ref name W.Felix considered the Xionites a tribe of probable Iranian people Iranian origin that was prominent ... LINK , the Xionites were a Hunnic people who by the early fourth century had mixed with north Iranian ..., and Beidi in the north. In the earliest periods, the Xionites Xi ng were more of a concern ... Alchon or Al on Uarkhon became the new name of the Xionites in 460 when Khingila I united the Uar with the Xionites under his Hephthalite ruling lite. At the end of the 5th century the Alchon invaded ... with the Kidarite dynasty, and Xionites White Huns or Sveta Huna , identified with the Hephthalite ... more details
Chuni may refer to Xionites , a nomadic tribe prominent in Transoxania and Bactria Chuni, Sichuan , a town in the Garz Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan, China dab ... more details
Choni may refer to Chone Monastery Jon Town Jon County Honi HaM agel Xionites An ancient people of the interior of Lucania is southern Italy Magna Graecia A long comment to prevent the page to be displayed in Special Shortpages ................................ Disambig nl Choni ... more details
Xirong may refer to Xirong people , an ancient nomadic people of Western China from the Zhou Dynasty onwards 1046 BCE . Xionites , a nomadic tribe of Central Asia from the mid 4th Century CE onwards. disambig ... more details
RoughTranslation date May 2011 Rong Di is one of the names for Chi Di , Beidi , and, Xi Rong , Xionites . origin Xi Rong , China Barbarian in the history of living in the west migrants also known as the call said. Rong Di as a representation throughout the northern and western barbarians even nominal, but defense, depending on each of four corners typically separated by Dong Yi , Xi Rong, Beidi has been called into. In BC 200 AD 200, Beidi joined the Donghu people , Yan state s any people, they are Xianbei , so actually Xianbei not Xiongnu . Beidi Bai Di Xian Yu Bu make Zhongshan state Types Beidi Bei Di Chang Di Chi Di Xionites Bai Di Xian Yu, Sun Yu, Seon Woo Xi Rong Xionites Donghu people Dingling Gao Cha, Go Ke Tie Le, Die Lei, Chul Ruk Wuhuan Wu Huan , Oh Hwan See also Xianbei Xian Bei Zhongshan state Wuhuan Wu Huan china stub Category Eurasian nomads Category Pre Islamic history of Afghanistan Category History of the Turkic peoples Category History of Uzbekistan Category Huns ... more details
king of the Xionites, while he was middle aged, and his limbs were wrinkled, he was endowed with a mind ... envoy Rhetor often referred to the White Huns as Kidarite Xionites when they united with the Uar under the Hepthalite clan. While in India, the Kidarite Xionites became known as Sveta H na meaning ... by Xionite rulers imitate Sassanian drachmas for more information on coins see Xionites . The Kidarite Xionites flourished under the Hephthalites, until something forced them to migrate from Khiva ... and the related Xionites or Hunas as is usually presumed. Though the Chronicles of Kiev mention ... more details
Refimprove date February 2007 Hu gu was a vassal State Ancient China state of Western Zhou that existed in what is now Henan , whose ruling elites belonged to the royal family but which was destroyed by the State of Qin in 627 BC Fact date February 2007 . The population were the earlier Hua of the Spring and Autumn Period not the later Hu of the Hephthalites . The Huaguo in northern Henan was destroyed by Qin Shi Huang , and the Hua tribe sought refuge in Shanxi . They became part of the Xiongnu at Pingyang , in modern Linfen , Shanxi . When Liu Can was overthrown by Jin Zhun , and Shi Le established Later Zhao his state , many of the Hu around Pingyang fled west along the Silk Road causing the Xionites to harass Persia though Pingyang remains the centre of the Hu clan even today. They later appear in the Qeshi region Turpan area under the Rouran . This tribe came to Tocharistan and soon settled in the eastern regions of Khorasan at the beginning of the Vth century. http www.transoxiana.org Eran Articles Tezcan Apar.pdf The word guo can be interpret as state or tribe, which depend on different cases, some of the problem including, perhaps vague in meaning, taking for example