XRD may refer to X ray Diffraction Extensible Resource Descriptor disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Miniflex is a X ray diffraction XRD analytical measuring instrument produced by Rigaku . The current instrument is the fourth in a series introduced in 1973. History Image MiniFlex1973.jpg thumb 125px Original Miniflex ca. 1973 Image MiniFlex1976.jpg thumb 125px 2nd Generation Miniflex ca. 1976 The Miniflex is historically significant in that it was the first commercial benchtop tabletop X ray diffraction XRD instrument. When introduced in 1973, the original Miniflex was about one tenth the size, and dramatically less expensive, than conventional X ray diffraction equipment of the period. The original instrument, and its successor that was introduced in 1976, employed a Horizontal plane horizontal goniometer with data output provided by an internal strip chart recorder . The third generation device, introduced in 1995, was called Miniflex . It provided a dramatic advance in the technology with computer control. ref Rigaku MiniFlex X ray Diffractometer System , The Rigaku Journal , Vol. 12, u 2 u , p.50 52 1996 . http www.rigaku.com downloads journal Vol12.2.1995 miniflex.pdf ref ref Desktop X ray Diffractometer MiniFlex , The Rigaku Journal , Vol. 14, u 1 u , p. 29 36 1997 . http www.rigaku.com downloads journal Vol14.1.1997 miniflex.pdf ref Both the Miniflex and the current generation product employ a Vertical direction vertical goniometer and allow the use of an automatic sample changer. The current generation Miniflex II was introduced in 2006 and offers the advance of a monochromatic X ray source. Teaching The simplicity and relatively low cost of the Miniflex line has led to its widespread use in colleges and universities to illustrate the physics behind X ray diffraction . ref Introduction to X Ray Powder Diffraction EPS 400 http epswww.unm.edu xrdxrd course info.htm ref In addition to Chemistry and Physics , many Geology departments also employ the Miniflex to teach mineralogy . ref XRD Analysis And Project Based Learning In An Environmental Geology Laboratory ... more details
for mining and mineral based applications. Under this agreement, inXitu makes an XRF XRD instrument ... 2008, inXitu completed the development of Duetto a combined XRF XRD instrument for the non .... He played a key role in the development of the NASA XRD XRF planetary instrument and remains involved in the program today as a member of the MSL Mars 2009 XRD instrument Science team. In 2004, Dr. Sarrazin ... his research on XRD equipment for space exploration under a number of government research grants, and prepared ... XRD XRF Instrument for Mars Exploration Rovers External links http www.inxitu.com Company website ... more details
Infobox Radio station name KXRD image area Victorville, California branding Air 1 slogan The Positive Alternative airdate 1996 in radio 1996 frequency 89.5 megahertz MHz format Christian rock erp 1250 watt s class B1 owner Educational Media Foundation website http www.air1.com callsign meaning K X Lo RD previous name K Lord KXRD 89.5 FM is an Air 1 affiliate station licensed to Victorville, California , and serves the Victor Valley area. KXRD signed on in 1996 as a simulcast of KLRD in Yucaipa, California , known as K Lord . Shortly after KXRD signed on, the stations were renamed Air 1 , marking the beginning of the Air 1 network. KXRD also broadcasts its programming over the following translators K204DR 88.7 FM Laveen, Arizona , K218CO 91.5 FM Klamath Falls, Oregon , K219KN 91.7 FM Barstow, California , and K230AO 93.9 FM Barstow, California . External links http www.air1.com Air1.com FMQ KXRD FML KXRD FMARB KXRD Barstow Radio Victor Valley Radio Air 1 coord 34.612 N 117.292 W type landmark region US source FCC display title Category Radio stations in California XRD Category Christian radio stations in the United States Category Air 1 radio stations California radio station stub ... more details
UTF 8 ? xrds XRDS xmlns xrds xri xrds xmlns xri xrd v 2.0 xmlns openid http openid.net xmlns 1.0 XRD ... XRD xrds XRDS source If this XRDS document was returned, using one of the listed mechanisms, for a URL ... more details
, originally CP, rebuilt Garnero XRD 1333 Chemins de Fer de Provence , ex RL3, originally CP, rebuilt original mail van XRD 1337 Chemins de Fer de Provence , ex RL7, originally CFD Vivarais 33, rebuilt ... de fer de Corse ex autorail A 210 D1, N 106, rebuilt Garnero, previously with CP XRD 242 Chemins ... of many French secondary railways File Korsikabahn Diskussion08.jpg Trailing car XRD 242 from the Chemins ... more details
