Infobox Anatomy Name Apoptosis Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg Caption Apoptosis increasing from normal cells top to apoptotic ones bottom . Image2 Caption2 Width 306 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Apoptosis IPAc en icon p ... About Apoptosis quote Apoptosis Interest Group, preferred pronunciation of National Institute of Health ... from acute cellular injury, apoptosis, in general, confers advantages during an organism s life ..., apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytic cells are able to engulf ... of the Cell textbook edition 5th publisher Garland Science page 1115 chapter Chapter 18 Apoptosis ... and 70 1,000,000,000 number billion cells die each day due to apoptosis in the average human adult ... a day. ref cite book last Karam first Jose A. title Apoptosis in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy year 2009 publisher Springer location Netherlands isbn 978 1 4020 9597 9 ref Research in and around apoptosis .... Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy , whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer . Discovery and etymology Main History and highlights in apoptosis research German scientist Carl Vogt was first to describe the principle of apoptosis in 1842. In 1885 ... microscopy, John Foxton Ross Kerr at University of Queensland was able to distinguish apoptosis ... AH, Currie AR title Apoptosis a basic biological phenomenon with wide ranging implications in tissue ..., but in the article, the process of natural cell death was called apoptosis . Kerr, Wyllie and Currie ... the term apoptosis. Kerr received the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize on March 14, 2000, for his description of apoptosis. He shared the prize with Boston biologist Robert Horvitz . ref cite journal author O Rourke MG, Ellem KA title John Kerr and apoptosis journal Med. J. Aust. volume 173 ... and John E. Sulston for their work regarding apoptosis. File John Sulston.jpg thumb upright John ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 The Inhibitors of Apoptosis IAP are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins, which serve as endogenous inhibitors of programmed cell death apoptosis . A common feature of all IAPs is the presence of a inhibitor of apoptosis domain BIR Baculovirus IAP Repeat, a 70 amino acid domain in one to three copies. The human IAP family consists 8 members, and IAP homologs have been identified in numerous organisms. The first members of the IAPs identified were from the baculovirus IAPs, Cp IAP and Op IAP, which bind to and inhibit caspases as a mechanism that contributes to its efficient infection and replication cycle in the host. Later, five more human IAPs were discovered which included XIAP , BIRC2 c IAPl , Baculoviral IAP repeat containing protein 3 C IAP2 , NAIP gene NAIP , and survivin . The best characterized IAP is XIAP , which binds caspase 9 , caspase 3 and caspase 7 , thereby inhibiting their activation and preventing apoptosis . Also cIAP1 and cIAP2 have been shown to bind caspases, although how the IAPs inhibit apoptosis mechanistically at the molecular level is not completely understood. Activity of XIAP is blocked by binding to Diablo homolog DIABLO Smac and HtrA serine peptidase 2 HTRA2 Omi proteins released from mitochondria after pro apoptic stimuli. See also Inhibitor of apoptosis domain XIAP BIRC2 cIAP1 BIRC3 cIAP2 survivin External links The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors http merops.sanger.ac.uk cgi bin merops.cgi?id I32.002 I32.002 MeshName Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins Apoptosis signaling pathway DEFAULTSORT Inhibitor Of Apoptosis Category Cell biology de Apoptose Inhibitor vi Ch t c ch ch t r ng t b o ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Apoptosis is a programmed form of cell death involving the degradation of cellular constituents by a group of cysteine proteases called caspase s. The caspases can be activated through either the intrinsic mitochondrial mediated or extrinsic death receptor mediated apoptotic pathways. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is characterized by permeabilisation of the mitochondria and release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm . Cytochrome c then forms a multi protein complex known as the apoptosome and initiates activation of the caspase cascade through caspase 9. The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is activated by death receptors on the plasma membrane such as tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 TNFR1 and Fas CD95 . As ligand s bind to these receptors, the death inducing signaling complex DISC is formed leading to initiation of the caspase cascade through caspase 8. References Danial, N.N., and Korsmeyer, S.J. 2004 . Cell death critical control points. Cell 116, 205 219. Kroemer, G., Galluzzi, L., and Brenner, C. 2007 . Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death. Physiol Rev 87, 99 163. Taylor, R.C., Cullen, S.P., and Martin, S.J. 2008 . Apoptosis controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9, 231 241. Category Apoptosis ... more details
