1. X-ray

    other uses X ray disambiguation distinguish X wave File Electromagnetic Spectrum.png thumb X rays are part ... Ultraviolet UV rays and longer than gamma ray s. In many languages, X radiation is called R ntgen ... 0674833392. ref Correct spelling of X ray s in the English language includes the variants x ray s and X ray s . ref OED X ray ref XRAY is used as the NATO phonetic alphabet phonetic pronunciation for the letter ... of objects in Diagnosis medical diagnostic radiography and X ray crystallography crystallography . As a result, the term X ray is metonomy metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image ... radiation emitted by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted ... 1961 location USA page 2850 ref However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum X ray sources ... 2003 page 58 url http books.google.com ?id b519e10OPT0C&pg PA58&dq gamma x ray isbn 0124366031 ref ... due to dental X rays seems to vary significantly. Depending on the source, a typical dental X ray of a human ... x ray safety.htm X Ray Safety . Dentalgentlecare.com 2008 02 06 . Retrieved on 2011 05 05. ref 40 ... . Solarstorms.org. Retrieved on 2011 05 05. ref ref http www.powerattunements.com x ray.html X Ray ... class wikitable style float right margin left 1em X ray K series spectral line wavelengths nm for some ... Mo 0.63229 0.62099 0.70930 0.71359 File First medical X ray by Wilhelm R ntgen of his wife Anna Bertha ... medical X ray, of his wife s hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik ... of X ray radiation. In 2006 in the United States the environment outer space and the earth and medical ... Since The Early 1980s , Science Daily, March 5, 2009 ref X rays can be generated by an X ray tube ... ?id x6ThiifBPcsC&dq radiography kilovolt x ray machine isbn 044307027X ref In medical X ray ... of the produced X ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage ... keV. When the electrons hit the target, X rays are created by two different atomic processes X ray ...   more details



  1. X-ray source

    X ray sources abound around us. an astronomical X ray source , see X ray astronomy X ray background an X ray tube , artificial X ray source synchrotron s, which produce X rays as synchrotron radiation cyclotron s, which produce X rays as cyclotron radiation X ray laser dab ...   more details



  1. X-ray star

    X ray star may refer to X ray binary X ray burster X ray pulsar See also X ray astronomy disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ...   more details



  1. X-ray scattering techniques

    Image X ray diffraction pattern 3clpro.jpg thumb 250px This is an X ray diffraction pattern formed when X rays are focused on a crystalline material, in this case a protein. Each dot, called a reflection, forms from the coherent interference of scattered X rays passing through the crystal. X ray scattering ... intensity of an X ray beam hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization ... scattering of monochromatic X rays. Small angle X ray scattering SAXS probes structure in the nanometer to micrometer range by measuring scattering intensity at scattering angles 2 close to 0 . X ray reflectivity is an analytical technique for determining thickness, roughness, and density of single layer and multilayer thin films. Wide angle X ray scattering WAXS , a technique concentrating on scattering ... x rays, and as a result do not produce useful data for x ray diffraction. Rather, inelastically scattered x rays contribute to the background noise in a diffraction pattern. Compton scattering Resonant inelastic X ray scattering RIXS X ray Raman scattering See also Structure determination Materials science Metallurgy Mineralogy X ray crystallography X ray generator Ultrafast x rays References references External links commons category X ray diffraction http www.iucr.ac.uk International Union of Crystallography ... to X ray Diffraction at University of California, Santa Barbara Category X ray scattering ar bs Rendgenska difrakcija ca Difracci de raigs X cs Rentgenov strukturn anal za de R ntgenbeugung fa fr Diffractom trie de rayons X hr Rendgenska difrakcija praha ko X it Diffrazione dei raggi X he lv Rentgendifraktometrija nl R ntgendiffractie ja X no R ntgenkrystallografi pl Rentgenografia strukturalna pt Difra o de raios X ru scn Diffrazzioni d raji X sr fi R ntgendiffraktio ... collision inelastically scattered X rays are monitored scattering techniques can be used to probe ...   more details



  1. X-Ray Specs

    X Ray Specs can mean X Ray Specs novelty , a type of novelty eyewear X Ray Specs comic strip X Ray Specs comic strip , a UK comic strip X Ray Specs , a song by the band Sweet band Sweet X Ray Spex , a UK punk band disambiguation ...   more details



