Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Very High Speed ADSL VADSL refers to a high speed ADSL connection. The term is deprecated nowadays so as to not create confusion with VDSL , also an xDSL variation. DEFAULTSORT Very High Speed Adsl Internet stub Category Digital subscriber line de Very High Speed ADSL ... more details
DSL technologies unreferenced date December 2011 ITU G.992.3 is an ITU International Telecommunication Union standard, also referred to as ADSL2 or G.DMT.bis . It optionally extends the capability of basic Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL in data rates to 12 Mbit s downstream and, depending on ADSL2 Annexes Annex version , up to 3.5 Mbit s upstream with a mandatory capability of ADSL2 transceivers of 8 Mbit s downstream and 800 kbit s upstream . ADSL2 uses the same bandwidth as ADSL but achieves higher throughput via improved modulation techniques. Actual speeds may reduce depending on line quality&mdash usually the most significant factor in line quality is the distance from the Digital subscriber line access multiplexer DSLAM to the customer s equipment. File ADSL2 frequencies.png Annex versions ADSL2 has multiple modes for DSL providers to offer services for different needs. Below is a list of available features based on ADSL2 specs from the ITU standards. class wikitable Annex version Spec Description style text align center A xDSL over Plain old telephone service POTS xDSL service functioning over plain old telephone service . style text align center B xDSL over ISDN xDSL Services running over ISDN Digital Phone services. style text align center C xDSL in ISDN xDSL System operating in the same cable as ISDN as defined in ITU T Rec. G.961 Appendix III Currently as of? not implemented style text align center D ADSL transceiver ATU C and ATU R state diagram s See Annex D G.992.3 style text align center E POTS and ISDN BA DSL filter splitters See Annex E G.992.3. For operation according to Annexes A,B and I, the G.992.3 requirements applying over a frequency band up to 1104 kHz shall be met over a frequency band up to 2208 kHz. style text align center F ADSL transceiver ATU x performance requirements for region A North America F.1 Performance requirements for operation of ADSL over POTS Annex A br F.2 Performance requirements for operation of All Digital Mod ... more details
Infobox Company company name Libya Telecom & Technology LTT company logo company type Public company slogan foundation 1997 location city Tripoli location country Libya key people Muhammad Gaddafi , former Chairman 2004 2011 industry Internet service provider ISP products Internet and Communications Services revenue operating income net income num employees parent GPTC of Libya public subsid homepage http www.ltt.ly en www.ltt.ly footnotes Libya Telecom & Technology LTT lang ar was established in 1997 as a private company. LTT was Libya s main and biggest Internet service provider ISP offering both dial up and broadband Internet to customers Libya wide. LTT was bought out by the General Posts and Telecommunications Company GPTC in 2004. Muhammad Gaddafi , the eldest son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi , was the Chairman until the Libyan civil war and the subsequent collapse of the Gaddafi government. Services Internet access solutions Dial up internet access Libya DSL LibyaMAX WiMAX LibyaPhone MVNO Mobile Libya FTTH Fiber to the home Broadband internet access over xDSL Broadband internet access over Wireless Satellite DVB RCS Access Data network connection solutions Data network via wireless Data network via xDSL Data network via VSAT Communication solutions VSAT Microwave GSM Value added services Webhosting and e mail services Network security services Consultation services Technology and communications External links http www.lttnet.com Official Site http www.libyanyouths.com Libyan Youth http www.mutele.com Libya Telecom Companies Category Internet service providers of Libya ar sv Libya Telecom & Technology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Multi service access Node MSAN also known as a Multi service access gateway MSAG is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet which connects customers telephone lines to the core network , to provide telephone , ISDN , and broadband such as DSL all from a single platform. Prior to the deployment of MSANs, telecom providers typically had a multitude of separate equipment including DSLAM s to provide the various types of services to customers. Integrating all services on a single node, which typically backhaul telecommunications backhaul s all data streams over Internet Protocol IP or Asynchronous Transfer Mode can be more cost effective and may provide new services to customers quicker than previously possible. A typical outdoor MSAN cabinet consists of narrowBand Plain old telephone service POTS , broadBand xDSL services, batteries with rectifiers, Fiber optic communication optical transmission unit and copper distribution