protein Name CSE1 chromosome segregation 1 like yeast caption image width HGNCid 2431 Symbol CSE1L AltSymbols EntrezGene 1434 OMIM 601342 RefSeq NM 001316 UniProt P55060 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 20 Arm q Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData The cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein CAS is an exportin which in the nucleus is bound to RanGTP . See also Nuclear pore Import of proteins External links MeshName Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein gene 20 stub Cell cycle proteins ... more details
protein Name AIFM1 apoptosis inducing factor, mitochondrion associated, 1 caption Crystallographic structure of the human apoptosis inducing factor rainbow color cartoon diagram, N terminus blue, C terminus red . ref name pmid12198487 PDB 1M6I cite journal author Ye H, Cande C, Stephanou NC, Jiang S, Gurbuxani S, Larochette N, Daugas E, Garrido C, Kroemer G, Wu H title DNA binding is required for the apoptogenic action of apoptosis inducing factor journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 9 issue 9 pages 680 4 year 2002 month September pmid 12198487 doi 10.1038 nsb836 url ref image apoptosis inducing factor.png ... UniProt O95831 PDB ECnumber Chromosome X Arm q Band 25 LocusSupplementaryData q26 Apoptosis inducing ... E, Hanada T, Modjtahedi N, Penninger JM, Kroemer G title AIF not just an apoptosis inducing factor ... 10.1111 j.1749 6632.2009.04681.x url ref Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase independent pathway of apoptosis positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis by causing DNA fragmentation ... the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane upon apoptosis. Normally it is found behind the outer ... in apoptosis. ref name pmid19723031 ref name pmid12022952 cite journal author Cand C, Cohen I, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Kroemer G title Apoptosis inducing factor ... Apoptosis Inducing Factor AIF is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA degradation ... triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondria releases AIF, which exits through the mitochondrial ... inhibitor of apoptosis XIAP has the power to influence the half life of AIF along with Scythe. Together ... of AIF in the mitochondria. ref name pmid20138767 Isozymes Human genes encoding apoptosis inducing factor isozymes include AIFM1 AIFM2 AIFM3 See also Apoptosis References Reflist External links MeshName Apoptosis inducing factor Flavoproteins Apoptosis signaling pathway Cell signaling DEFAULTSORT Apoptosis Inducing Factor Category Programmed cell death Category Cell signaling Category Apoptosis ... more details
UVB induced apoptosis is the Apoptosis programmed cell death of cells that become damaged by Ultraviolet ultraviolet rays . This is notable in skin cells, to prevent melanoma . Some studies have shown that exercise accelerates this process. Apoptosis is a physiological process, that promotes the active suicide of cells, resulting in an advantage, unlike necrosis which occurs from trauma. In the average human adult it is estimated that 50 to 70 billion cells die each day from apoptosis. One of the largest promoters of apoptosis is exposure to ultraviolet UV light. While UV light is essential to human life it can also cause harm by inducing cancer, immunosuppression, photoaging , inflammation, and cell death ref cite journal last Schwart first A coauthors Bhardwaj R, Aragane Y, Mahnke K, Riemann H, Metze D, Luger TA, Schwarz T title Ultraviolet B Induced Apoptosis of Keratinocytes Evidence for partial involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the formation of sunburn cells journal The Society for Investigative Dermatology year 1995 month June volume 104 issue 6 pages 922 927 ref . One consequence of acute UVB exposure is the occurrence of sunburn cells, keratinocytes , within the epidermis ref cite journal last Danno first K coauthors Horio, T title Sunburn cell factors involved in its formation. journal Photochem Photobiol year 1987 volume 45 pages 683 690 ref ref cite journal ... by promoting the death of the cell. UVB Induced Apoptosis Pathway The sequence of events that leads to apoptosis is multifaceted and complex. Despite the simple concept of apoptosis, the sequence ... D, Grossman D title UVB Induced Apoptosis drives clonal expansion during skin tumor development journal Carcinogenesis year 2005 volume 26 pages 249 257 ref . Since apoptosis is a last resort ... apoptosis ref cite journal last Pedeux first R. coauthors Sengupta S, Shen JC, et al title ING2 ... humanbiology 060513 skin cancer.html LiveScience article on the subject DEFAULTSORT Uvb induced apoptosis ... more details
