Image Zero crossing.svg thumb right Zerocrossing in a waveform representing voltage vs. time Zerocrossing is a commonly used term in electronics, mathematics, and image processing. In mathematical terms, a zerocrossing is a point where the sign of a function changes e.g. from positive to negative , represented by a crossing of the axis zero value in the graph of the function. In electronics In alternating current , the zerocrossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform , this normally occurs twice during each interval time cycle . The zerocrossing is important for systems which send digital data over AC electrical network circuits , such as modem s, X10 industry standard X10 home automation control system s, and Digital Command Control type systems for Lionel and other AC model train s. Counting zero crossings is also a method used in speech processing to estimate the fundamental frequency of speech. In a system where an amplifier with digitally controlled gain is applied to an input signal, signal artifacts will occur when the gain of the amplifier abruptly switches between its discrete gain settings while outputting a non zero current. At audio frequencies, such as in modern consumer electronics like digital ... and clearly not desirable. If changes are made at a zerocrossing of the signal, the input is zero, so no matter how the amplifier gain setting changes, the output will also remain at zero. If electrical ... when there is no current, a zerocrossing. Early light dimmer s and similar devices generated interference later versions were designed to switch at the zerocrossing. In image processing In the field ... through the point of zero, it is called a zerocrossing . For a more complete explanation, try visiting ... zero crossings Zerocrossing rate Sign function Category Signal processing electronics stub de Nulldurchgang id ZeroCrossing nl Nuldoorgang ... more details
Infobox Book name Crossing the Threshold of Hope title orig translator image Image Crossing the Threshold.jpg thumb 100px right Cover of Crossing the Threshold of Hope image caption author John Paul II illustrator cover artist country Vatican City language Originally Italian language Italian , translated into 39 others series subject genre publisher Alfred A. Knopf release date 1994 english release date media type Paperback and Hardcover pages 229 isbn 0679765611 oclc preceded by followed by Publishing Information Crossing the Threshold of Hope was written in 1994 by Pope John Paul II . It was published originally in Italian language Italian by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore and in English language English by Alfrede A. Knopf, Inc. It is distributed by Random House, Inc. , New York. By 1998, Crossing the Threshold of Hope had sold several million copies and was published in forty languages, and over one million copies were sold in Italy alone ref name Arnoldo Mondadori Editore http www.fundinguniverse.com company histories Arnoldo Mondadori Editore SpA Company History.html. ref . Origin The contents presented in Crossing the Threshold of Hope were originally intended to be broadcasted as a live television interview with Vittorio Messori , an Italian journalist and writer. The interview was to celebrate fifteen years of his papacy . When John Paul II had to cancel the interview at the last .... He only wrote Crossing the Threshold of Hope on the inside front cover of the folder as a suggestion .... For example, the very first question in Crossing the Threshold of Hope asks whether the pope ever ... catholic books Crossing The Threshold Of Hope sku 19226. ref to the Pope emerges as the master ... arts entertainment books book review what gets up the popes nose crossing the threshold ... thoughts offers more hype than hope 1444340.html Book Review . ref Crossing the Threshold ... with them what you think is appropriate ref Crossing p. vi. ref . At the end of April 1994, Messori ... more details
The zerocrossing rate is the rate of sign changes along a signal information theory signal , i.e., the rate at which the signal changes from positive to negative or back. ref Chen, C. H., Signal processing handbook, Dekker, New York, 1988 ref This feature has been used heavily in both speech recognition and music information retrieval , being a key feature to classify percussive sounds. ref Gouyon F., Pachet F., Delerue O. 2000 , http www.csl.sony.fr downloads papers 2000 gouyon dafx2000.pdf Classifying percussive sounds a matter of zerocrossing rate? , in Proceedings of the COST G 6 Conference on Digital Audio Effects DAFX 00 , Verona, Italy, December 7 9, 2000. Accessed 26th April 2011. ref ZCR is defined formally as math zcr frac 1 T 1 sum t 1 T 1 mathbb I left s t s t 1 0 right math where math s math is a signal of length math T math and the indicator function math mathbb I left A right math is 1 if its argument math A math is true and 0 otherwise. In some cases only the positive going or negative going crossings are counted, rather than all the crossings since, logically, between a pair of adjacent positive zero crossings there must be one and only one negative zerocrossing. For Monaural monophonic tonal signals, the zerocrossing rate can be used as a primitive pitch detection algorithm . See also Zerocrossing Digital signal processing References references Category Signal processing Signal processing stub fr ZeroCrossing Rate ... more details