A list of chemical analysis methods with acronyms. CompactTOC8 name no center no top yes seealso yes A Atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS Atomic emission spectroscopy AES Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy AFS APXS Alpha particle X ray spectrometer APXS C Capillary electrophoresis CE Chromatography Colorimetry Computed tomography Cyclic Voltammetry CV D Differential scanning calorimetry DSC E Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR also called Electron spin resonance ESR Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS EDX F Field flow fractionation FFF Flow injection analysis FIA Fourier transform spectroscopy FTIR G Gas chromatography GC Gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC MS Gas chromatography IR spectroscopy GC IR Gel permeation chromatography IR spectroscopy GPC IR H High performance liquid chromatography HPLC High performance liquid chromatography IR spectroscopy HPLC IR I Microprobe Ion Microprobe IM Inductively coupled plasma ICP Ion selective electrode ISE e.g. determination of pH L Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy LIBS Liquid chromatography IR spectroscopy LC IR Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LC MS M Mass spectrometry MS M ssbauer spectroscopy N Neutron activation analysis Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR P PIXE Particle induced X ray emission spectroscopy PIXE Pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry PY GC MS R Raman spectroscopy Refractive index Resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization REMPI S Scanning electron microscope SEM Scanning X ray microscope SXM also called Scanning transmission X ray Microscope STXM T Transmission electron microscopy TEM X X ray diffraction XRD X ray fluorescence X ray fluorescence spectroscopy XRF X ray microscopy XRM See also Analytical chemistry List of materials analysis methods Category Analytical chemistry hu M szeres analitikai m dszerek no Liste over kjemiske analysemetoder ... more details
Infobox Radio station name WXRD image city Crown Point, Indiana area Northwest Indiana Chicago metropolitan area South Suburban Chicago branding X Rock 103.9 slogan The Classic Rock of the Region airdate frequency 103.9 FM broadcasting FM MHz format Classic rock power erp 3,000 watt s haat 91 meters class A facility id 39382 coordinates coord 41 19 24.00 N 87 21 22.00 W region US IN type landmark callsign meaning former callsigns owner Radio One Communications licensee Porter County Broadcasting Holding Corporation, LLC sister stations WAKE AM WAKE , WLJE , WZVN FM WZVN webcast website http www.xrock1039.com xrock1039.com affiliations Jones Radio Network , Premiere Radio Networks WXRD 103.9 FM broadcasting FM is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Crown Point, Indiana , USA, it serves Northwest Indiana and Chicago s south suburbs. The station is currently owned by Radio One Communications ref http www.radiooneindiana.com Radio One Communications Accessed May 10, 2010 ref and features programing from Jones Radio Network and Premiere Radio Networks . References reflist External links FM station data WXRD br clear all Chicago Radio Classic Rock Radio Stations in Indiana Category Radio stations in Indiana XRD Category Media in Lake County, Indiana Category Classic rock radio stations in the United States Indiana radio station stub ... more details
Image Rocking R.jpg thumb 150px Rigaku Rocking R Logo Rigaku Corporation is an international manufacturer and distributor of scientific, analytical and industrial instrumentation specializing in X ray related technologies, including X ray crystallography , X ray diffraction XRD , X ray reflectivity , X ray fluorescence XRF , automation , cryogenics and X ray optics . Rigaku is headquartered in Tokyo , Japan , with additional production, research and laboratory facilities located in both Japan and the United States . Subsidiaries in North America include Rigaku Americas Corporation The Woodlands, Texas , USA , Applied Rigaku Technologies Austin, Texas, USA and Rigaku Innovative Technologies Auburn Hills, Michigan , USA . European branches are located in Sevenoaks , Kent U.K. , Berlin , Germany and Prague , Czech Republic. History Rigaku was founded in 1951 by Dr. Yoshihiro Shimura. The core innovation of the company was the introduction of the world s first commercially available rotating anode X ray generator in 1952. ref Taguchi, Takeyoshi. http wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp jsac analsci ICAS2001 pdfs 0100 0139 3k12n.pdf In Laboratory X ray Source from 1keV to 40keV , Analytical Sciences 2001 , Vol. 17, . Retrieved on 2005 10 27. ref In 1954, Rigaku introduced the first automatic recording X ray diffractometer. Rigaku developed the first parallel beam type X ray diffractometer for stress analysis, as well as the first X ray fluorescence spectrometers capable of carbon analysis 1976 and boron analysis 1981 . Today, the company is led by Mr. Hikaru P. Shimura President & CEO . References reflist External links http www.rigaku.com Rigaku home page English language English http www.rigaku.co.jp Rigaku home page Japanese language Japanese http www.rigaku.com downloads journal online contents.html Rigaku Journal An International Journal of X ray Characterization Category 1951 establishments in Japan Category Manufacturing companies established in 1951 Category X ray equipment manufac ... more details