W. Kinnally title Effects of cytochrome c on the mitochondrial apoptosis induced channel MAC journal ... Is MAC the knife that cuts cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis? journal Cell Death ... MAC, Mitochondrial Apoptosis induced Channel journal Mol. Biol. Cell year 2005 volume 16 url http ... issue 5 pmc 1087246 ref Members of the Bcl 2 Bcl 2 protein family regulate apoptosis by controlling ... Apoptosis and Protect Neurons in a Model of Global Brain Ischemia journal J. Biol. Chem. year ... suppress mitochondrial apoptosis journal Biochem. J. year 2009 volume 280 url http www.biochemj.org ... of cytochrome c release and apoptosis. References div class references small Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced Channel Category Cell signaling Category Death Category Programmed cell death Category Apoptosis ... more details
Pfam box Symbol BIR Name Inhibitor of Apoptosis domain image 1QBH BIRC2.png width caption Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy NMR solution structure of the BIR domain of human BIRC2 protein. ref name pmid10404221 PDB 1QBH cite journal author Hinds MG, Norton RS, Vaux DL, Day CL title Solution structure of a baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis IAP repeat journal Nat. Struct. Biol. volume 6 issue 7 pages 648 51 year 1999 month July pmid 10404221 doi 10.1038 10701 url issn ref The protein is rainbow colored cartoon diagram N terminus blue, C terminus red while the coordinated zinc is represented by a grey sphere. Pfam PF00653 InterPro IPR001370 SMART PROSITE PS50143 SCOP 1qbh TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1c9q , PDB2 1e31 , PDB2 1f3h , PDB2 1f9x , PDB2 1g3f , PDB2 1g73 , PDB2 1i3o , PDB2 1jd4 , PDB2 1jd5 , PDB2 1jd6 , PDB2 1m4m , PDB2 1nw9 , PDB2 1oxn , PDB2 1oxq , PDB2 1oy7 , PDB2 1q4q , PDB2 1qbh , PDB2 1sdz , PDB2 1se0 , PDB2 1tfq , PDB2 1tft , PDB2 1tw6 , PDB2 1xb0 , PDB2 1xb1 , PDB2 1xox , PDB2 2i3h , PDB2 2i3i The inhibitor of apoptosis domain also known as IAP repeat , u B u aculovirus u I u nhibitor of apoptosis protein u R u epeat , or BIR is a structural motif found in protein s with roles in apoptosis , cytokine production, and chromosome segregation . ref name pmid11329368 cite journal author Silke J, Vaux DL title Two kinds of BIR containing protein inhibitors of apoptosis, or required for mitosis journal J. Cell. Sci. volume 114 issue Pt 10 pages 1821 7 year 2001 month May pmid 11329368 doi url ref Proteins containing BIR are known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins IAPs , or BIR containing proteins BIRPs or BIRCs , and include BIRC1 NAIP gene NAIP , BIRC2 cIAP1 , BIRC3 cIAP2 , BIRC4 xIAP , BIRC5 survivin and BIRC6 . ref name pmid11329368 ref name pmid11516343 cite journal author Verhagen AM, Coulson EJ, Vaux DL title Inhibitor of apoptosis ... name pmid8139034 cite journal author Birnbaum MJ, Clem RJ, Miller LK title An apoptosis inhibiting ... more details
Lowercase title PBB geneid 27113 The p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis PUMA also known as Bcl 2 binding component 3 BBC3 , is a pro apoptosis apoptotic protein, member of the Bcl 2 protein family ... suppressor p53 . PUMA is involved in p53 dependent and independent apoptosis induced by a variety ... X protein Bax and or Bcl 2 homologous antagonist killer Bak which are then able to signal apoptosis to the mitochondrion mitochondria . Following apoptosis Mitochondrial regulation mitochondrial dysfunction ... in the translocation of Bcl 2 associated X protein Bax and activation of apoptosis Mitochondrial ... c , Diablo homolog SMAC , and apoptosis inducing factor AIF leading to caspase Caspase cascade ... Bax and or Bak and through Bax multimerization triggers apoptosis Mitochondrial regulation mitochondrial translocation and with it induces apoptosis . ref name pmid17127703 cite journal author Wu B ... intestinal apoptosis in response to ischaemia reperfusion journal Gut volume 56 issue 5 pages ... on direct interaction with Bax Bak to induce apoptosis . ref name pmid17968660 cite journal author ... journal Apoptosis volume 13 issue 1 pages 87 95 year 2008 month January pmid 17968660 doi 10.1007 s10495 ... JM, Huang DC title Apoptosis initiated when BH3 ligands engage multiple Bcl 2 homologs, not Bax or Bak ... science.1133289 ref Regulation Induction The majority of PUMA induced apoptosis occurs through .... This increase in PUMA levels induces apoptosis through apoptosis Mitochondrial regulation mitochondrial ... genotoxic agents . Other agents that induce p53 dependent apoptosis are neurotoxins , ref ... apoptosis of chromaffin cells journal Exp. Neurol. volume 196 issue 1 pages 96 103 year 2005 month ... Jun signaling pathways during cortical neuron apoptosis induced by arsenite journal Mol. Cell. Biol ... 72 year 2007 month August pmid 17581298 doi 10.1097 CAD.0b013e3280adc905 ref PUMA apoptosis may also ... Myc augments gamma irradiation induced apoptosis by suppressing Bcl XL journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume ... more details