  1. Digital X-ray radiogrammetry

    Digital X ray Radiogrammetry DXR is a means of measuring bone mineral density BMD . Digital X ray radiogrammetry is based on the old technique of radiogrammetry . In DXR the cortical thickness of the three middle metacarpal bones in the hand is measured in a digital X ray image by a computer and is through a geometrical operation converted to the forearm bone mineral density . The BMD is corrected for porosity of the bone, estimated by a texture analysis performed on the cortical part of the bone. Like other technologies for estimating the bone mineral density, the outputs are an areal BMD value, a bone mineral density T score and a bone mineral density Z score for assessing osteoporosis and the risk of bone fracture. Due to high Accuracy and precision precision it is used for monitoring change in bone mineral density over time. References Estimation of bone mineral density by digital X ray radiogrammetry theoretical background and clinical testing, Rosholm A et al., Osteoporos Int. 2001 12 11 961 9. Digital X ray radiogrammetry a new appendicular bone densitometric method with high precision, Jorgensen JT et al., . Clin Physiol. 2000 Sep 20 5 330 5. Friis M, Digital X ray Radiogrammetry on Hand X rays Obtained on Mammographic X ray Equipment, Journal of the International Bone and Mineral Society, 2001, 28 5 suppl P336 IBMS 2001 . Digital X ray radiogrammetry combined with semiautomated analysis of joint space widths as a new diagnostic approach in rheumatoid arthritis a cross sectional and longitudinal study, Bottcher J et al., Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Dec 52 12 3850 9. External links http courses.washington.edu bonephys opbmd.html tz Bone Densitometry explained Category Radiology medical stub Medical imaging Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures ...   more details



  1. X-Ray Specs (novelty)

    the X Ray Specs to examine the bones in his hand while a voluptuous woman stood in the background, as though awaiting her turn to be X rayed. The claim is untrue, of course besides the unlikelihood of a safe and functional X ray device selling for about a dollar, X ray detectors require an X ray source see X ray generator . Part or even most of the novelty value lies in provoking the object of the wearer ...multiple issues refimprove July 2010 synthesis July 2010 X Ray Specs are an American novelties novelty item , purported to allow the user to see through or into solid objects. In reality the glasses merely create an optical illusion no X ray s are involved. The current version is sold under the name X Ray Spex an essentially identical product is sold under the name X Ray Gogs . Description X Ray Specs consist of an outsized pair of glasses with plastic frames and white cardboard lenses printed with concentric red circles, and emblazoned with the legend X RAY VISION . Image X ray specs hand.jpg frame left Viewing the bones of a hand through X Ray Specs The lenses consist of two layers of cardboard ... sustainable. Novelty value X Ray Specs were long advertised with the slogan See the bones in your hand ... 914904 X Ray Specs were improved Patent http www.google.com patents?id zXp1AAAAEBAJ&pg PA1 v onepage&q ... for the UK punk band The X Ray Spex . Actual see through devices Thermography Thermal imaging ... to see through clothing quite well. These are true X ray devices, using backscatter X ray s. The devices are not portable and use a typical X ray display screen, not goggles. Terahertz radiation Terahertz ... X ray vision Night vision device Night vision goggles Notes reflist External links http www.tomheroes.com Comic 20Ads classic 20ads x ray glasses.htm Example of a comic book ad for X ray specs http www.blamepro.com how how4.htm The Secret of X Ray Specs page with photo of vintage Wonder Tube novelty ... in a similar manner to X rays. It is currently a very expensive new technology, and is being ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy satellites

    X ray background Soft diffuse X ray background soft X ray background 0.1 0.28 keV . To conduct experiments ... of the Sun and the Diffuse X ray background cosmic X ray background , OSO 7 was launched on September ... the source Sco X 1 and measured the Diffuse X ray background diffuse cosmic X ray background . Solar ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy satellites study X ray emissions from celestial objects. Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X ray astronomy . Satellites ... on satellites are able to observe the full range of the Dispersion optics X ray spectrum . Unlike ... instance, the Vela satellite Vela 5B satellite, the X ray detector remained functional for over ten years. Active X ray observatory satellites Satellites in use today include the XMM Newton XMM ... 15 60 keV . Both were launched by the European Space Agency . NASA has launched the Rossi X ray Timing .... One of the instruments on Swift is the http www.swift.psu.edu xrt Swift X Ray Telescope ... taken on August 13, 2009 at 14 04 58 UTC. The GOES 14 spacecraft carries on board a Solar X ray Imager ... X ray Imager url http www.swpc.noaa.gov sxi index.html ref It was launched into orbit on June 27, 2009 ... the TESIS telescope spectrometer FIAN with SphinX soft X ray spectrophotometer. The Italian Space ... AGILE has on board the Super AGILE 15 45 keV hard X ray detector. It was launched on April 23, 2007 ... url http www.astronautix.com chrono 20072.htm ref A soft X ray solar imaging telescope is on board ... 13 SXI images since December 2006. Although the ASTRO E Suzaku X ray spectrometer the first micro calorimeter in space failed on August 8, 2005 after launch on July 10, 2005, the X ray Imaging Spectrometer XIS and Hard X ray Detector HXD are still functioning. Past X ray observatory satellites Past observatories include SMART 1 , which contained an X ray telescope for mapping lunar X ray fluorescence ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy

    ray sources is thought to produce the observed X ray background . The X ray continuum can arise from ... . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray observation ... , so instruments to detect X rays must be taken to high altitude by Balloons for X ray astronomy balloons , Sounding rocket X ray astronomy sounding rockets , and X ray astronomy satellites satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray generation X ray emission is expected from astronomical ... the 1940s, the discovery in 1962 of the first cosmic X ray source was a surprise. This source is called Scorpius X 1 Sco X 1 , the first X ray source found in the constellation Scorpius constellation Scorpius . The X ray emission of Scorpius X 1 is 10,000 times greater than its visual emission, whereas ... field of X ray astronomy, starting with Scorpius X 1, Riccardo Giacconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. It is now known that such X ray sources as Sco X 1 are compact star s, such as neutron ... hole itself does not. The energy source for the X ray emission is gravity . Gas is heated by the fall in the strong gravitational field of these and other celestial objects. Many thousands of X ray sources ... Sounding rocket X ray astronomy A detector is placed in the nose cone section of a sounding rocket ... author Giacconi R title Nobel Lecture The dawn of x ray astronomy journal Rev Mod Phys year 2003 volume ... to see sources in the northern sky. X ray Quantum Calorimeter XQC project Image Black Brant ... s Goddard Space Flight Center known as the X ray Quantum Calorimeter XQC project. In astronomy ... density Local Bubble . To measure the spectrum of the diffuse X ray emission from the interstellar ... . Balloons main Balloons for X ray astronomy Balloon flights can carry instruments to altitudes of up ... for much longer. However, even at such altitudes, much of the X ray electromagnetic spectrum spectrum ... 21, 1964, the Crab Nebula supernova remnant is discovered to be a hard X ray 15 60 keV source by a scintillation ...   more details



  1. X-ray (disambiguation)

    X radiation composed of X ray s is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It may also refer to Computers X Ray Engine , a graphics engine used in S.T.A.L.K.E.R. videogame series Instruments application formerly Xray , a performance visualizer built in to Mac OS X v10.5 Entertainment X Ray ballet X Ray ballet , Peter Martins 1994 ballet to John Adams Violin Concerto X ray chess or X ray attack, a chess tactic X Ray comics , a fictional character appearing in material published by Marvel Comics X Ray, a member of the hip hop group Monsta Island Czars X Ray music, see Dub music Government and military The letter X in the NATO phonetic alphabet A code name for an event of Operation Sandstone , a nuclear weapon test series conducted by the United States in April 1948 Landing Zone X Ray , a landing zone in the Battle of Ia Drang Publications X Ray book X Ray book , the title of the unauthorized autobiography of Ray Davies, founding member of the Kinks XRay Magazine , a magazine based in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded by Stephen Novotni and Arie Vandenberg The Lady With the X Ray Eyes , a 1934 absurdist fiction novel by Svetoslav Minkov X Ray , a short lived magazine associated with XFM radio in London Other XRAY Model Racing Cars , a high end radio controlled car company X ray vision , the fictional ability of a character to see through outer layers of objects or clothing on people A character from the book Holes novel Holes novel disambig de X Ray nl X ray ...   more details



  1. X-ray transient

    the soft X ray background 0.1 0.28 kev . Tenma was the second Japanese X ray astronomy satellite ...X ray emission occurs from many Celestial sphere celestial objects. These emissions can have a pattern , occur intermittently, or as a transient astronomical event . In X ray astronomy many sources have been discovered by placing an X ray astronomy detectors X ray detector above the Earth s atmosphere. Often, the first X ray source discovered in many constellation s is an X ray transient . These objects show changing levels of X ray emission. US Naval Research Laboratory NRL astronomer Dr. Joseph ... ref ... the sky is known to be full of transient objects emitting at X and gamma ray wavelengths, ... . There are a growing number of recurrent X ray transients. In the sense of traveling as a transient, the only stellar X ray source that does not belong to a constellation is the Sun . The Sun travels ... reoccurs in each of these constellations annually. Exotic X ray transients File Scp 06f6 ref nasa ... doi 10.1088 0004 637X 690 2 1358 ref The European X ray satellite XMM Newton made an observation in early August 2006 which appears to show an X ray glow around SCP 06F6 , ref name nature1122 cite journal ... Most astronomical X ray transient sources have simple and consistent time structures typically ... year 2003 bibcode 2003ApJ...584..399L arxiv astro ph 0210673 ref Transient binary X ray source XTE J1650 500 is a transient binary X ray source located in the constellation Ara constellation Ara . The binary ... 1 pages 376 382 bibcode 2004ApJ...616..376O arxiv astro ph 0404343 ref Soft X ray transient Soft X ray transient s are composed of some type of compact object probably a neutron star and some type ... show changing levels of low energy, or soft , X ray emission, probably produced somehow by variable ... up the normal star, and the X ray emission can provide the best view of how this process occurs. ref ... http heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov docs objects heapow archive compact objects sax aqlx1.html ref Soft X ray ...   more details