orphan date January 2010 File Ankhkherednefer.jpg thumb block statue of Ankhkherednefer hiero Ankhkherednefer hiero anx Xrd nfr hiero align right era nk Ankhkherednefer name formerly read as Ankhrenepnefer , or Ankhsherynefer was an Ancient Egyptian official known from a Block statue Egyptian block statue found in the Tell el Maskhuta perhaps ancient Pithom . The statue, made of red granite is now in the British Museum BM 1007 . Ankhkherednefer served under king Osorkon II whose name appears on the statue. On the statue he bears the titles inspector of the palace rwDw n aH good recorder of the house of Atum, lord of an sXAw nfr n pr itmw nb an and highest lieutnant of the king Hry idnw n pr aA . Literature Edouard Naville The Store city of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus , London, 1885, S. 13 14 with English translations of the texts, Frontispice, Text on plate IV . http www.archive.org details storecityofpitho01navi online Karl Jansen Winkeln gyptische Biographien der 22. und 23. Dynasstie, Teil 1 , Wiesbaden 1985, S. 269 71 ISBN 3 447 02525 5 Karl Jansen Winkeln Inschriften der Sp tzeit, Bd. II Die 22. 24. Dynastie , Wiesbaden, 2007, S. 126 127 External links commonscat Ankhkherednefer http egyptsites.wordpress.com 2009 03 02 tell el maskhuta Statue of Ankhkheerednefer http www.britishmuseum.org research search the collection database search object details.aspx?objectid 120614&partid 1&searchText osorkon&fromADBC ad&toADBC ad&numpages 10&orig 2fresearch 2fsearch the collection database.aspx¤tPage 5 British Museum Statue of Ankhkheerednefer Category Twenty second Dynasty of Egypt Category Ancient Egyptians de Anchcherednefer ... more details
Chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 399013842 IUPACName Dimethylmagnesium Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 2999 74 8 PubChem 18141 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct pubchem ChemSpiderID 10430979 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite changed chemspider SMILES C Mg C StdInChI 1S 2CH3.Mg h2 1H3 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChIKey KZLUHGRPVSRSHI UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider Section2 Chembox Properties C 2 H 6 Mg 1 Solubility Reacts Dimethylmagnesium is an organomagnesium compound . Like other dialkylmagnesium compounds, it is prepared by adding at least one equivalent of dioxane to a solution of methylmagnesium chloride methylmagnesium halide ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ja01314a059 year 1935 last1 Arthur C. Cope Cope first1 Arthur C. journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 57 pages 2238 issue 11 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1021 jo01049a060 title Studies of the Grignard Reaction. II. Kinetics of the Reaction of Dimethylmagnesium with Benzophenone and of Methylmagnesium Bromide Magnesium Bromide with Pinacolone year 1962 last1 Anteunis first1 M. journal J. Org. Chem. volume 27 pages 596 issue 2 ref 2 CH sub 3 sub MgX dioxane eqm CH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub Mg MgX sub 2 sub dioxane The dioxane complexes with magnesium dihalide and precipitates it as the solvate, driving the Schlenk equilibrium to give the dialkylmagnesium compound. The structure of this compound has been determined via powder XRD to contain magnesium atoms surrounded by bridging methyl groups in a tetrahedral arrangement. ref cite journal doi 10.1016 S0022 328X 00 82217 2 title Die kristallstruktur des dimethylmagnesiums year 1964 last1 Weiss first1 E journal J. Organomet. Chem. volume 2 pages 314 issue 4 ref References Reflist Organic compound stub Category Organomagnesium compounds fa nl Dimethylmagnesium ... more details
