date December 2011 The coral and zooxanthella relationship has traditionally been considered mutualistic ... zooxanthella instance reproduction of the zooxanthellae is retarded by almost two orders of magnitude ... from its cytoplasm. The host cell then emits chemical signals that prevent the zooxanthella ... low or the concentration of photosynthetic pigments within each zooxanthella decline. Color loss also ... simplex , Gymnodinium beii , and Polarella glacialis . ref name takishita The scleractinian zooxanthella ... identification of the Biological life cycle life cycle of zooxanthella from Cassiopea . Fact date ... it Zooxanthella he nl Zo xanthellen pl Zooksantelle pt Zooxantela sr ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Schizoculina fissipara regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Oculinidae genus Schizoculina species S. fissipara binomial Schizoculina fissipara binomial authority Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Schizoculina fissipara Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 id 291025 accessdate 2011 12 15 db ref Schizoculina is a genus of Colony biology colonial stony coral s. The only species recognised by the World Register of Marine Species is Schizoculina fissipara , found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on the west coast of Africa. ref name WoRMS ref name Horizon http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral oculinid.htm Family Oculinidae Schizoculina Horizon. Retrieved 2011 12 15. ref Description Schizoculina fissipara can have an upright growth habit or be encrusting, sometimes extending over convert 1 m . The upright branches are blueish grey or pale brown. The corallites which house the polyp s are circular and up to convert 5 mm in diameter. Sometimes several of them are linked in series. ref name Horizon Schizoculina fissipara has a Symbiosis symbiotic relationship with zooxanthella e, Microphyte microalgae that live within the tissue of the polyp. ref http www.edgeofexistence.org coral reef species info.php?id 1862 Schizoculina fissipara EDGE. Retrieved 2011 12 15. ref References reflist Category Oculinidae Category Animals described in 1850 ... more details
Refimprove date March 2011 Taxobox name Acantharea image Haeckel Acanthometra.jpg image caption Acantharea species domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Rhizaria phylum Radiolarian Radiolaria classis Acantharea classis authority Haeckel 1881 emend. The Acantharea are a group of radiolaria n ref cite pmid 15144058 ref protozoa , distinguished mainly by their skeletons. Structure These are composed of strontium sulfate crystals, which do not fossil ize, and take the form of either ten diametric or twenty radial spines. The central capsule is made up of microfibril s arranged into twenty plates, each with a hole through which one spine projects, and there is also a microfibrillar cortex linked to the spines by myonemes . These assist in flotation, together with the vacuole s in the ectoplasm, which often contain zooxanthella e. Classification by spine arrangement The arrangement of the spines is very precise, and is described by what is called the M llerian law. This is easiest to describe in terms of lines of latitude and longitude the spines lie on the intersections between five of the former, symmetric about an equator, and eight of the latter, spaced uniformly. Each line of longitude carries either two tropical spines or one equatorial and two polar spines, in alternation. The way that the spines are joined together at the center of the cell varies and is one of the primary characteristics by which acanthareans are classified. Holacanthida diametric spines, simply crossed Symphyacanthida radial spines, with free bases Chaunacanthida radial spines, with articulated bases Arthracanthida radial spines, with pyramidal bases packed together The axopods are fixed in number. Life cycle Adults are usually multinucleated. Reproduction is thought to take place by formation of swarmer cells formerly referred to as spores , which may be flagellate . Not all life cycle stages have been observed, and study of these organisms has been hampered mainly by an inability to maint ... more details
Taxobox name Great star coral image Montastraea cavernosa.jpg image width 240px regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Coral Anthozoa ordo Scleractinia familia Faviidae genus Montastraea species M. cavernosa binomial Montastraea cavernosa binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1767 The Great star coral Montastraea cavernosa is a colonial Scleractinia stony coral found in the Caribbean seas. It forms into massive boulders and sometimes develops into plates. Its polyp s are the size of a human thumb and fully extend at night. ref cite web url http www.flmnh.ufl.edu FISH southflorida coral profiles.html great title Common Corals of Florida accessdate 2008 05 29 ref Great star coral colonies form massive boulders and domes over 5 feet 1.5 m in diameter in waters of shallow and moderate depths. In deeper waters, this coral has been observed growing as a plate formation. It is found throughout most reef environments, and is the predominant coral at depths of 40 100 feet 12.2 30.5 m . This coral occasionally has a fluorescent red or orange color during daytime it has recently