frame . See also Next generation network DEFAULTSORT Msan Category Telephony equipment Category Digital subscriber line Telecomm stub ca Node d acc s multiservei es Nodo de acceso multiservicio it MSAN ru Multi Service Access Node tr MSAN uk MSAN vi MSAN ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Virtual circuit multiplexing or VC MUX is one of the two the other being Logical Link Control LLC encapsulation mechanisms for identifying the protocol carried in ATM Adaptation Layer 5 AAL5 frames specified by RFC 2684, Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM . With virtual circuit multiplexing, the communicating hosts agree on the high level protocol for a given circuit. It has the advantage of not requiring additional information in a packet, which minimizes the overhead. For example, if the hosts agree to transfer IP, a sender can pass each datagram directly to AAL5 to transfer, nothing needs to be sent besides the datagram and the AAL5 trailer. This tends to reduce fragmentation overhead e.g., an IPv4 datagram containing a Transmission Control Protocol TCP ACK only packet with neither IP nor TCP options exactly fits into a single cell . The chief disadvantage of such a scheme lies in duplication of virtual circuits a host must create a separate virtual circuit for each high level protocol if more than one protocol is used. Because most carriers charge for each virtual circuit, customers try to avoid using multiple circuits because it adds unnecessary cost. It is commonly used in conjunction with Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet PPPoE and Point to Point Protocol over ATM PPPoA which are used in various xDSL implementations. Category Internet standards pt Multiplexa o de circuito virtual ... more details
Telephone s main lines in use 2.4 million June 2006 Telephones mobile cellular 5.6 million June 2006 Telephone system excellent telephone and Telegraphy telegraph services br domestic buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, 4 cellular radio communications systems br international 18 submarine fiber optic cables linking Denmark with Norway , Sweden , Russia , Poland , Germany , the Netherlands , United Kingdom , Faroe Islands , Iceland , and Canada satellite earth stations 6 Intelsat , 10 Eutelsat , 1 Orion satellite Orion , 1 Inmarsat Blaavand Atlantic East note the Nordic countries Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Rogaland station for world wide Inmarsat access Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 355, shortwave 0, DAB 1 with 17 channels 2005 Radios 6.02 million 1997 Television broadcast stations 42 plus 44 repeaters September 1995 Televisions 3.121 million 1997 Internet Service Providers ISPs 12 1999 Internet Users Dial up 1,682,781 2004 XDSL 638,121 2004 Cable modem 345,618 2004 See also Internet in Denmark Country codes ccTLD .dk Telecommunications Category Telecommunications in Denmark Category Communications in Denmark Category Telecommunications in Europe Denmark stub comm stub lt Danijos ry iai ru ... more details
through xDSL are available through state telephone company http www.ktnet.kg Kyrgyz Telecom up to 8 ... ISPs that provide broadband internet access using different technologies such as xDSL, ISDN ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File XDSL Connectivity Diagram en.svg thumb upright 2 xDSL Connectivity diagram A broadband remote access server BRAS , B RAS or BBRAS routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access multiplexer s DSLAM on an Internet service provider s ISP network. BRAS can also be referred to as a Broadband Network Gateway BNG . The BRAS sits at the core of an ISP s network, and aggregates user sessions from the access network . It is at the BRAS that an ISP can inject policy management and IP Quality of Service QoS . The specific tasks include Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as Digital subscriber line access multiplexer DSLAM s Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or Point to Point Protocol PPP sessions over Ethernet or Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM sessions Enforces quality of service QoS policies Provides layer 3 connectivity and routes IP traffic through an Internet service provider s backbone network to the Internet A Digital subscriber line access multiplexer DSLAM collects data traffic from multiple subscribers into a centralized point so that it can be transported to a switch or router over a Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet connection. The router provides the logical network termination. Common link access methods include PPP over Ethernet PPPoE , PPP over ATM PPPoA encapsulated sessions, bridged ethernet over ATM or Frame Relay RFC 1483 RFC 1490 , or just plain ethernet. In the case of ATM or Frame Relay based access, individual subscribers are identified by Virtual Circuit IDs. Subscribers connected over ethernet based remote access devices are usually identified by VLAN IDs or MPLS tags. By acting as the network termination point, the BRAS is responsible for assigning network parameters such as IP addresses to the clients. The BRAS is also the first IP hop from the client to the Internet. The BRAS is also the interface to authentication ... more details