the Samhan which mentioned in the Records of Three Kingdoms consisted of seventy eight guo , where guo here could have been translated differently. Thus zh c p Hu gu , the State of Hu , can refer to the name of the Hephthalites country or tribes mentioned in what is now north Afghanistan from the Book of Liang and Zhigongtu Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang . However, Malyavkin 1989 insists that the Hephthalite country was called Yeda by the Chinese, and only the polity was called Hua. See also Uar Khwarezm Hephthalites References The Book of Liang The Liang Portraits of Periodical Offering Zhou Dynasty topics Category Ancient peoples of China ca Hua estat de Hua Staat no Hua stat sh Hua dr ava vi Ho t n c zh ... more details
Khingila I Firdowsi Shengil , Alkhano Khigi , Chinese Cha Li c.430 490, apparently of the Haital tribe Chinese or from Kushan Chinese , a contemporary of Akhshunwar floruit fl. 484 in Khwarezm . A great fog arose from the sea scaring people and this was followed by countless number of vultures descending on the people. In response to the migration of the Wusun who were hard pressed by the Rouran from Zhetysu to the Pamir Mountains Pamir region Chinese , Khingila united the Uar Chinese and the Xionites Chinese in 460AD, establishing the Hepthalite Chinese dynasty. According to the Syrian compilation of Church Historian Zacharias Rhetor , bishop of Mytilene , the need for new grazing land to replace that lost to the Wusun led Khingila s Uar Chionites to displace the Sabir people Sabirs to the west, who in turn displaced the Saragur people Saragur , Ugor and Onogur , who then asked for an alliance and land from Byzantine Empire Byzantium . See also Kidarites External links http www.webcitation.org query?url http www.geocities.com ziadnumis alxonintro.htm&date 2009 10 25 21 21 49 Khingila coinage table width 75 border 2 align center tr td width 35 align center Preceded by br Akshuwar in Khwarezm td td width 30 align center Hephthalites Hepthalite rulers td td width 35 align center Succeeded by br Toramana Toramana I td tr table Category Central Asia Category Hephthalites CAsia hist stub ... more details
dynasty which ruled the Xionites came from the Uar. As a result, the Xionites have sometimes ... Hephthalites Xionites Kidarites Hunas External links http www.transoxiana.org Eran Articles Tezcan ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict conflict Siege of Amida image image Taq e Bostan High relief Shapur II and Shapur III.jpg 250px caption Shapur II, conqueror of Amida, along with Shapur III partof the Roman Persian Wars date 359 place Amida Roman city Amida , Mesopotamia result Decisive Sassanid victory territory Sassanids capture Amida Roman city Amida . combatant1 Roman Empire combatant2 Sassanid dynasty Sassanid Empire commander1 Count Aelianus ref cite book last Ammianus Marcellinus title Res Gestae year 1982 publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge, MA pages 18.8.2 ref br Sabinianus br Ursicinus Roman general Ursicinus commander2 Shapur II br Grumbates br Antoninus turncoat Antoninus strength1 Legio V Parthica garrison force br Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix Legio XXX Ulpia br Legio X Fretensis br Superventores , br Praeventores br Comites Sagittarii Household mounted archers br Legions from Gaul loyal to Magnentius strength2 Sassanid army br Xionites br Gelani br Albania satrapy Albani br Segestani casualties1 entire city massacred casualties2 fewer than romans all roman forces massacred Campaignbox Roman Persian Wars The Siege of Amida took place when the Sassanid dynasty Sassanids under Shah Shapur II besieged the Roman Empire Roman city of Amida Roman city Amida in 359 . In this battle Ammianus Marcellinus , a historian of Greek origin from Antioch , was a Roman army officer he described the siege in his work Res Gestae . Background When Shapur II took control of the Sassanid Empire he sought to regain old territories previously lost to the Roman Empire. After crushing the Arabs in the south, he moved east to deal with nomadic forces, the most prominent being the Xionites . ref cite book last Ammianus Marcellinus title Res Gestae year 1982 publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge, MA pages 16.9.4 ref Following a prolonged struggle from 353 358 the Xionites were forced to conclude a peace, and their king, Grumbates , accompanied Shapur II in the ... more details