been suggested that this color is due to phycoerythrin , a cyanobacteria l protein . It appears that, in addition to symbiotic zooxanthella , this coral harbors endocellular symbiotic cyanobacteria, possibly to help it fix nitrogen . However more recently, Oswold et al. 2007 showed an absence of functional phycoerythrin in M. Cavernosa . ref http dx.doi.org 10.1111 j.1742 4658.2007.05661.x Contributions of host and symbiont pigments to the coloration of reef corals , Franz Oswald, Florian Schmitt, Alexandra Leutenegger, Sergey Ivanchenko, Cecilia D Angelo, Anya Salih, Svetlana Maslakova, Maria Bulina, Reinhold Schirmbeck, G. U. Nienhaus, Mikhail V. Matz, J rg Wiedenmann, FEBS Journal, Volume 274, Issue 4, pages 1102 1122, February 2007 ref A related species is Montastraea annularis M. annularis , which has smaller polyps. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Great Star Coral Category Faviidae Cate ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Oculina image Oculina varicosa.jpg image width 220px image caption Oculina varicosa regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Oculinidae genus Oculina genus authority Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck , 1816 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Oculina Lamarck, 1816 id 135124 accessdate 2011 12 15 db ref subdivision ranks Species subdivision center See text center Oculina is a genus of colonial Scleractinia stony coral in the family Oculinidae . These corals are mostly found in the Caribbean Sea , the Gulf of Mexico and Bermuda ref name Horizon http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral oculinid.htm Family Oculinidae Oculina Horizon. Retrieved 2011 12 15. ref but some species occur in the east Pacific Ocean . They occur at depths down to 1000 metres. ref name WoRMS Description The colonies of Oculina have a straggly branching structure and are mostly pale yellow. The branches are slim, not exceeding convert 1 cm in diameter. The corallites which house the polyp s are widely separated. Their walls are composed of fragile, solid walled tubes. Each corallite has 12 primary septae with fine teeth which partially project from the corallite wall and which are larger than the intermediate septae. Some species contain symbiotic Microphyte microalgae called zooxanthella e. ref name Horizon Species The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species ref name WoRMS Oculina arbuscula small Agassiz, 1864 small Oculina diffusa small Lamarck, 1816 small zooxanthellate Oculina patagonica small de Angelis, 1908 small zooxanthellate Oculina profunda small Cairns, 1991 small Oculina robusta small Pourtal s, 1871 small Robust ivory tree coral zooxanthellate Oculina tenella small Pourtal s, 1871 small Oculina valenciennesi small Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850 small zooxanthellate Oculina varicosa small Lesueur, 1821 small Ivory bush coral zooxanthellate Oculina virgosa small Squires, 1958 smal ... more details
Taxobox name Siderastreidae image Massive Starlet Coral Siderastrea siderea .jpg image caption Massive Starlet Corals Siderastrea siderea regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Siderastreidae ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Siderastreidae id 196106 accessdate 2011 12 18 ref familia authority Vaughn & Wells, 1943 subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Siderastreidae is a Family biology family of reef building Scleractinia stony corals . Members of the family include Symbiosis symbiotic algae called Zooxanthella e in their tissues which help provide their energy requirements. Description Members of this family are Colony biology colonial , hermatypic reef building corals. The corals vary in form and include massive, thickly encrusting, columnar, and irregular forms. The corallite s are linked by flowing Septum septa that have granular margins and that are fused in the centre to give fan shaped or star shaped groupings. The corallites do not project from the surface of the coral and have ill defined walls formed from thickened septa. ref name WetWeb http www.wetwebmedia.com Siderastreidae.htm Family Siderastreidae WetWebMedia.com. Retrieved 2011 12 18. ref ref http www.coralhub.info Coral Hub Retrieved 2011 12 18. ref Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genus genera in the family ref name WoRMS ref name WetWeb Anomastraea small Marenzeller, 1901 small monotypic, only species is Anomastraea irregularis , crisp pillow coral Coscinaraea small Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 small about 10 species Craterastrea small Head, 1983 small monotypic, only species is Craterastrea levis Horastrea small Pichon, 1971 small monotypic, only species is Horastrea indica Psammocora small Dana, 1846 small about 14 species, pillar or cat s paw corals Pseudosiderastrea small Yabe & Sugiyama, 1935 small monotypic, only species is Pseudosiderastrea tayami Side ... more details