analyzers, transport and datacom, optical, xDSL, copper, IMS and VoIP test instruments, as well ... Copper based xDSL and triple play testing Service assurance Once networks are operational, service ... position through acquisitions of wireless, protocol, copper xDSL and service assurance test businesses ... broadband access networks. Above and beyond copper xDSL test solutions, Consultronics had a rich ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Edge devices are router computing router s, routing switches, integrated access device s IADs , multiplexers, and a variety of metropolitan area network MAN and wide area network WAN access devices that provide entry points into enterprise or service provider core networks. Edge devices also provide connections into carrier and service provider networks. Function In general, edge devices are normally routers that provide authenticated access most commonly PPPoA and PPPoE to faster, more efficient backbone and core networks. The trend is to make the edge device smart and the core device s dumb and fast , so edge routers often include Quality of Service QoS and multi service functions to manage different types of traffic. Consequently, core networks are often designed with switches that use routing protocols such as Open Shortest Path First OSPF or Multiprotocol Label Switching MPLS for reliability and scalability, allowing edge routers to have redundant links to the core network. Links between core networks are different, for example Border Gateway Protocol BGP routers often used for peering exchanges. Translation Edge devices may translate between one type of network protocol and another. For example, Ethernet or token ring types of local area network s LANs or xDSL equipment may use an Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM backbone to other core networks. ATM networks send data in cells and use connection oriented virtual circuits. An IP network is packet oriented so if ATM is used as a core, packets must be encapsulated in cells and the destination address must be converted to a virtual circuit identifier. Some new types of optical fibre use a Passive optical network subscriber loop such as GPON, with the edge device connecting to Ethernet for backhaul telecommunications .this is wrong. Multiservice units An edge switch for a WAN may be a multiservice unit, meaning that it supports a wide variety of communication technologies, including In ... more details
ADSL was introduced commercially to Denmark in winter 1999. The service has been rolled out very extensively and the national coverage is now above 97 of the Danish population. There are several ISPs in Denmark but only a few own their own infrastructure The last mile is owned solely by the former state monopoly TDC company TDC , namely TDC, Cybercity and to some extent Tele2 who acquired their xDSL infrastructure from Tiscali in February 2005 . As of December 2009, the OECD ranked Denmark a shared first along with the Netherlands in broadband connection penetration, at a rate of 37.1 broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants. ref Directorate for Science, Technology, and Industry. http www.oecd.org document 54 0,3343,en 2649 34225 38690102 1 1 1 1,00.html OECD Broadband Portal. Retrieved on 2010 07 09. ref Denmark also held first spot as of their 2006 report http www.oecd.org sti ict broadband OECD Broadband Statistics June 2006 . More information can be found here in order of market share see the 2009 report from ITST http www.itst.dk statistik Telestatistik halvarsstatistik 2009 telestatistik for 1 halvar 2009 Telestatistik 20for 202009 201H.pdf page 40,46 for official numbers Major providers TDC company TDC former incumbent, incl. YouSee, Fullrate, A , Dong Fiber http www.tdc.dk Telenor incl. Cybercity, Sonofon and Tele2 DK http www.telenor.dk TeliaSonera Telia incl. Stofa, DLG Tele, Debitel http www.telia.dk Other providers CPH Metronet ComX Networks A S http www.comx.dk EnergiMidt http www.fiberbredbaand.dk Dansk Bredb nd Local Power companies with FTTH http www.danskfibernet.dk References Reflist Internet in Europe Category Internet in Denmark ru ... more details