Primary sources date July 2010 Infobox Magazine title Spectroscopy cover File Achem cover.jpg thumb center Cover editor David Walsh category Spectroscopy language English abbreviation Spectrosc. publisher Advanstar Publishers country United States frequency Monthly firstdate 1985 website http spectroscopyonline.findanalytichem.com issn 0887 6703 Spectroscopy is a trade magazine published since 1985 by the Advanstar Publishers. ref http spectroscopyonline.findanalytichem.com Spectroscopy Online ref Spectroscopy has an editorial goal to promote and support the use of spectroscopy spectroscopic instrumentation in applied research, environmental testing, quality control, and the life sciences. ref http www.techexpo.com firms spectros.html Spectroscopy Magazine information ref Spectroscopy covers many techniques from analytical chemistry to include atomic absorption spectroscopy atomic absorption and emission spectrum emission including plasma based methods such as ICP and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP MS ultraviolet visible spectroscopy ultraviolet spectroscopy , visible spectrum visible spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy including Fourier transform spectroscopy FT IR and Near infrared spectroscopy fluorescence , phosphorescence , and luminescence Raman spectroscopy and FT Raman X ray XRF, XRD, and microanalysis mass spectrometry magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR , Electron paramagnetic resonance EPR , Magnetic resonance imaging MRI surface weather analysis surface analysis X ray photoelectron spectroscopy ESCA , Secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS , Auger electron spectroscopy Auger and laser based spectroscopic techniques. References Reflist Category Professional and trade magazines Category Magazines established in 1985 Category Monthly magazines Category English language magazines ... more details
Cleanup date June 2011 In crystallography , a Greninger chart ref It is named after Alden Buchanan Greninger 17 September 1907, Glendale, Oregon spaced ndash 20 April 1998 . ref IPA en r n r is a chart that allows angular relations between zones and planes in a crystal to be directly read from an x ray diffraction photograph. The Greninger chart is a simple trigonometric tool to determine g and d for a fixed sample to film distance. If one uses a 2 d detector the problem of determining g and d WHAT are g and d ? could be solved mathematically using the equations which generate the Greninger chart A new chart must be generated for different sample to detector distances. 2 s is 2 q for the diffraction peak and tan m is x y s , q , m , x , and y are not defined here for the Cartesian coordinates of the diffraction peak. The Greninger chart gives directly the two angles needed to plot poles on the Wulff net WHAT is a Wulff net? Whoever wrote this seems to assume the reader knows. . It is critical to keep track of the relative arrangement of the sample to the film, if photographic film is used then this is achieved by cutting the corner of the film. For Instant film Polaroid film one must make a note of the arrangement of the face of the film in the camera. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Greninger A. B. 1935 . Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 91 424. External links http www.answers.com topic greninger chart http www.smartdefine.org Greninger chart http www.eng.uc.edu gbeaucag Classes XRD Labs Lab3Laue.html http www xray.fzu.cz xraygroup www grchart.html biographical sources http histsoc.stanford.edu pdfmem ShepardOC.pdf http gadget1945.websitetoolbox.com post?id 132141 http freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com herbarkin Wright 20html d0069 g0000063.html Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category Trigonometry Category X rays Category Diffractio ... more details
by the standard X ray crystallography X ray diffraction XRD technique was hindered by scarcity of material ... was deduced by XRD as orthorhombic, space group Pbcn No. 60 , Pearson symbol oP12, lattice constants ... more details
XRD 1.0 format. Example Uses Besides XRI resolution, examples of typical XRDS usage include OpenID ... container XRDS element serves as a container for one or more XRD Extensible Resource Descriptor elements. Most simple XRDS documents have only one XRD. Other services like XRI resolution may construct .... source lang xml ?xml version 1.0 encoding UTF 8 ? xrds XRDS xmlns xrds xri xrds xmlns xri xrd v 2.0 xmlns openid http openid.net xmlns 1.0 XRD ref xri example Query example Query Status ceid ... URI Service XRD xrds XRDS source Synonyms XRDS documents can assert zero or more synonym ... more details
Saxena, Dubrovinsky et al . of Uppsala University observed x ray diffraction XRD evidence of a high ... XRD, quenched and re scanned. The Fe phase was modeled as a four layer HCP superlattice , ref Powder ... more details