Taxobox name Pectiniidae image Echinophilia.jpg image width 220px image caption Echinophyllia spp. regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Pectiniidae familia authority ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Pectiniidae id 196104 accessdate 2011 12 20 ref subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Pectiniidae is a Family biology family of Scleractinia stony corals , commonly known as chalice corals . Members of the family are mostly Colony biology colonial but one species, Echinomorpha nishihirai , is solitary. The name is probably related to the comb like appearance of the walls of the corallites, which are tall, thin and striated. ref http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral pectinid.htm Family Pectiniidae Classification of Scleractinian Stony Corals. Retrieved 2011 12 20. ref Pectiniids are Endemism endemic to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Pectiniids have a number of different forms but are basically laminar. The polyp s are large and brightly coloured and resemble those of members of the Mussidae family. They are only extended at night. The tentacle s are translucent, long and thin and most species also have sweeper tentacles armed with cnidocyte s. These corals contain Symbiosis symbiotic micro algae called zooxanthella e. Pectiniids are sought after for the reef aquarium trade. ref name WoRMS ref name BlueZoo http www.bluezooaquatics.com resources.asp?show 381 Family Pectiniidae Chalice Corals Blue Zoo Aquatics. Retrieved 2011 12 20. ref Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genus genera in the family ref name WoRMS ref name BlueZoo Echinomorpha Monotypic, the only species being Echinomorpha nishihirai . Echinophyllia small Klunzinger, 1879 small There are about 11 species. Mycedium small Oken, 1815 small Elephant nose or peacock corals. There are about 6 species. Oxypora Chalice or scroll corals. There are about 6 species. Pectinia There are a ... more details
Taxobox name Meandrinidae image Threespot damselfish in a pillar coral.jpg image width 220px image caption Threespot damselfish Stegastes planifrons among Dendrogyra cylindrus corals. regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Meandrinidae familia authority ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Meandrinidae id 196101 accessdate 2011 12 20 ref subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Meandrinidae is a Family biology family of Scleractinia stony corals . The name comes from the Greek, maiandros meaning meandering , referring to the miniature, winding valleys that are found between the corallites. Fossil corals in this family have been found dating back to the Cretaceous . ref name meander http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral meandrin.htm Family Meandrinidae Classification of Scleractinian Stony Corals. Retrieved 2011 12 20. ref Description Members of the Meandrinidae are Colony biology colonial corals and form part of the Coral reef reef building community. They contain zooxanthella e, microscopic algae Symbiosis symbionts that provide them with energy. They come in various different shapes including massive, encrusting, columnar and phaceloid with tubular corallites united at the base . Although superficially resembling members of the Faviidae family, the corallites of meandrinids have solid, non porous walls and evenly spaced, solid septae. Most of the genera are found only in the Atlantic Ocean but Ctenella is Endemism endemic to the Red Sea and parts of the Indian Ocean. ref name meander Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genus genera in the family ref name WoRMS Ctenella small Matthai, 1928 small Dendrogyra Dichocoenia Eusmilia Goreaugyra Meandrina small Lamarck, 1801 small Montigyra References reflist Category Scleractinia de Meandrinidae fi Meandrinidae fr Meandrinidae pt Meandrinidae ... more details
Taxobox name Astrocoeniidae image Stephanosoenia michelinii 1.jpg image width 220px image caption Stephanocoenia intersepta regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Astrocoeniidae familia authority Koby, 1890 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author Vanden Berghe, Edward year 2010 title Astrocoeniidae id 196098 accessdate 2011 12 23 ref subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Astrocoeniidae is a small Family biology family of Scleractinia stony corals . They are Endemism endemic to the waters around Papua New Guinea and northern Australia . ref name astroc http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral astrocoe.htm Family Astrocoeniidae Classification of Scleractinian Stony Corals. Retrieved 2011 12 23. ref Description Astrocoeniids are hermatypic Coral reef reef building Colony biology colonial corals containing Symbiosis symbiotic zooxanthella e. They are usually encrusting corals up to convert 50 cm in diameter in their favoured habitats of steep slopes where strong currents rise from below, in crevices and below overhangs. On reef slopes, where the water is turbid, they are much smaller, only reaching convert 5 cm across. ref name astroc Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genus genera and species in the family ref name WoRMS Palauastrea Species Palauastrea ramosa small Yabe & Sugiyama, 1941 small Stephanocoenia Species Stephanocoenia intersepta small Lamarck, 1816 small Synonym, Stephanocoenia michelini Stylocoeniella Species Stylocoeniella armata small Ehrenberg, 1843 small Species Stylocoeniella cocosensis small Veron, 1990 small Species Stylocoeniella guentheri small Bassett Smith, 1890 small Species Stylocoeniella hanzawai small Yabe & Sugiyama small Species Stylocoeniella nikei small Benzoni & Pichon, 2004 small References reflist Category Scleractinia de Astrocoeniidae fi Astrocoeniidae fr Astrocoeniidae pt Astrocoeniidae ... more details