, a method of image segmentation Lasing threshold , a concept in laser science ZerocrossingthresholddetectorThreshold voltage Threshold effect disambiguation Threshold energy Thresholddetector ...Wiktionary Threshold may refer to TOCright Architecture The sill of a door. Film and television Threshold 1981 film Threshold 1981 film Threshold 2003 film Threshold 2003 film , an adaptation of the 1958 science fiction film It The Terror from Beyond Space Threshold TV series Threshold TV series , an American science fiction drama series Threshold Stargate SG 1 Threshold Stargate SG 1 , an episode of the TV series Threshold Star Trek Voyager Threshold Star Trek Voyager , an episode of the TV series Threshold Entertainment , a Hollywood Intellectual Property Management and Production Company Literature Threshold novel Threshold novel , a science fiction novel by David R. Palmer Threshold Sara Douglass novel Threshold Sara Douglass novel , a fantasy novel Threshold 1990 novel , a science fiction novel by Chris and Janet Morris Threshold comics , a comic book character Threshold Doctor Who Threshold Doctor Who , an organization in Doctor Who comic strips Threshold , a science fiction novel by Caitl n R. Kiernan Threshold , a science fiction novel by Janet Morris and Chris Morris Threshold , a Christian novel by Bill Myers Threshold , a science fiction novel by Ben Mezrich Music Threshold band , a UK progressive metal band Threshold album Threshold HammerFall album Thresholds , an album by Nocturnus Threshold, a festival in Liverpool s NOVAS Contemporary Urban Centre Threshold House , a record label created by Coil Threshold Records , a record label created by The Moody Blues Threshold , a song by Slayer on the album God Hates Us All Threshold , a song written by performer Beck Science Medicine Related to sense s and perception Absolute threshold Sensory threshold , a concept in psychology Threshold of pain , a concept in pain science Absolute threshold of hearing Masking threshold ... more details
frequency does use more storage space. Other bat detector types Zerocrossing analysis ZCA is best known as an add on device to the Anabat bat detector. The original bat calls are digitised and the zero ... 1 10. This is done by converting the call into a square wave , otherwise called a zerocrossing ... record each zerocrossing point, rather than only one in ten. As with all recording devices triggered ...Refimprove date December 2008 Image BatDetector.jpg thumb A Bat detector Image Batbox Griffin Time Expansion Bat Detector.png thumb All Digital Bat detector with Heterodyne, Frequency Division and Time ... bat detector 68kb. This is a typical echolocation call with feeding buzzes when it attempts to capture an insect. format Ogg A bat detector is a device used to detect the presence of bat s by converting ... bat detector types other types of detector which record bat calls so that they can be analysed afterwards ... by a constant frequency call as heard on a heterodyne bat detector 190 Kb format Ogg The FM call ... effect as the bat flies past. A heterodyne bat detector exaggerates the Doppler effect. As the bat making the CF calls flies toward the detector, the pitch falls. Several species of bat use a composite ..., giving a hockey stick shape to the graph. This makes the call sound different on a bat detector Listen ... call recorded on a heterodyne bat detector set to near the end frequency 190 Kb format Ogg This gives ... can vary widely. There are three types of real time audio bat detector in common use the heterodyne ... detector types Heterodyne Heterodyne detectors are the most commonly used, and most self build detectors are of this type. A heterodyne function is often also built into the other types of detector. A heterodyne bat detector simply shifts all the ultrasound frequencies downwards by a fixed amount so ... are sounded together. A heterodyne bat detector combines the bat call with a constant internal frequency ... quality version of a heterodyne, or direct conversion, bat detector is the super heterodyne detector ... more details
signals has a zerocrossing earlier or more often. When used in a PLL application, lock can ...merge from Phase detector characteristic discuss Talk Phase detector Merge phase detector characteristic ... NAND gate produces a time frequency detector. The delay line avoids a dead band. On the right is a charge pump with a filter at its output. A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer ... ISBN 0 521 37095 7 pg. 644 ref A Type I detector is designed to be driven by analog signals or square wave digital signals and produces an output pulse at the difference frequency. The Type I detector ... controlled oscillator VCO . A type II detector is sensitive only to the relative timing of the edges ... voltage of the VCO. Analog phase detector The phase detector needs to compute the phase difference .... The actual input signals to the phase detector, however, are