A timeline of apoptosis research can be found in cite journal author Vaux DL title Apoptosis timeline journal Cell death and differentiation volume 9 issue 4 pages 349 54 year 2002 month Apr pmid 11965486 doi 10.1038 sj onc 4400990 url Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. From its early conceptual beginnings in the 1950s, it has exploded as an area of research within the life sciences community. As well as its implication in many diseases, it is an integral part of biological developmental biology development . Early research, and the worm people at Cambridge Sydney Brenner s studies on animal development began in the late 1950s in what was to become the Laboratory of Molecular Biology LMB in Cambridge , UK. It was at this lab that during the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by John ... pathways of programmed cell death. Coining of the term apoptosis In a signal article published in 1972, John F. Kerr , Andrew H. Wyllie and A. R. Currie , coined the term apoptosis in order to differentiate ... tissue injury. ref name keyarticle cite journal author Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR title Apoptosis ... 2003 , 7th ed publisher Sinauer Associates location Stamford ref The word apoptosis is a combination ... structural changes of apoptosis were present in cells that died in order to maintain ... mechanism had to await the linking of apoptosis with the mechanism for programmed cell death in the worm ..., graduate students Hilary Ellis and Chand Desai had made the first discovery of genes that encode apoptosis ... linking programmed cell death and apoptosis revealing them to be the same, evolutionarily conserved ... the mitochondrial pathway to apoptosis and illuminated whole new avenues of research on inflammatory diseases, cancer, and apoptosis in general. By 1998, research on the topic had already increased, as attested ...?view long&pmid 9735040 ref written by an important contributor to apoptosis research, Pierre Golstein ... reflist DEFAULTSORT History And Highlights In Apoptosis Research Category Programmed cell death ... more details
with Dlk ZIP kinase and interferes with apoptosis. journal FEBS Lett. volume 462 issue 1 2 pages 187 ... in cerebellar granule neurons. Modulation during neuronal apoptosis. journal Mol. Cell. Neurosci ... with apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor and enhances androgen receptor mediated transcription ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Apo2.7 is a protein confined to the mitochondrial Outer mitochondrial membrane membrane . It can be detected during early stages of apoptosis . It can be used to detect apoptosis via flow cytometry . Category Apoptosis Category Proteins membrane protein stub ... more details
MIB1 may refer to MIB1 gene MIB1 , a gene that regulates apoptosis . MIB 1, an antibody against Ki 67 protein Ki 67 , a protein expressed in cell division proliferating cell biology cell s. Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
Fadd may refer to Fadd, Hungary , a town in Hungary FADD , a receptor mediating cellular apoptosis disambig eo Fadd it Fadd hu Fadd nl Fadd sk Fadd ... more details
NAIP may refer to NAIP gene or NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein , a human gene National Agriculture Imagery Program of the USDA Farm Service Agency Naval Acquisition Intern Program , see Naval Acquisition Career Center Disambiguation ... more details
Image nuclear changes.jpg thumb right 300px Morphological characteristics of pyknosis and other forms of nuclear destruction Image Apoptosis.png thumb 300px Apoptosis Karyorrhexis is the destructive fragmentation of the Cell nucleus nucleus of a dying cell biology cell ref name zamzami cite journal author Zamzami N, Kroemer G. title Apoptosis Condensed matter in cell death journal Nature year 1999 volume 401 issue 127 pmid 10490018 pages 127 8 doi 10.1038 43591 ref whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm. It is usually preceded by pyknosis and is followed by karyolysis and can occur as a result of either programmed cell death or necrosis . See also Apoptosis Karyolysis References reflist Cell biology stub Pathology Category Cellular processes Category Programmed cell death de Karyorrhexis ru sv Karyorrhexi zh ... more details
, S. & Svanborg, C. Conversion of alpha lactalbumin to a protein inducing apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad ... apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in nude mice. Proc Natl Acad ... viral protein carrying tumour selective apoptosis capabilities ref Encyclop dia Britannica ref ... for tumor specific apoptosis inducers. Cell Death Differ 16, 890 898 2009 . ref . Par 4 encodes a protein that features a leucine zipper and mediates many diverse signals for apoptosis at its endogenous expression level ref El Guendy, N. & Rangnekar, V.M. Apoptosis by Par 4 in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Cell Res. 283, 51 66. 2003 . ref . TRAIL TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand is a member of the TNF family of apoptosis inducing ligands ref Sheridan, J.P. et al. Control of TRAIL induced apoptosis by a family of signaling and decoy receptors. Science. 277, 818 21. 1997 ... more details