Infobox Company name Caucasus Online logo type Limited liability company LLC genre foundation 1998 founder Mamia Sanadiradze location city Tbilisi location country Georgia country Georgia location locations area served key people General Director Gia Adeishvili industry Telecommunication products Internet , IPTV services market cap revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees More than 600 parent divisions subsid homepage http www.co.ge www.co.ge footnotes intl Caucasus Online is one of the largest Georgia country Georgian Internet service provider s and controls large part of the Georgian internet communications market. Caucasus Online was formed by unification of three major Georgian ISPs Caucasus Network , Georgia Online and SaNet . ref http www.civil.ge eng article.php?id 17078 About Caucasus Online ref in 2006. Since 2008 Telenet , the main provider of wireless Internet in Georgia, merged with Caucasus Online. The company provides a range of internet services including DSL xDSL Internet access , Wi Fi Wireless Internet access , Fiber to the x , Dial up Internet access , Web design , Web hosting , Colocation centre Colocation service . Also, it operates a Submarine communications cable named Caucasus Cable System CCS which links Balchik , Bulgaria and Poti , Georgia country Georgia and provides high speed internet to Georgia. The project was developed by Caucasus Online in co operation with Tyco Electronics in 2008. References Reflist External links http caucasus.net Caucasus Online website http www.tycotelecom.com tyco.aspx Tyco Telecommunications Category Companies of Georgia country Category Internet in Georgia country Georgia stub ... more details
network collapsed Image Network Overlay.svg Overlay network broken up Image XDSL Connectivity Diagram fr.svg xDSL to Internet connectivity Image Internet Connectivity Triple Play.svg Triple play illustration ... more details
of Broadband Users by Access April 2005 Number of the xDSL Users 13,675,840 lines Number of the FTTH ... June 2004 Number of the xDSL Users 12,068,718 lines Number of the FTTH Users 1,417,483 lines ... of Broadband Users by Access June 2002 Number of the xDSL Users 3,300,926 lines Number of the FTTH ... more details
the system integration and functional tests can be carried out prior to general rollout. xDSL technologies ... we have been analyzing the possibilities of new generation xDSL technologies ADSL2, ADSL2 , SHDSL ... more details
DSL technologies ISDN Digital Subscriber Line IDSL uses Integrated Services Digital Network ISDN based technology to provide a data communication channel across existing copper telephone lines at a rate of 144 kbit s, slightly higher than a bonded dual channel ISDN connection at 128kbit s. The digital transmission bypasses the telephone company s central office equipment that handles analogue signals. IDSL uses the ISDN grade loop without Basic Rate Interface in ISDN transmission mode. The benefits of IDSL over ISDN are that IDSL provides always on connections and transmits data via a data network rather than the carrier s voice network. ref cite press release url http www.cisco.com en US tech tk175 tk349 technologies q and a item09186a00800946d3.shtml title IDSL Frequently Asked Questions date February 26, 2008 publisher Cisco ref IDSL also avoids per call fees by being generally billed at a flat rate. IDSL is not available in all countries. ISDN digital subscriber line IDSL is a cross between ISDN and xDSL. It is like ISDN in that it uses a single wire pair to transmit full duplex data at 128 kbit s and at distances of up to RRD range. Like ISDN, IDSL uses a 2B1Q line code to enable transparent operation through the ISDN U interface. Finally, the user continues to use existing Customer premises equipment CPE ISDN BRI terminal adapters, bridges, and routers to make the CO connections. The big difference is from the carrier s point of view. Unlike ISDN, IDSL does not connect through the voice switch. A new piece of data communications equipment terminates the IDSL connection and shunts it off to a router or data switch. This is a key feature because the overloading of central office voice switches by data users is a growing problem for telcos. The limitation of IDSL is that the customer no longer has access to ISDN signaling or voice services. But for Internet service providers, who do not provide a public voice service, IDSL is an interesting way of using Plain old ... more details
Infobox Company company name Skj rinn company logo Image Siminn logo.jpg 200px Siminn Logo company type Private company Private company slogan foundation Original 1906 Merger of Iceland Telecom , slenska sj nvarpsf lagi and Skipti in 2005 location Reykjav k , Iceland key people Brynj lfur Bjarnason, Chairman br S var Freyr r insson , President & CEO industry Telecommunications num employees 750 products Fixed line , Mobile computing Mobile , Internet , xDSL , IPnetwork , Television revenue 320 million United States Dollar USD 2004 homepage http www.skjarinn.is skjarinn.is Skj rinn is a digital television service provider in Iceland . The service is provided by the Iceland ic telecommunications company S minn . The service provides a number of key local and international television services along with an Video on demand on demand service providing viewers with the latest movies , sports and news . List of Channels Icelandic RUV Skj rEinn St 2 St 2 St 2 Plus St 2 St 2 Bio RUV RUV Skj rEinn Skjarinn Einn European and International channels ref http skjarinn.is heimur pakki allt ref DR 1 DR 2 NRK 1 NRK 