not and , but rather sinusoids such as sin ... detector can be made by summing the outputs of two multipliers. The quadrature signals may be formed ... common phase detector uses a single multiplier and a different trigonometric identity math sin ... detector output is described with phase detector characteristic A mixer based detector e.g., a Schottky ... sensitivity. since it does not create finite pulse widths at the phase detector output. ref ... are normalized. Digital phase detector Image Pass PFD.png thumb right 500px An Example CMOS Digital Phase Frequency Detector Transistor Variety . Inputs are R and V while the outputs UP and DN feed to a charge pump. A phase detector suitable for square wave signals can be made from an XOR exclusive ... s output will have a constant level of zero. When the two signals differ in phase by 1 , the XOR gate ..., and vice versa the XOR gate s output remains high throughout each cycle. The XOR detector compares ... consisting of Flip flop electronics flip flops see figure . When a phase detector that s based on logic ... small phase differences between the two signals being compared. This is because a digital phase detector ... more details
Cleanup date January 2010 In mathematical or statistical modelling a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges of values where the behaviour predicted by the model differs in some important way. A particularly important instance arises in toxicology, where the model for the effect of a drug may be that there is zero effect for a dose below a critical or threshold value. ref name Dodge Dodge, Y. 2003 The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP. ISBN 0 19 850994 4 ref Certain types of regression model may include threshold effects. ref name Dodge Classic threshold models were developed by Schelling, Axelrod, and Granovetter to model the collective behaviors. Schelling,T.C. tried to model the dynamics of segregation by color ... Schelling s steps and proposes the threshold model Granovetter & Soong, 1983, 1986, 1988 , which assumes ... Schelling and Granovetter classify their term of threshold as behavioral threshold. . He uses the threshold ... of Granovetter s threshold model, the threshold means that the number or proportion of others ... of threshold. Threshold is different from people, and it s influenced by many factors social economic status, education, age, personality, etc. Further, Granovetter relates threshold with utility ... and benefit of the behavior, so threshold is situation specific. The distribution of the thresholds ... The models used in segmented regression analysis are threshold models. Fractals Certain deterministic recursive multivariate models which include threshold effects have been shown to produce fractal ... for time series applications have been threshold models. ref name Tong Toxicology A threshold ... and Linda A. Baldwin wrote The threshold dose response model is widely viewed as the most dominant ... Is More Common than the Threshold Model in Toxicology . Toxicological Sciences , 71, 246&ndash 250 http ... is the linear no threshold model LNT , while hormesis is a general term covering the type of response ... more details
wiktionary crossingCrossing may refer to Entertainment Crossing album Crossing album , an album by world music jazz group Oregon Crossing 2005 film Crossing 2005 film , a Canadian independent feature film Crossing 2008 film Crossing 2008 film , a South Korean film Animal Crossing , a video game Other Crossing physics , the relation between particle and antiparticle scattering Crossing architecture , the junction of the four arms of a cruciform church River crossing disambiguation , any means to get from one riverbank to the other Border crossing Voice crossing , compositional technique Road crossing disambiguation , various types Sign of the Cross , or crossing oneself , a ritual hand motion made by members of many branches of Christianity See also Cross disambiguation Crossing the Line disambiguation Crossing the T Crossing the Rubicon disambiguation The Crossing disambiguation Global Crossing , communications company Intersection disambiguation , synonymous to crossing in many aspects lookfrom intitle disambig cs P ejezd es Cruce ja ru ... more details
The Crossing may refer to The Crossing Big Country album The Crossing Big Country album , 1983, and the title song The Crossing Church , a megachurch in Quincy, Illinois The Crossing Sanjay Mishra album The Crossing Sanjay Mishra album The Crossing Star Trek Enterprise The Crossing Star Trek Enterprise , an episode of the television series Star Trek Enterprise The Crossing The Twilight Zone The Crossing The Twilight Zone The Crossing 1990 film The Crossing 1990 film , a film starring Russell Crowe and Danielle Spencer The Crossing 2000 film The Crossing 2000 film , a 2000 A&E film based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast starring Jeff Daniels as George Washington The Crossing 2010 film The Crossing 2010 film , a 2010 Turkish film The Crossing 2011 film , an upcoming film starring Megan Fox The Crossing novel The Crossing novel , a 1994 novel by prize winning American author Cormac