  1. X-Ray (Camouflage song)

    notability music date August 2010 Infobox Single Name X Ray Cover Artist Camouflage band Camouflage from Album Spice Crackers B side In Search of Ray Milland Released 1996 Format Vinyl record 12 , CD Recorded 1993 1995 Genre Synthpop Length 6 24 album version br 3 38 single remix Label RCA , BMG Writer Producer Last single Bad News Camouflage song Bad News br 1995 This single X Ray br 1996 Next single Thief Camouflage song Thief br 1999 X Ray is the second single from Camouflage band Camouflage s fifth studio album Spice Crackers , released in 1996. The single contains three different single versions of the song the Soft Single Mix, which is essentially an edit of the album version, the Ronda Ray single mix, which simply adds some extra instrumentation to the Soft Single Mix, and the Tranceformer remix, which is a completely different take on the song and is the main single and video mix. Music video The music video depicts the two band members promoting some sort of campaign which involves X Ray glasses portrayed by conventional 3D cinema glasses . Tracklistings CD single Germany, 1996 X Ray Tranceformer single remix 3 38 X Ray Soft single mix 3 55 X Ray Ronda Ray single mix 3 45 In Search of Ray Milland 5 53 12 single Germany, 1996 X Ray Tranceformer maxi mix 6 47 X Ray Tranceformer single remix 3 38 X Ray Ronda Ray single mix 3 45 X Ray Soft single mix 3 55 References http www.discogs.com Camouflage X Ray master 7743 Camouflage X Ray at Discogs http www.camouflage music.com index.php?menu discography&vid 17 Camouflage Diskografie Singles X Ray Category 1996 singles Category Camouflage songs ...   more details



  1. International X-ray Observatory

    Infobox Space Telescope name International X ray Observatory background subheadings background colour ... length deorbit date wavelength X ray mass style diameter area convert 3 m2 sqft focal length ... The International X ray Observatory IXO was a planned X ray telescope from about 2008 to 2011 by NASA ... X ray Observatory IXO NASA ref ref name Announcing IXO ESA http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 43185 Announcing the International X ray Observatory IXO ESA ref ref name ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization ... with IXO X ray observations are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the stars , galaxies , and the Universe as a whole. X ray images reveal hot spots in the Universe regions where ... explosions, and intense Gravitation gravitational forces . X ray sources in the sky are also associated ... IXO Science Performance Requirements ref IXO will explore X ray Astronomy X ray Universe and address ... for the study of the Redshift high z Universe and for high precision spectroscopy of bright X ray sources ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 ... large X ray mirror with up to 3 square meters of collecting area and 5 arcsec angular resolution , which ... 3.pdf Mechanical Overview of the International X Ray Observatory, David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, p.3, 2009 ref Optics File XRayBeamsCutaway.jpg thumb left IXO cutaway view. X ray beams ..., and polarimetry data on cosmic X ray astronomy Sources X ray sources . A key feature of the IXO X ray optics mirror design is a single mirror assembly Flight Mirror Assembly, FMA , which is optimized ... press.pdf Design Concept for the International X Ray Observatory Flight Mirror Assembly, Ryan S. McClelland ... , X rays cannot be focused at normal incidence, since the X ray beams would be absorbed in the mirror. Instead, IXO s mirrors, like all prior Wolter telescope X ray telescopes , will use grazing incidences ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy detector