2 NRK 3 SVT1 SVT2 Zone Reality TCM UK TCM BBC Entertainment History Channel UK History Channel Animal Planet Discovery Channel Discovery World TV Channel Discovery World Discovery Science National Geographic Channel BBC World News CNBC Europe Bloomberg Television Sky News CNN International Al Jazeera Fox News Cartoon Network Disney XD Boomerang Jim Jam Baby TV Star Poker Channel BBC Lifestyle Travel Channel France 2 M6 TV channel M6 Arte Rai 1 RTE One Televisi n Espa ola TVE Das Erste Pro Sieben Sat 1 ZDF Polsat Kerrang TV MTV Europe VH1 Europe Smash Hits Adult Channel Eurosport Extreme Sports Channel Motors TV ESPN America ESPN Classic E References Reflist External links http www.skjarinn.is Official website DEFAULTSORT Skjarinn Category Television in Iceland iceland stub tv station stub ... more details
Merge Wireless internet service provider date March 2009 Expert subject radio date November 2008 Refimprove date August 2007 WISPr or Wireless Internet Service Provider roaming Pronounced whisper, WISPr is a draft protocol submitted to the Wi Fi Alliance that allows users to roam between Wireless Internet service provider wireless internet service providers , in a fashion similar to that used to allow cellphone users to roam between carriers. A RADIUS server is used to authenticate the subscriber s credentials. It covers best practices for authenticating users via 802.1X or the Universal Access Method UAM , the latter being another name for browser based login at a captive portal hotspot. It requires that RADIUS be used for AAA protocol AAA and defines the required RADIUS attributes. For authentication by smart clients, Appendix D defines the Smart Client to Access Gateway Interface Protocol, which is an XML based protocol for authentication. Smart client software and devices that use it use this so called WISPr XML to seamlessly login to HotSpots without the need for the user to interact with a captive portal. The draft WISPr specification is no longer available from the Wi Fi Alliance. It was submitted in a manner that does not conform with current IPR policies within the WI Fi Alliance. Intel and others have started a similar proposal IRAP ref cite web url http www.intel.com technology comms roaming title Seamless Networking Simplifying Mobile Computing ref , which has now been rolled into ETSI Telecommunications and Internet converged Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking TISPAN TS 183 019 ref cite web url http www.etsi.org WebSite homepage.aspx title Network Access xDSL and WLAN Access Networks Interface Protocol Definitions ref and TS 183 020 ref cite web url http www.etsi.org WebSite homepage.aspx title Roaming interface protocol definitions for TISPAN NGN network access. ref . See also IEEE 802.11 Wireless Internet service provider ETSI References r ... more details
Image Iris 3000 for WP.jpg thumb right The Iris 3000 Videophone The Iris 3000 is a Session Initiation Protocol SIP videophone manufactured by UMEC for ACN Inc. It features a 7 inch screen, CMOS Camera, an idle time photo frame, and a standard phone jack to attach it to a cordless telephone for use throughout a home. It uses high speed internet DSL or Cable to connect with the service provider s network and thence to worldwide telephone systems. Features The IRIS 3000 can be used as a Digital Photo Frame when not in use a setup option , using either a USB thumb drive or SD memory card as the picture source, and includes a built in phone adapter to connect an audio only analog or digital phone for house wide service. It also has audio and video output jacks RCA so that images from the video phone can be shown on a larger screen such as a computer or TV. The service provides for video greetings and video mail for others with Iris 2000 or 3000 videophones. The phone service also communicates with any other audio only telephone, including voice greetings and voice mail . ref name tmcnet cite web accessdate 2009 01 25 url http www.voip voice over ip.com news voip acn iris 3000 videophone the state videophone.htm title ACN IRIS 3000 Videophone & The State of the Videophone date May 2008 publisher TMCNet Bloggers ref Specification The phone is based on Freescale s i.MX27 ARM Board and runs a custom Linux kernel. It uses Session Initiation Protocol SIP for the connection of the call, supports codecs G.729 and G.711 for Audio and H.263 and H.264 for Video. Requirements The phone requires a broadband internet connection xDSL, Cable or Fiber with at least 256 Kbs upload speed in order to function properly with a video call. It will not work on any speed of dialup. It could be configured to work with 3G or wifi connections, but such options are not officially supported by ACN yet. In popular culture The Iris 3000 was featured in the The Apprentice U.S. season 8 Episode 4 fourth ... more details