One source date May 2010 Refimprove date January 2010 Expand list date August 2008 This is an incomplete list of notable Mutualism biology mutualistic Symbiosis symbiotic relationships, in which different species have a cooperative or mutually dependent relationship. Some of these relationships are so close that we speak of the composite of two species as one unit for example, we speak of the composite of algae and fungi as lichens. This is analogous to our speaking of a modulator and a demodulator as a modem . Humans and agriculture cultivated plants Humans and domesticated animals Humans and intestinal bacteria Humans and the Greater Honeyguide bird which may have a similar relationship with the Ratel or honey badger Vascular plants and fungi in mycorrhizae Flowering plants and pollinator s such as bee s and flies Leafcutter ant s and the fungus they farm note also the third mutualist a bacterium that secretes a chemical that kills molds that would otherwise feed on the fungus farmed by the ants Leafhopper and meat ant Acacia Ants Pseudomyrmex ferruginea with the Swollen Thorn Acacia Tree Acacia cornigera Legume s and rhizobia nitrogen fixing bacteria Euprymna squid family Sepiolidae and bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri Anglerfish and bioluminescence bioluminescent bacteria Moray eel s and cleaner shrimp or cleaner fish at cleaning station s Goby fish and shrimp Coral s and Zooxanthella Sea anemone s and clownfish , crabs or shrimps the bright colours of clownfish attract predators the anemone provides shelter for the clownfish Deep sea pompeii worm s and thermophilic bacteria Ruminants such as cows and their intestinal bacteria and protists Termites and their intestinal bacteria and protists Egyptian Plover s and Nile crocodiles not scientifically documented, likely purely mythical ref http crocodilian.blogspot.com 2009 09 crocodile myths 1 curious trochilus.html ref . Oxpecker s and rhinoceros es Polydnavirus and parasitoid wasp s Cycads and cyanobacteria ... more details
Taxobox status cd status system iucn2.3 status ref ref Wells, S. 1996. Tridacna squamosa . In IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Downloaded on 06 January 2007 ref image Tridacna squamosa Giant clam brown and blue.jpg image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Bivalvia ordo Veneroida familia Tridacnidae genus Tridacna species T. squamosa binomial Tridacna squamosa binomial authority Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lamarck , 1819 Tridacna squamosa , colloquially known as the fluted giant clam , is one of a number of large clam species native to the shallow coral reefs of the South Pacific ocean Pacific and Indian ocean s. It is distinguished by the presence of large leaf like fluted edges on its shell called scutes and a byssus byssal opening that is rather small as compared to other members of the Tridacnidae family. Normal coloration of the mantle mollusc mantle ranges from browns and purples to greens and yellows arranged in elongated linear or spot like patterns. Tridacna squamosa grows to convert 40 cm in across. Sessility zoology Sessile in adulthood, the creature s Mantle mollusc mantle tissues act as a habitat ecology habitat for the symbiotic single celled dinoflagellate algae zooxanthella zooxanthellae from which it gets a major portion of its nutrition. By day, the clam spreads out its mantle tissue so that the algae receive the sunlight they need to photosynthesis photosynthesize . Range The native range of spans from South Africa to the Red Sea and out to the Marshall Islands . Domestication File Tridacna giant clam.jpg thumb left A green T. squamosa from East Timor . Tridacna squamosa is sometimes kept in Aquarium aquaria , where it requires a moderate amount of care. This species is a relatively hardy member of the Tridacnidae family. A moderate amount of light is required by this species because it relies on zooxanthellae for part of its nutrition. These dinoflagellates use the mantle of PAGENAME as a habitat t ... more details
Taxobox name Tridacninae fossil range Eocene recent image Giant clam or Tridacna gigas.jpg image width 240px image caption The Giant clam Tridacna gigas . regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusk Mollusca classis Bivalvia ordo Veneroida familia Cardiidae subfamilia Tridacninae small Lamarck, 1819 small subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision See text The Tridacninae are a family biology subfamily of Bivalve s colloquially known as giant clams . The family contains the biggest bivalve species, including Tridacna gigas , the giant clam . They have heavy shells, fluted with 4 6 folds. Mantle is usually brightly coloured. They inhabit coral reefs in warm seas of the Indo Pacific region. In some areas, such as the Philippines , members of the family are farmed for the marine aquarium trade. Most of them live in symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellate s zooxanthella e . Systematics Sometimes the giant clams are still treated as a separate family Tridacnidae , ref WoRMS. 2009 . Tridacnidae. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 196336 on 2009 01 10. ref but modern phylogenetic analyses included them in the family Cardiidae as a subfamily. ref Schneider,J. Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves cockles and giant clams revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002,136, 321 369 ref ref Keys,J.L., Helay,J.M. Relevance of Sperm Ultrastructure to the Classification of Giant Clams Mollusca, Cardioidea, Cardiidae, Tridacninae in Harper et al., Eds The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia, Geological Society Special Publication No 177, 2000 ref Two recent genera and eight species are known Hippopus Tridacna Recent genetic evidence has shown them to be monophyletic sister taxa . ref Schneider, J.A.,and O Foighil, D. Phylogeny of Giant Clams Cardiidae Tridacninae Based on Partial Mitochondrial 16S rDNA Gene Seque ... more details
Taxobox name Anthopleura sola image Sea anemone in tidepools.jpg image width 240px regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Coral Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Actiniaria subordo Nyantheae infraordo Thenaria familia Actiniidae genus Anthopleura species A. sola binomial Anthopleura sola binomial authority Johann Friedrich von Brandt Brandt , 1835 The starburst anemone , Anthopleura sola is a species of sea anemone , of the family biology family Actiniidae . It can be found in a low tide zone below the sea level. The starburst anemone looks very similar to aggregating anemone , Anthopleura elegantissima , and formerly was simply identified as a solitary form of A. elegantissima . Pearse and Francis identified it as a separate species by molecular techniques in 2000. It grows larger than Anthopleura elegantissima usually does averaging 12cm but up to 25 cm wide , ref name Anthopleura sola cite web title Anthopleura sola publisher zipcodezoo.com date February 2008 url http zipcodezoo.com Animals A Anthopleura sola.asp ref This species of anemone reproduces sexually. Description The column is a pale greyish green color and is twice as long as its width when extended. The color is partly caused by Symbiosis symbiotic Zooxanthella e in the gastrodermal layer. The column has numerous sticky verrucae or tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows to which gravel and shell fragments adhere. The oral disc is radially striped and has five rings of thick, pointed feeding tentacles. These vary in color and often have contrasting tips. The central mouth has large, frilly lips. ref name WW http www.wallawalla.edu academics departments biology rosario inverts Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Subclass Zoantharia Order Actiniaria Anthopleura sola.html Anthopleura sola Pearse and Francis, 2000 WallaWalla. Retrieved 2011 11 14. ref Distribution and habitat The starburst anemone is found in the north east Pacific Ocean. In the United States it occurs between central California and Baja Californ ... more details
Taxobox name Oculinidae image Oculina varicosa.jpg image width 220px image caption Oculina varicosa regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Oculinidae familia authority Gray, 1847 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Oculinidae Gray, 1847 id 135078 accessdate 2011 12 15 db ref subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Oculinidae is a Family biology family of Colony biology colonial coral s. Oculina and Schizoculina fissipara Schizoculina are found in the Atlantic Ocean while Galaxea and Simplastrea are found in the Indo Pacific and the Red Sea . Most species are uncommon but Galaxea is widely distributed and common. ref name Horizon http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral oculinid.htm Family Oculinidae Horizon. Retrieved 2011 12 15. ref Characteristics Members of the family Oculinidae are characterised by having the walls of the corallites the cavities which house the polyp s being composed of solid walled though rather fragile tubes connected by a smooth skeletal material called coenosteum. The corallites are widely spaced and robust. The septae ridges on the corallite walls curve noticeably outward giving the coral a spiky appearance. Many species in this family form a Symbiosis symbiotic relationship with the flagellate protozoa zooxanthella e which live within the tissues of the polyps. These are Photosynthesis photosynthetic algae that provide nutrients for the polyps while themselves benefiting from a safe environment and an elevated, sunny position. ref http www.wetwebmedia.com oculinidae.htm Galaxy Corals, Family Oculinidae Wet Web Media.com. Retrieved 2011 12 15. ref ref name Horizon Genera The World Register of Marine Species lists the following genera ref name WoRMS Acrhelia Bantamia Bathelia small Moseley, 1881 small Cyathelia small Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 small Galaxea small Oken, 1815 small Madrepora small Linnaeus, 1758 small Oculina small Lamarck, 1816 sma ... more details