    , 6 counts s comes from the Diffuse X ray background diffuse cosmic X ray background ... intrinsic detector background. The X ray telescope onboard OSO 4 consisted of a single thin NaI ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X rays for use in the study of X ray astronomy . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray emission from celestial objects. X radiation ... altitude by balloon s, sounding rocket s, and satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray astronomy detectors have been designed and configured primarily for energy and occasionally ... and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar ... 5 page 1852 doi 10.1063 1.323938 title 0.1 10 keV X ray induced electron emissions from solids Models ... by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nucleus nuclei ... continuous spectrum X ray sources such as linear accelerator s and longer wavelength gamma ray ... outer space all the way to the Earth s surface they would have been detected and medical X ray machines ... of air. To detect X rays from the sky, X ray detectors must be flown above most of the Earth s atmosphere ... voltage . All X ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. ref name PropCount cite ... the two chambers. ref name Hoff cite journal author Hoff HA title Exosat the new extrasolar X ray ... about.html title Granat publisher NASA accessdate 2007 12 05 ref X ray monitor System Monitoring Monitoring ... for displaying X ray output from an X ray generating source so as to be aware of the state of the source is referred to as an X ray monitor in space applications. On Apollo 15 in orbit above the Moon , for example, an X ray monitor was used to follow the possible variation in solar X ray intensity ... of X ray fluorescence secondary X rays . ref name Adler cite journal author Adler I ...   more details



  1. Astrophysical X-ray source

    ray source s , neutron star or black hole X ray binaries . Some solar system bodies emit X rays, the most notable being the Moon , although most of the X ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X rays. A combination of many unresolved X ray sources is thought to produce the observed X ray background . The X ray continuum can arise from bremsstrahlung , either magnetic or ordinary Coulomb ... X rays originating from the sun. The background sky has an X ray glow in part due to the myriad of distant ... shadows this X ray background radiation coming from the deep space. A few X rays only seem to come ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . Astrophysical X ray sources are astronomical ... electron transitions. ref name Morrison cite journal author Morrison P title Extrasolar X ray ... as celestial X ray sources. The origin of all observed astronomical X ray sources is in, near ... a period. Galaxy clusters Image Bullet cluster.jpg 300px thumb X ray photo by Chandra X ray ... and hard X rays. What BATSE has discovered is that it can be a soft gamma ray source , McCollough said ... supermassive black hole s. ref name Sparke X ray bright galaxies The following early type galaxies NGCs have been observed to be X ray bright due to hot gaseous coronae 315, 1316, 1332, 1395, 2563, 4374 ... Jun year 1985 volume 293 issue 6 pages 102 19 bibcode 1985ApJ...293..102F ref The X ray emission can ... X ray sources main Ultraluminous X ray source Image Messier 74 ULX.jpg thumb right 300px Composite image X ray red, optical blue & white of the spiral galaxy Messier 74 M74 with an ultraluminous X ray ... dates June 19, 2001 October 19, 2001. Aka NGC 628, ULX CXOU J013651.1 154547. Ultraluminous X ray source s ULXs are pointlike, nonnuclear X ray sources with luminosities above the Eddington limit of 3 ... H, Kaaret P title Spectral state transitions of the ultraluminous X RAY sources X 1 and X 2 in NGC ... the X ray luminosity increases to a maximum of 3 10 sup 40 sup ergs s sup 1 sup , exceeding the Eddington ...   more details



  1. History of X-ray astronomy

    definitive on the cosmic X ray background broadband spectrum and large scale structure, and a much ... the Diffuse X ray background diffuse cosmic X ray background . OSO 5 was launched on January 22, 1969 ... the S150 experiment provided strong evidence that the soft X ray background cannot be explained as the cumulative ..., 1993 to obtain spectra of the diffuse soft X ray background. DXS obtained the first ever high resolution spectra of the diffuse soft X ray background in the energy band from 0.15 to 0.28 keV 4.3 8.4 ...File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 280px Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar to that of X rays from the Sun . 14 April 2003 History of X ray astronomy begins in the 1920s with interest in short ... able to detect ultraviolet solar ultraviolet radiation occurred in 1946. X ray solar ... doi accessdate 2011 09 13 ref In 1965 the Goddard Space Flight Center program in X ray astronomy ... goddard The first rocket flight to successfully detect a cosmic source of Astronomical object X ray ... X ray wavelengths reveal information about the bodies sources that emit them. ref name Keller 1920s .... ref name nrspcr Herbert Friedman began X ray solar studies in 1949 and soon reported that the energy of the solar X ray spectrum ... is adequate to account for all of E layer ionization. Thus one ... included the inference of an X ray corona by optical methods and, in 1949, more direct evidence by detecting X ray photons. ref name Gudel cite journal author G del M pages 74 and 75 Introduction title X ray astronomy of stellar coronae journal Astron Astrophys Rev. year 2004 volume 12 issue 2 3 pages ... for the first 50 years. X ray astronomy became possible only with the capability to use rockets ... ray astronomy. In addition, the ability to focus X rays has developed enormously allowing the production ... s atmosphere were needed. The first rocket flight to successfully detect a cosmic source of X ray ...   more details