McCarthy The Crossing Gary Paulsen novel The Crossing Gary Paulsen novel , a novel released in 1990 by Gary Paulsen The Crossing video game The Crossing video game , a first person shooter computer game by Arkane Studios The Crossing , a 1904 historical novel by Winston Churchill novelist Winston Churchill , a popular American writer, who later became a New Hampshire state legislator The Crossing, California , unincorporated community in Lassen County The Crossing choral ensemble , a professional choral ensemble directed by Donald Nally The west to east crossing of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian army at the start of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, known as Operation Badr 1973 Operation Badr See also Cross disambiguation disambiguation de The Crossing it The Crossing nl The Crossing ... more details
temperature element reaches the design threshold. Heat detector selection Heat detectors commonly ... heat transient. In this circumstance the fixed thresholddetector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector then a fast flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal lag. In that case the rate of rise heat detector may be preferred. See also Fire alarm Flame detector Aspirated smoke detector Smoke detector Carbon monoxide detector Passive infrared sensor Manual call point or Break glass alarm Fire sprinkler .... This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. It has two heat sensitive thermocouples thermistor. One thermocouple .... Detector responds when first s temperature increases relative to the other. Rate of rise detectors ... to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector ... type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If you were to place a rate of rise heat detector above a large ... Detector Category Active fire protection Category Safety equipment Category Fire detection and alarm ... more details
ZeroZero may refer to ZeroZero band , American synth band ZeroZero comic , an alternative comics anthology ZeroZero, a theatrical musical production ZeroZero , an album from the musical production by Mike Batt disambig ... more details
soldier uses a metal detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent. The simplest form of a metal detector ... the detector. ref name Grosvenor and Wesson, p. 107 Grosvenor and Wesson 1997, p. 107. ref Modern developments The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1920s. Gerhard Fisher ... frequency. In 1925 he applied for, and was granted, the first patent for a metal detector. Although Gerhard Fisher was the first person granted a patent for a metal detector, the first to apply ... Metal Detector was filed in February 1924, but not patented until July 1928. Herr assisted Italian ... Polish mine detector . ref Cite book title The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied ... the design of the detector, the knowledge that Kosacki created the first practical metal detector ... by building a machine called the Oremaster Geiger Counter. Another leader in detector technology ... and development of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s, metal detector manufacturers and designers ..., track speed, threshold volume, notch filters, etc., and hold these parameters in memory for future ... of the induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector, which constantly ... A pulse induction metal detector with an array of coils At the same time, developers were looking .... In the absence of metal, the pulse decayed at a uniform rate, and the time it took to fall to zero ... would flow in the metal, and the time for the voltage to drop to zero would be increased. These time ... as treasure to the Portable Antiquities Scheme or the UK Detector Finds Database is encouraged. Scotland ... artifact found, whether by metal detector survey or from an archaeological excavation, must be reported ... using a metal detector There are six major types of hobbyist activities involving metal detectors ... of aircraft hijacking s led the United States in 1972 to adopt metal detector technology to screen ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Cherenkov erenkov detector is a particle detector using the mass dependent threshold energy of Cherenkov radiation . This allows a discrimination between a lighter particle which does radiate and a heavier particle which does not radiate . It is a more advanced form of scintillation counter . A particle passing through a material at a velocity greater than that at which light can travel through the material emits light. This is similar to the production of a sonic boom when an airplane is traveling through the air faster than sound waves can move through the air. This light is emitted in a cone about the direction in which the particle is moving. The angle of the cone, math theta c math , is a direct measure of the particle s velocity through the formula math cos theta c frac c nv math , where math c math is the speed of light , and math n math is the refractive index of the medium. Alternatively, if the momentum of the particle is known from magnetic bending the Cherenkov s information on the particle s velocity enables the mass to be deduced so that the particle can be identified. See also Ring imaging Cherenkov detector Super Kamiokande Cherenkov radiation DEFAULTSORT Cherenkov Detector Category Particle detectors Category Russian inventions Category Soviet inventions Particle stub ar cs erenkov v detektor es Detector Cherenkov fr D tecteur Tcherenkov ru ... more details