Taxobox name Agariciidae image Pavona duerdeni.jpg image width 220px image caption Pavona duerdeni regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Agariciidae familia authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1847 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Agariciidae Gray, 1847 id 196096 accessdate 2011 12 18 ref subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision center See text center Agariciidae is a Family biology family of reef building Scleractinia stony corals . This family includes cactus corals , elephant skin corals , plate corals and lettuce corals . Members of the family include Symbiosis symbiotic algae called Zooxanthella e in their tissues which help provide their energy requirements. ref name WetWeb http www.wetwebmedia.com agariciidae.htm Cactus, Elephant Skin, Plate, Lettuce Corals of the Family Agariciidae WetWebMedia.com. Retrieved 2011 12 18. ref Description Members of this family are Colony biology colonial , hermatypic reef building corals. The corals form massive structures, often of a laminar or foliate form. The corallite s are linked by the closely packed septae which have smooth or finely toothed margins and do not fuse together. The corallites do not stand out from the surface of the coral and have ill defined walls formed by a thickening of the septae. Genera The World Register of Marine Species includes the following genus genera in the family ref name WoRMS ref name WetWeb Agaricia small Lamarck, 1801 small Most species form thin vertical plates but in some, the plates are horizontal. Coeloseris small Vaughan, 1918 small Monotypic, the single species being Coeloseris mayeri , the tombstone coral. Gardineroseris small Scheer & Pillai, 1974 small Monotypic, the single species being Gardinoseris planulata , Gardiner s coral. Helioseris Monotypic, the single species being Helioseris cucullata , the sunray lettuce coral. Leptoseris small Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 small Species are either crus ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Porites compressa status LC trend unknown status system IUCN3.1 status ref ref name iucn http www.iucnredlist.org apps redlist details 133349 0 Porites compressa IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2011 12 23. ref image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa subclassis Zoantharia ordo Scleractinia familia Poritidae genus Porites species P compressa binomial Porites compressa ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author WoRMS year 2010 title Porites compressa Dana id 207236 accessdate 2011 12 23 ref binomial authority James Dwight Dana Dana , 1846 synonym Porites compressa , finger coral or hump coral , is a species of marine Scleractinia stony coral in the Family biology family Poritidae . It is found growing on coral reef s and in shallow lagoons in tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Description Porites compressa is generally pale brown or grey. In shallow water it resembles a knobbly boulder but in deeper water it is more columnar. The branches are cylindrical and often fuse together. ref http www.wetwebmedia.com porites.htm Porites compressa Dana 1846 WetWebMedia.com. Retrieved 2011 12 23. ref ref http coral.aims.gov.au speciesPages species metadata 0601 view Porites compressa Dana 1846 Corals of the World. Retrieved 2011 12 23. ref The growth rate is slow but it often grows into large Colony biology colonies which may be up to 1000 years old. ref http www.arkive.org stony coral porites compressa Stony coral Porites compressa ARKive. Retrieved 2011 12 23. ref It is a zooxanthella te coral, having Symbiosis symbiotic unicellular zooxanthellae in the tissues which provide it with energy. ref name WoRMS Distribution and habitat Porites compressa occurs in the Indo Pacific region, the Red Sea and East African coast. ref name WoRMS Around Hawaii it is common and is found on reefs and in lagoons to a depth of convert 30 m where the water is relatively undisturbed. In K ne ohe Bay Kan ... more details
Taxobox name Soft coral image Cladiella.JPG image caption Cladiella sp. regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Coral Anthozoa subclassis Octocorallia ordo Alcyonacea ordo authority Lamouroux, 1812 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author van Ofwegen, L. year 2011 title Alcyonacea Lamouroux, 1812 id 1365 accessdate 2011 12 15 ref subdivision ranks Suborders subdivision Alcyoniina br Calcaxonia br Holaxonia br Protoalcyonaria br Scleraxonia br Stolonifera synonyms Gorgonacea The Alcyonacea , or the soft corals are an order of coral s which do not produce calcium carbonate skeletons. Soft corals contain minute, spiny skeletal elements called sclerite s, useful in species identification. Sclerites give these corals some degree of support and give their flesh a spiky, grainy texture that deters predators. In the past soft corals were thought to be unable to lay new foundations for future corals, but recent findings suggest that colonies of the leather coral genus Sinularia are able to cement sclerites and consolidate them at their base into alcyonarian spiculite, ref Kenji Konishi, Alcyonarian spiculite the limestone of soft corals , 1981 M. S. Jeng, H. D. Huang, C. F. Dai, Y. C. Hsiao and Y. Benayahu. 