Dante Lauretta born 1970 is an Associate Professor of Planetary Science and Cosmochemistry at the University of Arizona s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. He received a B.S. in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Arizona in 1993 and a Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from Washington University in St. Louis in 1997. He was a postdoctoral research associate in the Department of Geological Sciences at Arizona State University from 1997 through 1999. He was an Associate Research Scientist in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State University from 1999 through 2001. He was hired on to the faculty at the University of Arizona in 2001. His research interests focus on the chemistry and mineralogy of asteroids and comets as determined by in situ laboratory analysis and spacecraft observations. This work is important for constraining the chemistry of the solar nebula, understanding the origin of complex organic molecules in the early Solar System, and constraining the initial chemical inventories of the terrestrial planets. He is an expert in the analysis of extraterrestrial materials. In particular, he uses inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ICP MS , scanning electron microscopy SEM , transmission electron microscopy TEM , electron microprobe analysis EPMA , and X ray diffraction XRD to study meteorites, lunar samples, and particles returned by Stardust. Lauretta was the recipient of the 2002 Nier Prize of the Meteoritical Society , and the 1995 Nininger Meteorite Award . He was selected as a Kavli Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008. He was a member of the 2002 2003 Antarctic Search for Meteorites and received the Antarctica Service Medal of the United States of America in 2010 for his service. He is coauthor with M. Katherine Crombie his wife , Chris Gholson, and Erik Melchiorre of Rich Hill The History of Arizona s Most Amazing Gold District . He is the coauthor with Marvin Killgore of http meteoritecoloratlas. ... more details
PANalytical is an international scientific instrumentation supplier which develops and manufactures X ray diffraction XRD and X ray fluorescence XRF equipment for use in research and industry. PANalytical was formerly Philips Analytical, a division of Philips , prior to its sale in 2002. PANalytical now operates as an autonomous business unit of United Kingdom UK based technology company Spectris Spectris plc . ref cite news first last coauthors title Acquisition of Philips Analytical date publisher url http www.spectris.com news newsitem.php?id 28&year 2002 work Spectris website pages accessdate language ref PANalytical is headquartered in Almelo the Netherlands , with additional research facilities and applications laboratories in Eindhoven the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , Japan , China , and the USA . History Image Axios XRF Spectrometer.jpg frame right Axios X ray Fluorescence Spectrometer In 1931, Philips introduced the first commercially available X ray machine, Metalix. In 1948, North American Philips corporation Norelco introduced the first commercial X ray diffractometer product in cooperation with the US Naval Research Laboratories. In 1954, Philips Analytical introduced the PW1520 XRF spectrometer , forming the basis for commercial X ray fluorescence products for element chemistry elemental analysis. ref PANalytical Press Release in J. Appl. Cryst. 2004 , 37 , 1039. ref That same year, Philips introduced the PW1050 goniometer 2 geometry for both diffraction and fluorescence products. The PW1050 goniometer remains at the heart of many diffractometer s still in use today. ref cite news first I.C. last Madsen coauthors et al. title The adaption of a Philips PW 1050 X ray diffractometer system to incorporate an incident beam focusing monochromator Design, assembly and characterisation year 1996 url http www.icdd.com resources pdj pdj11 4.htm work Powder Diffraction pages 290 296 ref In 1972 the headquarters and system development were relocated ... more details
orphan date December 2009 The purpose of this article is to summarize the methods used to experimentally characterize a semiconductor material or Semiconductor device device PN junction , Schottky diode , etc. . Some examples of semiconductor quantities that could be characterized include depletion width , carrier concentration, optical generation and Recombination physics recombination rate, carrier lifetime s, defect concentration, trap states, etc. These quantities fall into three categories when it comes to characterization methods 1 Electrical Characterization 2 Optical Characterization 3 Physical Chemical Characterization Electrical Characterization Techniques Electrical Characterization can be used to determine resistivity , carrier concentration, mobility, contact resistance , barrier height, depletion width, oxide charge, interface states, carrier lifetimes, and deep level impurities. Two Point Probe, Four Point Probe, Differential Hall Effect, Capacitance voltage profiling Capacitance Voltage Profiling , Deep level transient spectroscopy DLTS , and DLCP. Optical Characterization Optical Characterization may include microscopy , ellipsometry , photoluminescence , transmission spectroscopy, absorption spectroscopy , raman spectroscopy , reflectance modulation, cathodoluminescence , to name a few. Physical Chemical Characterization Electron beam Electron Beam Techniques SEM, TEM, AES, EMP, EELS Ion beam Ion Beam Techniques Sputtering , SIMS, RBS X ray X Ray Techniques XRF, XPS, XRD, X ray topography Neutron activation analysis Neutron Activation Analysis NAA Chemical etching Chemical Etching Future Characterization Methods Many of these techniques have been perfected for silicon making it the most studied semiconductor material. This is a result of silicon s affordability and prominent use in computing . As other fields such as power electronics , Light emitting diode LED devices , photovoltaics , etc. begin to come of age, characterization of a variety of al ... more details
Cleanup date March 2010 Balathal is an archaeological site located in Vallabhnagar tehsil of Udaipur district of Rajasthan state in western India . The Kataranadi River is very close to the site and archaeologist s believe there may have been another large body of water that existed but has since become dry. This site, located 6 km from Vallabhnagar town and 42 km from Udaipur city, was discovered by V. N. Misra during a survey in 1962 63. It was excavated from 1994 to 2000, jointly by the Department of Archaeology of the Deccan College Post graduate and Research Institute, Pune and the Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Rajasthan Vidyapeeth, Udaipur under the direction of V. N. Misra of the Deccan College. ref Bisht, R. S. and others ed. 2000 , Indian Archaeology 1993 94 A Review , New Delhi Archaeological Survey of India, pp.93 7 ref This ancient site was occupied during two cultural periods the Chalcolithic and the Early Historic. There was also a significant amount of time that the site was abandoned after its earliest period of occupation. The houses found at the site are square or rectangular made of mud brick , stone , and wattle and daub . It has been determined that the people practiced agro pastoralism , which is a mixture of both farming and herding animals. Pottery at the site has been thoroughly analyzed and tells much about life at this ancient site. Balathal is part of the Ahar Banas Complex and can be connected to other Ahar Banas culture sites through artifacts that have been discovered. Some of the pottery from Balathal was locally produced, while other types found at Balathal came from other sites in the Ahar Banas Complex, such as Gilund , Ojiyana, Marmi, and Ahar . Notes reflist References Gogte, Vishwas D. Chalcolithic Balathal a Trading Centre as Revealed by the XRD Study of Ancient Pottery , Pune Deccan College, 1996. Misra, V.N., and R.K. Mohanty A Rare Chalcolithic Pottery Cache from Balathal, Rajasthan , Pune Deccan College, 2001. M ... more details
main Allotropes of iron Steels Hexaferrum and epsilon iron Fe are synonym s for the hexagonal close packed HCP phase of iron that is stable only at extremely high pressure. Takahashi and Bassett ref name Takahashi T. Takahashi & W.A. Bassett, http www.jstor.org pss 1714581 High Pressure Polymorph of Iron , Science , Vol. 145 3631, 31 Jul 1964, p 483 486. ref at the University of Rochester mixed 99.8 pure alpha iron powder with sodium chloride , and pressed a 0.5 mm diameter pellet between the flat faces of two diamond anvils. The deformation of the NaCl lattice, as measured by x ray diffraction XRD , served as a pressure indicator. At a pressure of 130 kbar 13 GPa and room temperature, the body centered cubic Ferrite iron ferrite powder transformed to the HCP phase in Figure 1. When the pressure was lowered, Fe transformed back to ferrite Fe rapidly. A specific volume change of 0.20 cm sup 3 sup mole 0.03 was measured. Hexaferrum, much like austenite , is more dense than ferrite at the phase boundary. A shock wave experiment confirmed the diamond anvil results. Epsilon was chosen for the new phase to correspond with the HCP form of cobalt . The triple point between the alpha, gamma and epsilon phases in the unary phase diagram of iron has been calculated as T 770K and P 11 GPa, ref G. Krauss, Principles of Heat Treatment of Steel , ASM International, 1980, p 2, ISBN 0 87170 100 6. ref although it was determined at a lower temperature of T 750K 477 C in Figure 1. The Pearson symbol for hexaferrum is hP2 and its space group is P6 sub 3 sub mmc . ref ASM Handbook, Vol. 3 Alloy Phase Diagrams , ASM International, 1992, p 2.210, ISBN 0 87170 381 5. ref ref Powder Diffraction File 00 034 0529, International Centre for Diffraction Data , 1983. ref Giles et al . ref P.M. Giles, M.H. Longenbach and A.R. Marder, http jap.aip.org resource 1 japiau v42 i11 p4290 s1?isAuthorized no High Pressure Martensitic Transformation in Iron , Journal of Applied Physics , Vol ... more details
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