Infobox company company name Lantiq company logo Image Lantiq logo.svg 280px company type Private company Private traded as foundation 2009 location city Neubiberg , Bavaria , Germany key people products Analogue electronics br Calculator s br Digital signal processor s br Digital Light Processing Digital light processors br Integrated circuit s br Radio frequency identification revenue operating income net income assets equity num employees 1.000 homepage http www.lantiq.com lantiq.com footnotes Lantiq is an international fabless semiconductor business of approximately 1,000 people. It was formed in 2009 when Infineon Technologies sold its Wireline Communications Division. Lantiq s central functions and the executive management team are located adjacent to the Infineon campus in Neubiberg near Munich in Germany but Lantiq has nearly 20 other locations worldwide In Europe Duisburg, Villach, Riga, Luxembourg, Paris, Kista, London, Yakum. In North America Bedford, MA and Milpitas, CA. In Asia Pacific Seoul, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hsinchu, Taipei, Singapore and Bangalore. Lantiq makes devices for Next Generation Networks and the Digital Home and, via its Infineon heritage, has a over 20 year record of technology development. Its solutions which comprise of the devices and software are deployed by major Common carrier carrier and found in Access networks and home networks in every region of the world and in 2009 the company shipped more than 200 million mixed signal and digital devices. Lantiq s System on a chip SoC system on chip solutions address a variety of technologies, including all flavours of xDSL , VoIP , wireless LAN , Gigabit Ethernet and GPON . Based on its sales Lantiq claims to be the world s number one supplier of access network integrated circuits. In 2011 Lantiq launched its first home networking chips compliant with the G.hn ITU T G.hn standard . Lantiq is a private company, its investor is Golden Gate Capital Partners Golden Gate Capita ... more details
CAT Telecom Public Company Limited is the state owned company that runs Thailand s international telecommunications infrastructure, including its international gateways, satellite , and submarine communications cable submarine cable networks connections. As of February 2008, it had 5,562 employees. ref http web1.cattelecom.co.th dea5de2355c9a880b438f16f59157a94 Language Template EN new index eng.htm History of CAT ref ref http www.cattelecom.com CAT Telecom Website ref Services Until recently, CAT had a monopoly on international telephony and CDMA mobile telephony. CAT is partnered with TOT Thailand TOT to provide the GSM mobile service ThaiMobile . In partnershup with Hutchison Telecommunications International Limited Hutchison , it provides a CDMA2000 1X mobile service in 25 central provinces, and operates its own CDMA2000 1xEV DO in a further 51 provinces. ref Budde.com, http www.budde.com.au Reports Contents CAT Telecom Public Company Limited 280.html CAT Telecom Web Report ref CAT also provides data communications and applications services, such as Leased Line, Fiber to the Premises FTTx , Gigabit Ethernet , xDSL , Live TV Broadcast, e Commerce, e Auction, and e Security. Over half of CAT s revenue comes from its mobile concession contracts, Total Access Communication TAC, dtac Brand , True Move TM , and Digital Phone Company DPC, GSM1800 Brand . History Established on August 14, 2003, by the government of Thaksin Shinawatra , CAT Telecom was originally known as the Communications Authority of Thailand. Plans were under way to privatize a portion of the state enterprise through an IPO in the Stock Exchange of Thailand but these plans were cancelled after the Thaksin government was overthrown by 2006 Thailand coup a coup in 19 September 2006 . Soon after the coup, the junta of General Surayud Chulanont announced plans to merge CAT Telecom with rival state telecom enterprise TOT Thailand TOT formerly the Telephone Organization of Thailand . ref The Nation, http w ... more details
Infobox Company company name RAD Data Communications company logo Image 5066 rad logo.png company type Private company Private foundation 1981 industry Telecommunications revenue 174 million United States dollar USD 2007 num employees 1,100 location city Tel Aviv, Israel key people Chairman Zohar Zisapel , CEO Efraim Wachtel products Computer networking Networking homepage http www.rad.com www.rad.com RAD Data Communications also known as RAD is a privately held corporation, based in Tel Aviv , Israel , that designs and manufacturers specialized networking equipment. RAD Data Communications is a member of the Rad Group RAD Group of companies. History main Rad Group Rad was founded by brothers Yehuda and Zohar Zisapel Zohar Zisapel in 1981, as a spin off from Bynet , a Networking hardware distribution company founded by Yehuda in 1973. Their goal was to develop their own products the company was simply named RAD, for Research And Development. ref name Levav Citation title Shevavim shel ti ah The Story of the Birth of Israel s High Tech Industry url http openlibrary.org b OL18623011M Shevavim shel ti E1 B8 B3 E1 B9 BFah 28Literally