15 May 2011 , Sclerite calcification and reef building in the fleshy octocoral genus Sinularia Octocorallia Alcyonacea , Earth and Environmental Science , Coral Reefs DOI 10.1007 s00338 011 0765 z. ref thus making them reef builders. Unlike stony coral s, most soft corals thrive in nutrient rich waters with less intense light. Almost all utilize symbiotic photosynthesizing zooxanthella as a major energy source. However, most will readily eat any free floating food, such as zooplankton, out of the water column. They are integral members of the reef ecosystem and provide habitat for fish, snails, algae and a diversity of other marine species. Many soft corals are easily collected in the wild for the reef aquarium hobby, as small cuttings are less prone to infection or damage durin ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Montipora image Montipora2.jpg image width 250px image caption Montipora foliosa regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa ordo Scleractinia familia Acroporidae genus Montipora genus authority Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville Blainville , 1830 ref WRMS 203834 Montipora Blainville, 1830 ref ref ITIS id 52948 taxon Montipora ref subdivision ranks Species subdivision Montipora capricornis br and many more... File Montipora aequituberculata.jpg thumb Montipora aequituberculata Montipora is a genus of small polyp Scleractinia stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria . Depending on the species and location, Montipora may grow as plates or ridges, appearing to some as a bowl or flower. Undisturbed, the plates expand radially and may encrust over surrounding rocks, shells or debris. These corals are extremely common on reefs in the Red Sea , the western Indian Ocean and the southern Pacific Ocean . There are seventy five known species. ref name Scl http biophysics.sbg.ac.at coral acropor.htm Classification of Scleractinian Stony Corals ref Description Members in this genus are usually thin corals that form leafy, plate like, encrusting or semi massive colonies. The colours vary greatly. The calices are less than 2 mm in diameter and are usually well separated by the coenosteum. The skeleton is lacy, the walls are indistinct and the septa, when present are small and in 2 cycles. The columella is rarely developed and the corallites are inconspicuous and appear empty as the polyps are very small. ref name Scl Biology Like other corals, Montipora corals are colonies of individuals, known as polyps, which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net. The polyps can withdraw into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by possible predators, but slightly protrude when undisturbed. The polyps usually extend further at night to capture zooplankton from the water. These corals have zooxanthella , a symbiosys symbiotic algae that lives ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Pocillopora inflata status VU trend unknown status system IUCN3.1 status ref ref name iucn http www.iucnredlist.org apps redlist details 133309 0 Pocillopora inflata IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2011 12 24. ref regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Coral Anthozoa ordo Scleractinia subordo Astrocoeniina familia Pocilloporidae genus Pocillopora species P. inflata binomial Pocillopora inflata binomial authority Glynn, 1999 ref cite WoRMS author van der Land, Jacob year 2010 title Pocillopora inflata Glynn, 1999 id 289250 accessdate 2011 12 24 db ref Pocillopora inflata is a species of Scleractinia stony coral in the Family biology family Pocilloporidae . It was fist described by Peter William Glynn in 1999. It is found growing on coral reef s in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean but is nowhere abundant. Description Pocillopora inflata is a Colony biology colonial , zooxanthella te, arborescent coral. It varies in shape, sometimes forming knobbly mounds which can grow to convert 1 m across, and sometimes having a more open structure with short branches several centimetres in diameter. The colour ranges from yellowish brown to shades of green. ref http sdmas.com corals 758.php Pocillopora inflata The Coral Library. Retrieved 2011 12 24. ref It can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the fact that it has swollen ends to the branches, a small number of pointed verrucae or none at all and prominent columellae on the lower part of the colony. ref cite journal author Glynn, Peter William year 1999 title Pocillopora inflata , A New Species of Scleractinian Coral Cnidaria Anthozoa from the Tropical Eastern Pacific journal Pacific Science volume 53 issue 2 pages 168 180 publisher doi pmid pmc url http www.mendeley.com research pocillopora inflata a new species of scleractinian coral cnidaria anthozoa from the tropical eastern pacific accessdate ref The corallites are small and densely crowded and some of ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Gersemia rubiformis image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Cnidaria classis Anthozoa ordo Alcyonacea familia Nephtheidae genus Gersemia species G. rubiformis binomial Gersemia rubiformis binomial authority Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Ehrenberg , 1834 ref name WoRMS cite WoRMS author van der Land, Jacob year 2010 title Gersemia rubiformis Ehrenberg, 1834 id 156103 accessdate 2012 01 25 db ref synonyms Capnella rubiformis small Ehrenberg, 1834 small Eunephthya rubiformis small Ehrenberg, 1834 small Lobularia rubiformis small Eherenberg, 1834 small synonyms ref ref name WoRMS Gersemia rubiformis , commonly known as the sea strawberry , is a species of soft coral in the Family biology family Nephtheidae . It is found in the northwest Atlantic and the northeast Pacific Ocean s. The