  1. X-ray binary

    Image Accretion disk.jpg 300px thumb Artist s impression of an X ray Binary X ray binaries are a class of binary star s that are luminous in X ray s. The X rays are produced by matter falling from one ... per second from a typical hard X ray binary Low mass X ray binary low mass X ray binary . ref ... Source Solved Maybe by John Borland 2008 ref Classification X ray binaries are further subdivided ... donor, not to the compact X ray emitting accretor. Low mass X ray binary Low mass X ray binaries LMXBs Soft X ray transient s SXTs Symbiotic variable star Symbiotic X ray binaries Super soft X ray source ... to Cataclysmic Variables CVs , NASA, 2006. ref SSSs , SSXB Intermediate mass X ray binaries Intermediate mass X ray binaries IMXBs High mass X ray binary High mass X ray binaries HMXBs Be X ray binaries Be X ray binaries BeXRBs X ray astronomy Analytical X ray astronomy Supergiant X ray binaries SGXBs X ray astronomy Exotic X ray sources Supergiant Fast X ray Transients SFXTs ref http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0511088 Negueruela et al., 2005 Supergiant Fast X ray Transients A new class of high mass X ray binaries unveiled by INTEGRAL ref ref http arxiv.org pdf 0809.3157 L. Sidoli, 2008 Transient outburst mechanisms ref Others X ray burster s X ray pulsar s Microquasar Microquasar s radio jet X ray binaries that can house either a neutron star or a black hole Low mass X ray binary A low mass X ray binary LMXB is a binary star where one of the components is either a black hole or neutron star ... s. New data from the Chandra X ray Observatory has revealed LMXBs in many distant galaxies. A typical low mass X ray binary emits almost all of its electromagnetic radiation radiation in X ray s, and typically ... of LMXBs range from ten minutes to hundreds of days. Intermediate mass X ray binary An intermediate mass X ray binary IMXB is a binary star system where one of the components is a neutron star or a black ... Evolutionary Binary Sequences for Low and Intermediate Mass X ray Binaries , Philipp Podsiadlowski ...   more details



  1. Bede X-ray Metrology

    Orphan date February 2009 Bede X ray Metrology is company based in Durham , England which supplies x ray analysis equipment for materials science research and metrology x ray metrology equipment for use semiconductor manufacturing. The company is named after the Venerable Bede , an eight century monk and historian who lived near what is now Durham , where the company s worldwide headquarters are located. The company also has operations in Denver, Colorado in the USA . Bede X ray Metrology is listed on the London Stock Exchange as BED L. Company history The company was founded in 1978 as Bede Scientific Instruments Ltd by Brian Tanner, a physics professor at the University of Durham . Recently Bede has been acquired by Jordan Valley on April 14, 2008 Areas of expertise Bede X ray Metrology manufactures equipment for the following analytical applications X ray diffraction including High resolution x ray diffraction and x ray diffraction imaging X ray reflectivity External links http www.jvsemi.com Company home page DEFAULTSORT Jordan Valley Semiconductors UK Ltd Category Technology companies of the United Kingdom Category X ray equipment manufacturers ...   more details



  1. Characteristic x-ray

    Cleanup date August 2008 Lead rewrite date September 2009 A high energy electron interacts with a bound electron in an atom and ejects it. The incident electron is scattered and the target electron gets displaced from its shell. The incident electron energy must exceed the binding energy of the electron to eject it. After the electron has been ejected the atom is left with a vacant energy level . This vacant energy level if it occurs in the inner electron levels is called a core hole. This vacancy is subsequently filled by an electron from a higher energy level with the emission of a characteristic x ray photon. The characteristic x ray photon has an energy that corresponds exactly to the difference in energy between the energy level that is vacant and the energy level from which an electron falls. The x ray energy is characteristic of the atom that had the core hole and can be used to identify the atom. This is used in various techniques, including X ray fluorescence spectroscopy , Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy and Wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy . These are used in mineral analysis and elsewhere. The characteristic x ray can be immediately reabsorbed by an electron in the same atom and instead the energy of the characteristic x ray is given entirely to this electron which is called an Auger electron . This is like an internal photo electric effect that occurs after the initial photo electric effect. References Khan F The physics of radiation therapy DEFAULTSORT Characteristic X Ray Category X rays uk ja X ...   more details