orphan date November 2011 unreferenced date January 2011 File Window Detector.png thumb right A Window Detector circuit is used to determine whether an unknown input is between two precise reference threshold voltage s. It employs comparator to detect overvoltage or under voltage. It is used in industrial alarms, level detectors & controls, digital computers and production line testing. Category Electronic circuits electronics stub ... more details
, and math V TO math is threshold voltage for zero substrate bias, math gamma t ox epsilon ox ...Image MOSFET DepletionRegion.png thumbnail 200px Depletion region of an nMOSFET biased below threshold Image MOSFET above threshold.png thumbnail 200px Depletion region of an nMOSFET biased above threshold with channel formed File Threshold formation nowatermark.gif thumb right 500px Simulation result for formation of inversion channel electron density and attainment of threshold voltage IV in a nanowire MOSFET. Note that the threshold voltage for this device lies around 0.45V. The threshold voltage ... in the neutral bulk material is called the threshold voltage. Practically speaking the threshold ... the bulk charge neutral. If the gate voltage is below the threshold voltage top figure , the transistor .... In fact, there is a current even for gate biases below threshold subthreshold leakage ... the threshold voltage lower figure , the transistor is turned on, due to there being many electrons ... from drain to source. For voltages significantly above threshold, this situation is called strong ... devices the threshold voltage is a much less clear cut parameter subject to variation with the biases ... describes the changes in the threshold voltage by the change in math V SB math , the source bulk voltage. Since the body influences the threshold voltage when it is not tied to the source , it can ... mode, n mos MOSFET body effect upon threshold voltage is computed according to the Shichman ... V SB 2 phi F sqrt 2 phi F math where math V TN math is the threshold voltage when substrate bias ... In a given technology node, such as the 90 nanometer CMOS process, threshold voltage depends on the choice ..., the thinner the oxide thickness, the lower the threshold voltage. While this may seem to be an improvement ... cells. These differences are based purely on the characteristics of oxide thickness on threshold ... threshold voltage, temperature has an effect on the threshold voltage of a CMOS device. Expanding ... more details
T Zero may refer to T Zero riot response squad, an organization featured in Urban Chaos Riot Response Trauma Zero , formerly T Zero disambiguation ... more details
nofootnotes date September 2009 Image Crossing the T.gif thumb 250px right In this animation, the ship near the top is crossing the T of the ship on the bottom. Crossing the T or Capping the T is a classic naval warfare tactic attempted from the late 19th to mid 20th century, in which a line of warship s crossed in front of a line of enemy ships, allowing the crossing line to bring all their guns to bear while receiving fire from only the forward guns of the enemy. ref cite book title Fleet tactics and coastal combat last Hughes first Wayne P. authorlink coauthors year 2000 publisher Naval Institute Press location isbn 9781557503923 page 74 pages url accessdate ref It became possible to bring all of a ship s main guns to bear only in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries with the advent of steam powered battleships with rotating gun turrets, which were able to move faster and turn quicker than sailing ships, which had fixed guns facing sideways. The tactic became largely obsolete with the introduction of missile s and aircraft as long range strikes are not dependent on the direction the ships are facing. Tactics When going into battle, ships would assume a battle line formation called line astern , in which one vessel followed another in one or more parallel lines. This allowed each ship to fire over wide arcs without lofting salvo salvos of Shell projectile projectiles over friendly vessels. Each ship in the line generally engaged its opposite number in the enemy battle line which moved in a Parallel geometry parallel course. Image Crossing the T 1 Man ver.png thumb 200px right The blue ships are crossing the T of the red ships However, moving ahead of the enemy line on a perpendicular course crossing the T enabled a ship to launch salvoes at the same target with both ... critical for the ship doing the crossing, while simultaneously more critical for the ship being crossed ... url Category Naval warfare tactics Crossing the T Category Military terminology cs P ka T de Crossing ... more details