Esegels aka Izgil Image Old Turkic letter L2.svg 10px Image Old Turkic letter G2.svg 10px Image Old Turkic letter Z.svg 10px , s gel , Askel , Askil , Ishkil , pinyin Asijie , Sijie were a, possibly,Turkic dynastic tribe that in the Middle Ages joined the Volga Bulgaria Itil Bulgaria state and were assimilated to Bulgars or was possibly a Bulgar tribe all along, as mentioned by Ibn Fadlan. Numerous records about Esegels in the sources in many languages, in connection vith many historical subjects, and across the span of the Eurasian steppes left numerous variations of their name. ref Peter Benjamin Golden Golden P.B. , Khazar studies. Historico philological inguiry into the origins of the Khazars , Vol. 1, Budapest, Akademia Kiado, 1980 ref M.R s nen suggested Uralo Altai etymology of this word Es kil, Es gil Old city , ref R s nen M. Uralaltaische Wortforschungen STUDIA ORIENTALIA, 18 3, 1955, p. 5, in Golden P.B., Khazar studies , p. 241 ref which may conflict with the older Chinese phonetization pinyin Asijie . ref Yury Zuev Zuev Yu.A. , The strongest tribe Esgil , p. 47 ref Esegels were mentioned in the Chronography of Theophanes the Confessor 760 818 the same month July 563 ambassadors of Askil Askel, the king of Xionites Hermihions Greek Lat. Ermechionorum , a tribe living among barbarians near the ocean, came to Constantinople . ref Zuev Yu.A., The strongest tribe Esgil , p. 33 ref A Chinese annalistic account in 651 CE of the Western Turkic Kaganate Western Wing on shadapyt, Ch. Nushibi division onto 5 tribes listed Esegels with a notation that the leader of first tribe Qiue syjin was most prosperous and strong, the number of his soldiers reached several tens of thousands . ref Zuev Yu.A., The strongest tribe Esgil , p. 47, with reference to ref ref Ouyang Xiu, Xin Tang shu History of Tang dynasty , 618 907, New Edition , Peking, Bo na, 1958, Ch. 215b, p. 1506, f. 56 ref The leaders of the 5 tribes were listed as follows ref Zuev Yu.A., Th ... more details
Image SilverBowlNFPPakistan5 6thcenturyCE.JPG thumb The Hephthalite bowl , NFP Pakistan , 5 6th century CE. British Museum . ref Iaroslav Lebedynsky, Les Nomades , p172. ref Image HunCoinDerivedFromSassanianDesign5thCE.JPG thumb Huna coin of King Lakhana of Udyana , legend RAJA LAKHANA UDAYA DITYA . Image HunaKing.JPG thumb Huna king Napki Malka . File HephthaliteCoin.jpg thumb Billon drachm of the Hephthalite King Napki Malka Afghanistan Gandhara , c. 475 576 . br Obv Napki Malka type bust, winged headdress with bull head in the center. Pahlavi script Pahlavi legend NAPKI MALKA . br Rev Zoroastrian fire altar with attendants either side. Sun wheel, or possibly eight spoked Buddhist Dharmacakra , above left. Image VishnuGandhara.JPG thumb Sardonyx seal representing Vishnu with a worshipper, Afghanistan or Pakistan, 4th 6th century CE. The inscription in cursive Bactrian language Bactrian reads Mihira Mihirakula ? , Vishnu and Shiva . British Museum . Huna is the name under which the Xionites Xionite tribes who invaded northern India during the first half of the 5th century were known. History Image Asia 500ad.jpg thumb left 250px Asia in 500 AD, showing the Huna domain at its greatest extent. The Central Asian Xionites consisted of four hordes in four cardinal directions. Northern Huna were the Black Huns, Southern Huna were the Red Huns, Eastern Huna were the Celestial Huns, and Western Huna were the White Huns or Hephthalites . This article mainly concerns the Alchon and their Indo Hephthalite ruling elite. They seem to have been part of the Hephthalite group, who established themselves in then Bharatvarsha and present day India by the first half of the fifth century. They sometimes call themselves Hono on their coins, but it seems that they are similar to the Huns who invaded the Western world. They appeared in Northwestern India and parts of eastern Iran. During their invasion, the Hunas managed to capture the Sassanian king Peroz I , and exchanged him for a ran ... more details