  1. Abdominal x-ray

    Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Medical X Ray imaging ALP02 nevit.jpg Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 87.5 , ICD9proc 87.9 , ICD9proc 88.0 ICD9proc 88.1 MeshID OtherCodes An abdominal x ray is an Projectional radiography x ray of the abdomen . It is sometimes abbreviated to AXR, or kidneys, ureters, and bladder KUB for kidneys , ureters , and urinary bladder . Diagnostic Tool The abdominal x ray is a test that can be carried out quickly and easily in an emergency department. The test can help diagnose some abdominal conditions. It is not a useful investigation for most abdominal conditions. Small and large bowel obstructions, volvulus and malrotations can be diagnosed by AXR. Renal, urethral and bladder stones can sometimes be identified on plain x ray, although it is usual now to use CT as a first line investigation to confirm clinical suspicion. Gallstones are sometimes noted on x ray, although ultrasound is the more usual imaging modality used when clinically suspected. Plain abdominal radiography is not usually helpful in diagnosis of appendicitis. Technical Parameters An abdominal x ray is usually taken with the patient lying in a supine position . Other views include upright, decubitus, lateral, and prone. Coverage on the x ray should include from the top of the Liver or Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm to the pubic symphysis . The abdominal organs included on the xray are the liver , spleen , stomach , intestines , pancreas , kidneys , and urinary bladder bladder . Pathology In an acute setting the abdominal x ray is used to diagnose Bowel obstruction Bowel perforation although this is more commonly diagnosed by a Chest x ray Pancreatitis Does not diagnose pancreatitis ... these diagnoses and abdominal x ray is not the investigation of choice Faecal impaction although this should be diagnosed by history taking and clinical examination commons Category X rays of the abdomen Abdominal X rays See also X ray Acute abdomen Abdominal pain Medical imaging Chest x ray ...   more details



  1. X-Ray (comics)

    Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image Image X Ray James Darnell .png caption comic color background ff8080 character name X Ray real name James Darnell publisher Marvel Comics debut Incredible Hulk vol. 2 254 December 1980 creators Bill Mantlo br Sal Buscema alliance color background cccccc alliances U Foes aliases powers Composed of hard radiation br Generate and project radiation br Fly X Ray James Jimmy Darnell is a fictional character in Marvel Comics whose first appearance was in Incredible Hulk vol. 2 254, and who was created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema . X Ray is a member of the villainous .... They battled the Hulk, and X Ray fell unconscious when his powers went out of control. ref Incredible .... X Ray battled and defeated the Hulk with the help of the alien Puffball Collective , but became trapped in a dimension inhabited by creatures that eat radiation. ref Incredible Hulk 304 305 ref X Ray ... a dimensional warp unintentionally created by the mutant Portal comics Charles Little Sky . X Ray battled ... . ref Avengers 304 ref With the U Foes, X Ray was later freed from the Vault comics Vault . They attacked .... X Ray battled the original Human Torch android Human Torch , and then escaped. ref Avengers West Coast 53 ref During the Civil War comics Civil War storyline, X Ray along with the other U Foes joined ... a registered hero, X Ray is later seen as part of the Hood comics Hood s criminal organization who ... Reign comics Dark Reign storyline, X Ray and the U Foes are revealed as members of the Initiative s North Carolina team. ref Avengers The Initiative 26 ref Powers and abilities X Ray s physical ... X Ray appears in The Avengers Earth s Mightiest Heroes episode Hulk vs. the World. He is shown as an inmate ... in attacking the Avengers when they enter the Cube. Video games X Ray alongside the other U Foes appears ... . X Ray is featured as a boss in the Facebook game Marvel Avengers Alliance . References reflist External links http marvel.com universe X Ray 28James Darnell 29 X Ray at Marvel.com Hulk Category Characters ...   more details



  1. X-ray vision

    unreferenced date November 2008 In science fiction stories or superhero comics , X ray vision is the ability ... X ray vision, this power has little to do with the actual effect of X ray s. Instead, it is usually ... s eyes x rays simply pass through an object and continue on their way. X ray films are made as x rays pass through an object and then through the x ray film. The images seen on x ray film are shadows of the objects the x rays passed through on their way to the film . As depicted, x ray vision is actually ... at a frequency just below visible light. Such imaging is not true x ray vision, but rather shows ... of the body beneath. X ray Specs In comic books in the latter half of the 20th century, there often appeared an advertisement for X Ray Specs novelty X ray Specs which displayed the face of a smiling .... Examples The best known figures with x ray vision are the fictional superhero Superman , who ... of the 1963 film X 1963 film X aka X The Man with the X Ray Eyes . The 1934 novel The Lady With the X Ray Eyes features one of the first literary characters with X ray vision. In the TV show The Greatest American Hero Ralph Hinkley has x ray vision. In the TV show Lois and Clark , a misfit uses his X ray vision to look in a dressing room, only to be blocked by Superman, who angrily tells him the most despicable action a superhero can do is use X ray vision to spy on the girls locker room. Although in a different episode, Lois Lane temporarily possesses X ray vision and it is implied ... Returns , Superman uses the X ray vision to see into the interior of Lois Lane s body in order to check ... the Byakugan , an eye condition which confers a sort of x ray vision, along with limited thermography ..., a Kanohi mask called Akaku endows its user with X Ray Vision. A more powerful version, the Akaku Nuva, grants X Ray vision to the user and those around him and can see through illusions . In the video ... X Ray Specs comic strip X Ray Specs whose hero, Ray, has a pair of glasses which provide him with x ...   more details