E2 80 9CMicrochips of Hope E2 80 9D 29 author Levav, Amos journal Published in 1998, Zemorah Bitan Tel Aviv pages 143 170 ref RAD first successful product was a miniature in 1980 s standards computer modem . The product quickly became a commercial success, and by 1985, RAD annual revenues reached 5.5 million USD. This initial product line has evolved into RAD Data Communications, the largest company within the RAD Group. ref name Levav llll Products RAD s research, development and engineering includes Time division multiplexing TDM , Ethernet , MPLS , Internet Protocol IP , Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM , Frame Relay , E carrier level 1 E1 T carrier T1 , Electronic Entertainment Expo E3 T carrier T3 , xDSL , Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDH SONET , pseudowire circuit emulation and service emulation, clock synchronization , voice compress ... more details
Multiple issues lead missing September 2009 refimprove August 2009 update February 2010 Dial Up Empty section date July 2010 ISDN Empty section date July 2010 xDSL Providers As of 2006 12 , Deutsche Telekom has more than 10 million DSL customers in Germany , making Germany one of the top DSL countries in the European Union . Deutsche Telekom has a number of resellers, and many ISPs providing the service for it. Alternatively, there are DSL providers in Germany which have their own DSL network who rent the copper lines from the incumbent in a Local loop unbundling LLU arrangement. The market is dynamic with lower prices and new technologies emerging rapidly, but a common problem is that most offers have very long contract terms of 1 or 2 years. DSL coverage is incomplete in some rural areas. Deutsche Telekom is building a VDSL network in summer 2006, but there is a political quarrel, they demand exemption from the regulation, which the current German government wants to allow, but the EU does not . It is supposed to offer up to 50 Mbit s download, 10 Mbit s upload speeds and is intended to be used with proprietary digital TV offers, including live Fu ball Bundesliga Bundesliga Association football football matches. Alternative technologies Connection technologies other than DSL are not widely used in Germany so far, due to a lack of viable offers, but are starting to get interesting. Cable Until recently, cable internet was not available, because the cable TV infrastructure was owned by Deutsche Telekom, which promoted DSL and neglected the cable network. It was sold after political pressure a few years ago, and is now owned by Kabel Deutschland , Kabel BW , Unitymedia etc. separated geographically , which slowly invest into upgrading the cable network s bandwidth capacity and making it 2 way capable. The available download speed is between 16 and 128 Mbit s. Optical Fibre Germany has implemented in certain regions of the country FTTx Technologies and providing up to ... more details
Multiple issues COI December 2009 notability June 2010 no footnotes December 2009 Michael R. Fine born November 29, 1966 is a beta testing consultant, ref name Atlanta Business Chronicle author, and inventor. He is the author of Beta Testing for Better Software Wiley, 2002 , and is currently the director of client services at Centercode , a beta testing software and services company which he co founded. Fine is actively engaged in the promotion of beta testing as a concept, speaking ref name The beta benefit on the topic and authoring ref name Designing Effective Beta Test Programs several articles on it. Fine conducted beta tests on the first Palm, Inc. Palm handheld devices, as well as the original Bluetooth designs, and was significantly involved in the launch of xDSL and WiFi . He was also actively engaged in the testing of new modem standards, starting with V.32 up through V.92. Prior to helping found Centercode , Fine was the beta test manager ref name Secrets to successful beta testing ref name Better Beta for Megahertz, U.S. Robotics , and ultimately, 3Com Corporation. He was responsible for managing the beta testing of 3Com s networking and communications products for three of their global divisions. In addition to technical writer technical writing for Iomega and several magazine articles, Fine is the author of three books Beta Testing for Better Software ISBN 0471250376 Utah The Complete Ski and Snowboard Guide ISBN 0881507423 Canoeing and Kayaking Utah ISBN 0881507032 Fine contributed to U.S. Patent http www.wikipatents.com 6215799.html 6215799 for an ISDN Analog Interface, and U.S. Patent http www.wikipatents.com 6275933.html 6275933 for a security design. Fine graduated Loyola Academy in 1984, then Weber State University in 1989, and currently serves as a member of its Alumni Association Board. Fine is a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha national fraternity. References references Reflist group consultant ref name Atlanta Business Chronicle cite web last Pat ... more details
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