wiktionary detector A detector is a device capable of registering a specific substance or physical phenomenon. Detector may also refer to Detector radio , a device that recovers information from a modulated wave Detector film Detector film , a 2000 Norwegian film USS Detector USS Detector , two United States Navy ships USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941 USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952 disambiguation cs Detektor de Detektor ru uk ... more details
that s imposed by the LC circuit. Now the output from the phase detector will differ from zero, and in this way ...Modulation techniques A detector is a device that recovers information of interest contained in a modulated ... , but detector has a history of many decades of use, even if it is a misnomer. File Tapping coherer.jpg thumb right A coherer detector, useful only for Morse code signals. Amplitude modulation detectors Envelope detector File C Simple envelope detector.gif thumb right A simple envelope detector One major technique is known as envelope detection. The simplest form of envelope detector is the diode detector that consists of a diode connected between the input and output of the circuit, with a resistor ... signal. An early form of envelope detector was the cat s whisker detector cat s whisker , which was used in the crystal set radio receiver. Product detector A product detector is a type ... than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector, the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator , hence the name. At least ... curve gives the amplified signal a corresponding local amplitude variation, to which the AM detector ... dedicated FM detectors that are normally used. Phase detector A phase detector is a nonlinear device ... volume 25 number 3 pages 289&ndash 313 date March 1937 doi , part 1. ref is a widely used FM detector. The detector consists of a special center tapped transformer feeding two diodes in a full wave DC ... is zero. When there is no deviation of the carrier, both halves of the center tapped transformer ... voltage proportional to the frequency deviation. Ratio detector File Ratio detector.png thumb right A ratio detector using solid state diodes The ratio detector ref Citation inventor first Stuart William inventor last Seeley inventorlink Stuart William Seeley title Angle Modulation Detector issue ... first2 Jack last2 Avins title The ratio detector journal RCA Review volume 8 number 2 pages 201 ... more details
USS Detector is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941. USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952. Shipindex DEFAULTSORT Detector Category United States Navy ship names pl USS Detector ... more details
Image Vlamdetectie spectrum.jpg thumb right 350px Flame detector type regions There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that uses optical sensor s to detect flame s. There are also ionisation flame detectors, which use current flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors. Optical Types Ultraviolet Ultraviolet UV detectors work with wavelength s shorter than 300 nanometre nm . These detectors detect fires and explosions within 3 4 milliseconds due to the UV radiation emitted at the instant of their ignition. False alarms can be triggered by UV sources such as lightning , arc welding , radiation , and sunlight . In order to reduce false alarm a time delay of 2 3 seconds is often included in the UV Flame detector design. Near IR Array Near Infrared IR array flame detectors, also known as visual flame detectors employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing near IR radiation via the pixel array of a charge coupled device CCD . Infrared Infrared IR flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band. Hot gases emit a specific spectral pattern in the infrared region, which can be sensed with a thermal imaging camera TIC a type of thermographic camera . False alarms can be caused by other .... A typical frequency where single frequency IR flame detector is sensitive is in the 4.4 micrometre range. Typical response time is 3 5 seconds. UV IR UV and IR flame detectors compare the threshold ... and minimize false alarms. IR IR flame detection Dual IR IR IR flame detectors compare the threshold ... the detector to distinguish between non flame IR sources, and flames that emit hot CO sub ... become somewhat less sensitive, and more immune to false alarms. Triple IR, like other IR detector types, is susceptible to blinding by a layer of water on the detector s window. Visible sensors ... systems See also Flame Flame detection Active fire protection Flame ionization detector Gas leak ... more details