  1. Ultraluminous X-ray source

    Image NGC 4485 and NGC 4490.jpg thumb right 249px A Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra image of NGC 4485 and NGC 4490 two potential ULXs An ultra luminous X ray source ULX is an astronomical source of X ... Observatory . Later observations were made by ROSAT . Great progress has been made by the X ray observatories XMM Newton and Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra , which have a much greater spectral and angular resolution . A survey of ULXs by Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra observations shows ... cite journal author Swartz, D.A., et al. title The Ultraluminous X Ray Source Population from ... normal X ray binaries . There are several models for ULXs, and it is likely that different models ... . An argument made in favor of some sources as possible IMBHs is the analogy of the X ray spectra as scaled up stellar mass black hole X ray binaries. The spectra of X ray binaries have been observed ... state is characterized by an absorbed power law X ray spectrum with spectral index from 1.5 to 2.0 hard X ray spectrum . Historically, this state was associated with a lower luminosity, though with better ... be a scaled up X ray binary or accreting IMBH. Messier 74 M74 Possibly containing an intermediate ... Hole Candidate Ultraluminous X Ray Sources and Stellar Mass Black Holes journal The Astrophysical ... oscillations QPOs , has a modulation of 62 days in its X ray amplitude. Pinwheel Galaxy M101 X1 One ... that this may be an X ray binary . ref name kuntz05 cite journal author Kuntz, K.D., et al. title ..., a spiral galaxy in the constellation Reticulum , contains two ultraluminous X ray sources. ref name ... name miller03 cite journal author Miller, J.M., et al. title X ray Spectroscopic Evidence for Intermediate Mass Black Holes Cool Accretion Disks in Two Ultraluminous X Ray Sources journal Astrophysical ... arxiv.org abs astro ph 0211178 arXiv astro ph 0211178v3 ref See also X ray Intermediate mass black hole Astronomical X ray source X ray astronomy References reflist cite journal author Remillard, Ronald ...   more details



  1. Chandra X-ray Observatory

    www.nasa.gov centers marshall news background facts cxoquick.html Chandra X ray Observatory Quick Facts ref br elapsed For year month day year 1999 month 07 day 23 deorbit date wavelength X ray 0.1 ...Infobox Space Telescope name Chandra X ray Observatory image File Chandra X ray Observatory inside the Space Shuttle payload bay.jpg 250px caption Chandra X ray Observatory and Inertial Upper Stage sit ... NASA , Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory SAO , Chandra X ray Center CXC major contractors TRW , Northrop Grumman alt names Advanced X ray Astrophysics Facility AXAF nssdc id 1999 040B location orbit ... website http chandra.harvard.edu chandra.harvard.edu as of stats ref The Chandra X ray Observatory ... in Redondo Beach, California Redondo Beach , California . Chandra is sensitive to X ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X ray telescope, due primarily to the high angular resolution of the Chandra mirrors. Since the Earth s atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X ray s, they are not detectable .... History In 1976 the Chandra X ray Observatory called AXAF at the time was proposed to NASA by Riccardo ... launched the first imaging X ray telescope, Einstein Observatory Einstein HEAO 2 , into orbit. Work ... after it launched. It is operated by the SAO at the Chandra X ray Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts ... at the Chandra X ray Center indicated that the observatory could last at least 15 years. ref http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0402275v1 The Development and Scientific Impact of The Chandra X Ray Observatory ref On 24 July 2008 the International X ray Observatory , a joint project between ESA , NASA and JAXA , was proposed as the next major X ray observatory but has now been cancelled. ref http constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov ... International X ray Observatory ref Challenges 1976 saw Dr. Giacconi and Dr. Tananbaum s proposal to NASA . The next year, NASA took the project, sending a 1.2 meter X ray observatory, into consideration ... lower left in false color as observed through the Chandra X Ray Observatory. File PSR B1509 58 full.jpg ...   more details




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