name is sometimes mis spelled Gersemia rubriformis . ref name WoRMS Description Gersemia rubiformis is a Colony biology colonial coral that grows in the form of knobbly clumps. The colonies are erect and branch from one main stalk. The polyp s are concentrated near the ends of the narrower terminal branches and are non retractile in their calyces. The branches are not rigid but are stiffened by the presence of sclerites, and can sway gently in the current. The sclerites are red, some being irregular and shaped like miniature Capstan nautical capstans . Gersemia rubiformis does not contain the symbiotic alga zooxanthella . ref cite journal author Williams, Gary C., L. Lundsten year 2009 title The nephtheid soft coral genus Gersemia Marenzeller, 1878, with the description of a new species from the north east Pacific and a review of two additional species Octocorallia Alcyonacea journal Zoologische Mededelingen volume 83 issue pages publisher doi pmid pmc url http www.zoologischemededelingen.nl 83 nr04 a34 accessdate ref Distribution Gersemia rubiformis is found in polar to temperate regions of the Arctic Ocean and the north west Atlantic Ocean from the coasts of ... more details
Taxobox name Tridacna fossil range Miocene recent ref http paleodb.org ref image Giant clam or Tridacna gigas.jpg image width 250px image caption Tridacna gigas Giant Clam regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Bivalvia ordo Veneroida familia Cardiidae subfamilia Tridacninae genus Tridacna genus authority Jean Guillaume Brugui re Brugui re , 1797 subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text. Tridacna is a genus of large and gigantic saltwater clam s, Marine ocean marine bivalve mollusk s in the subfamily Tridacninae , the giant clams. They have heavy shells, fluted with 4 6 folds. Mantle mollusc Mantle is brightly coloured. They inhabit shallow waters of coral reef s in warm seas of the Indo Pacific region. These clams are popular in marine aquarium marine aquaria , and in some areas, such as the Tulo, Calamba City, Laguna Bahay nina Lourdes at Isabel kasama pa si Audrey in Philippines , members of the genus are farmed for the marine aquarium trade. They live in symbiosis with photosynthetic algae zooxanthella e . Some species are used as seafood . Systematics and phylogeny The genus contains two subgenera and the following species ref WoRMS. 2009 . Tridacna. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 205753 on 2009 01 08. ref ref Schneider, J.A.,and O Foighil, D. Phylogeny of Giant Clams Cardiidae Tridacninae Based on Partial Mitochondrial 16S rDNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 13, No. 1, October, pp. 59 66, 1999 ref Subgenus Tridacna Tridacna Tridacna derasa small R ding, 1798 small Giant clam Tridacna gigas small Linnaeus, 1758 small Tridacna tevoroa small Lucas, Ledua & Braley, 1990 small Subgenus Tridacna Chametrachea Tridacna costata small Richter, Roa Quiaoit, Jantzen, Al Zibdah, Kochzius, 2008 small Tridacna crocea small Lamarck, 1819 small Tridacna maxima small R ding, 1798 small Tridacna elongata small small Tridacna rosewateri small Sirenho & Scarlato, 1991 ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Corculum cardissa image Corculum cardissa 002.jpg image caption Corculum cardissa regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusk Mollusca classis Bivalvia subclassis Heterodonta ordo Veneroida familia Cardiidae genus Corculum species C. cardissa binomial Corculum cardissa binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 1758 ref name WoRMS http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 216387 Corculum cardissa Linnaeus, 1758 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011 10 19. ref synonyms Cardissa alba small Megerle von M hlfeld, 1811 small Cardium aequale small Deshayes, 1855 small Cardium cardissa small Linn us, 1758 small Cardium dionaeum small Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 small Cardium humanum small Chemnitz R mer, small Cardium impressum small Lightfoot, 1786 small Cardium inversum small Lamarck, 1819 small Cardium junoniae small Lamarck, 1819 small Cardium monstrosum small Gmelin, 1791 small Cardium productum small Deshayes, 1855 small Cardium replicatum small Spengler, 1799 small Cardium spinosa small Swainson, 1840 small Cardium unimaculatum small Sowerby, 1833 small Corculum aselae small Bartsch, 1947 small Corculum dolorosum small R ding, 1798 small Corculum humanum small R ding, 1798 small Corculum inflatum small R ding, 1798 small Corculum kirai small Shikama, 1964 small Corculum levigatum small Bartsch, 1947 small Corculum obesum small Bartsch, 1947 small synonyms ref ref name WoRMS Corculum cardissa or the heart cockle is a species of marine Bivalvia bivalve Mollusca mollusc in the Family biology family Cardiidae . It is found in the Indo Pacific region. It has a Symbiosis symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellate s zooxanthella e , which live within its tissues. ref name Observations Description The two Bivalve shell valves of Corculum cardissa are unequal in size and often asymmetric. Their shape is very variable but viewed from above, the outline is roughly heart shaped which gives the molluscs their common name. ref name Observations V ... more details
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