About an ancient non agrarian people in ancient China outside of Chinese domains the nomadic tribe of Central Asia from the 4th Century onwards Xionites ChineseText File Tianxia en zh hans.svg thumb The Siyi barbarians of the four quarters on the Chinese borders Dongyi in the east, Nanman in the south, Xirong in the west, and Beidi in the north. X r ng zh c linktext , loosely western warriors or Rong zh c p R ng w Jung , also a Chinese surname was the collective name of various ancient nomadic tribal people who inhabited primarily in and around the extremities of ancient Huaxia , typically to the west of the Warring States Period Zhou state in the modern day provinces of Shaanxi , Gansu and Ningxia from the Zhou Dynasty 1046 221 BCE onwards, ref http orbat.com site history volume4 442 zhou 20dynasty zhou 20dynasty 1.html ref ref http www.imperialchina.org Huns.html ref and regarded as ancestrally related to people of Chinese civilization. ref http www.imperialchina.org Huns.html ref ref Nicola Di Cosmo, Ancient China and Its Enemies The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History , Cambridge University Press, 2004 pp.108 112. ref Following Gugong Danfu s further establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the Rong and Di nomadic customs of the people were eventually abolished, which further polarized the cultural divide between those still living by the Rong s original nomadic ways, and Assimilation assimilating those living under the auspices of the Chinese kingdom. ref http www.imperialchina.org Zhou Dynasty.html ref About a thousand years after the Zhou Dynasty, the 7 sup th sup century commentary to the Hanshu by Yan Shigu says Among the various Rong in the Western Regions, the Wusun s shape was the strangest and the present barbarians who have green eyes and red hair, and are like a macaque, belonged to the same race as the Wusun. ref cite book author Yu, Taishan. title A Study of Saka History , series Sino Platonic Papers, Number 80 year 1998 pages ... more details
About a historical term Ariana disambiguation History of Greater Iran Ariana , the Latinization literature Latinized form of Greek language Greek wikt Arian , ref Strabo ref inhabitants Ariani Greek language Greek wikt Arianoi , ref Pliny the Elder Pliny , Naturalis Historia , book vi., page 23 ref was a general geography geographical term used by some Greeks Greek and Ancient Rome Roman authors of ancient history ancient period for a district of wide extent between Central Asia ref name W. Smith, 1870, Ariana http www.archive.org stream dictionaryofgree01smituoft page 210 mode 1up W. Smith, 1870, Ariana ref and the Indus River , ref http www.iranicaonline.org articles aria region in the eastern part of the persian empire R. Schmitt, 1986, ARIA , Encyclopaedia Iranica Online ref comprehending the eastern provinces of the Achaemenid Empire ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0059 3Aalphabetic letter 3DA 3Aentry group 3D73 3Aentry 3DAriana r na , Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Perseus Digital Library. ref that covered entire modern day Afghanistan , east and southeast of Iran , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and northwestern Pakistan . ref name ReferenceA The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2008 ref At various times, the region was governed by the Persian people Persians small Achaemenid Empire Achaemenids , 550 330 BC Sassanid Empire Sasanians , 275 650 AD Indo Sassanids Kushano Sasanians , 345 450 AD small , Ancient Macedonians Macedonians small Seleucid Empire Seleucids , 330 250 BC Greco Bactrian Kingdom Greco Bactrians , 250 110 BC Indo Greeks , 155 90 BC small , Iranian people Iranians small Parthian Empire Parthians , 160 BC 225 AD Indo Scythians , 90 BC 20 AD Indo Parthian Kingdom Indo Parthians , 20 225 AD Kushan Empire Kushans , 110 BC 225 AD small , Xionites white Huns small Kidarites , 360 465 AD Hephthalites , 450 565 AD small , but later partly also the Anc ... more details
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