Other uses 0S disambiguation 0S update date November 2010 Infobox Motorcycle name Zero S image File Zero Z Force.jpg 250px Zero S or DS. manufacturer Zero Motorcycles production successor class engine top speed Convert 60 mph abbr on power convert 31 hp abbr on torque convert 62.5 ft.lbf N.m abbr on transmission suspension brakes tires rake trail wheelbase convert 55.75 in abbr on length width height seat height convert 35.5 in abbr on dry weight convert 225 lb kg wet weight fuel capacity 4 kW· h related similar range Convert 65 mi km price 9,950 US The Zero S is an Electric motorcycles and scooters electric motorcycle manufactured by Zero Motorcycles . File Zero Motorcycles, Detail Motor und Lithium Ionen Batterie.jpg thumb left Detail Electric motor and Lithium Ion battery Z Force On 23 April 2009 the company announced it would establish a distribution network in the Canadian market while getting regulatory approval for selling the motorcycle in Canada. ref name Canada Cite web url http www.wheels.ca reviews article 539743 title Electric motorbike set to roll out last Hamilton first Tyler publisher Toronto Star date 24 April 2009 accessdate 24 April 2009 ref It expects to start selling in Canada by early July 2009. ref name Canada The Zero S is expected to have an convert 81 km adj on range on a full charge, with a top speed of convert 112 km h abbr on , ref name Canada ... at convert 22 kW . ref name Spec Cite web url http www.zeromotorcycles.com zero s specs.php title Zero ... http www.zeromotorcycles.com zero s specs.php Zero S specifications http www.popularmechanics.com blogs automotive news 4312732.html 2009 Zero S Test Ride Electric Street Bike Hits 60 MPH and 60 Miles Per Charge http www.reuters.com article pressRelease idUS164821 07 Apr 2009 PRN20090407 Zero Motorcycles ... to Market http www.youtube.com watch?v 0hQ7S3QPSpI Neal Saiki of Zero Motorcycles describes Zero X and Zero S design at Google Use dmy dates date October 2010 Category Zero Motorcycles S ... more details
, Canada. A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus designed to study neutrino s. Because neutrinos ... built underground to isolate the detector from cosmic ray s and other background radiation. ref name ... a liquid pseudocumene scintillator also watched by phototube s while the proposed NO A detector will use ... when neutrinos interact with the ice. ... Amanda 2 Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array ... W boson weak interaction s. In a neutral current interaction, the neutrino leaves the detector after ... muons, and a few can create taus. A detector which can distinguish among these leptons can reveal the flavor ... next to the cadmium targets. Antineutrinos with an energy above the Threshold energy threshold of 1.8 ... greater 1.8 MeV, which is the threshold for the reaction channel used 1.8 MeV is the energy needed ... detector used similar techniques to study antineutrino oscillations from 53 Japanese nuclear power plants. A smaller, but more pure Borexino detector was able to measure the Beryllium neutrinos from ... converts a chlorine 37 atom into one of argon 37 via the charged current interaction. The threshold ... are counted based on their electron capture radioactive decays. A chlorine detector in the former ... of the deficit of electron neutrinos from the sun see Solar neutrino problem . A similar detector design, with a much lower detection threshold of 0.233 MeV, uses a gallium germanium transformation ... of light in the detector medium though slower than the speed of light in a vacuum . This generates an optical ... neutrino. Two water filled detectors of this type Kamiokande and Irvine Michigan Brookhaven detector ... the production of solar neutrinos. The largest such detector is the water filled Super Kamiokande . This detector uses 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by 11,000 photomultiplier tubes buried 1 ... accessdate 2011 06 16 ref In addition to the neutrino interactions available in a regular water detector ... participate equally in this dissociation reaction. The MiniBooNE detector employs pure mineral ... more details
In cryptography, a cryptosystem is called a threshold cryptosystem , if in order to decrypt an encrypted message a number of parties exceeding a threshold is required to cooperate in the decryption Cryptographic protocol protocol . The message is encrypted using a public key and the corresponding private key is secret sharing shared among the participating parties. Let math n math be the number of parties. Such a system is called t,n threshold, if at least t of these parties can efficiently decrypt the ciphertext, while less than t have no useful information. Similarly it is possible to define t,n threshold Digital signature signature scheme , where at least t parties are required for creating a signature. Threshold versions of encryption schemes can be built for many public encryption schemes. The natural goal of such schemes is to be as secure as the original scheme. Such threshold versions have been defined for RSA algorithm RSA Pallier cryptosystem Damg rd Jurik cryptosystem ref Ivan Damg rd, Mads Jurik http www.brics.dk RS 03 16 index.html A Length Flexible Threshold Cryptosystem with Applications . ACISP 2003 350 364 ref ref Ivan Damg rd, Mads Jurik http www.brics.dk RS 00 45 A Generalisation, a Simplification and Some Applications of Paillier s Probabilistic Public Key System . Public Key Cryptography 2001 119 136 ref El Gamal See also Secret sharing Threshold disambiguation Distributed key generation Broadcast encryption References Reflist Cryptography navbox public key Category Public key cryptography crypto stub pl Kryptosystem progowy ... more details
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