AATF may refer to Air Assault Task Force Airport and Airway Trust Fund , a fund for the federal commitment to the USA s aviation system American Association of Teachers of French , a professional organisation for teachers of French in the United States Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor , a human gene disambig DEFAULTSORT Aatf Category Initialisms ... more details
Image Fas signaling.jpg thumbnail right 500px Signaling pathway of Tumor necrosis factor alpha TNF R1. Dashed grey lines represent multiple steps The death inducing signaling complex or DISC is a multi protein complex formed by members of the death receptor family of apoptosis inducing cellular receptors. ref cite journal last Kischkel first FC coauthors Hellbardt, S, Behrmann, I, Germer, M, Pawlita, M, Krammer, PH, Peter, ME title Cytotoxicity dependent APO 1 Fas CD95 associated proteins form a death inducing signaling complex DISC with the receptor. journal The EMBO Journal date 1995 Nov 15 volume 14 issue 22 pages 5579 88 pmid 8521815 accessdate 8 May 2011 pmc 394672 ref A typical example is FasR , which forms the DISC upon trimerization as a result of its ligand FasL binding. Dogma states that the DISC is composed of the death receptor, FADD , and caspase 8 . It transduces a downstream signal cascade resulting in apoptosis. References reflist External links MeshName DISC Death Inducing Signaling Complex Category Programmed cell death Category Apoptosis molecular biology stub Adaptor proteins Fas apoptosis signaling pathway ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Fas associated phosphatase is a molecule that inhibits the effect of Fas ligand to make cells initiate apoptosis . References Molecular cell biology. Lodish, Harvey F. 5. ed. New York W. H. Freeman and Co., 2003, 973 s. b ill. ISBN 0 7167 4366 3 Category Molecular biology enzyme stub ... more details
Thymic nurse cell s are epithelial cell s in cortex of the thymus that bind and internalize double positive T cells . They support lymphocyte proliferation by producing IL 7 . They are also important in the blood thymus barrier where immature t cells are prevented from entering the general circulation. If they were released they would be killed through apoptosis. immunology stub Category Immunology Category Epithelial cells ... more details
orphan date December 2009 The Anti apoptotic Ras signalling cascade is an intracellular signal transduction cascade that involves the Ras protein Ras protein and inhibits apoptosis . It is the target of the cancer drug gefitinib . It may refer to the PI3K AKT pathway ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 15284455 Gefitinib sensitizing EGFR mutations in lung cancer activate anti apoptotic pathways. 2004 ref ref http genesdev.cshlp.org content 11 6 701.abstract The PI 3 kinase Akt signaling pathway delivers an anti apoptotic signal 1997 ref ref http www.springerlink.com content 86l52127046nx383 2Hypoinsulinemia Alleviates the Grf1 Ras Akt Anti Apoptotic Pathway and Induces Alterations of Mitochondrial Ras Trafficking in Neuronal Cells 2009 ref . It may refer to the MAPK ERK pathway which involves ras and can affect apoptosis. ref http cancerres.aacrjournals.org cgi content abstract 67 21 10343 Suppression of PTEN Expression Is Essential for Antiapoptosis and Cellular Transformation by Oncogenic Ras 2007 ref ref http www.aacrmeetingabstracts.org cgi content abstract 2005 1 972 b Pathways potentiated by oncogenic Ras to modulate apoptosis induced by anticancer agent FR901228 2005 ref The anti apoptotic STAT protein STAT pathway does not involve Ras. See also Empty section date June 2010 References reflist External links http www.biocarta.com pathfiles h raspathway.asp Diagram of ras onwards. DEFAULTSORT Anti Apoptotic Ras Signalling Cascade Category Signal transduction Category Cell cycle Category Apoptosis biology stub ... more details
tyrosine phosphatase 1B Ptp1b is involved in the induction of apoptosis. Ptp1b gene protein has been known to regulate apoptosis by regulating the phosphorylation status of apoptotic proteins such as caspase ... hypoxia reoxygenation induced apoptosis of rat cardiomyocytes. Apoptosis. 2008 13 383 393 ref MiRNA ... tissue and function by up regulating angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis of cardiomyocytes after ... more details
File Apoptotic DNA Laddering.png alt White DNA bands against a dark grey background, resembling the rungs of a ladder thumb right upright DNA laddering left visualised in an agarose gel by ethidium bromide staining. A Base pair Length measurements 1 kb DNA ladder marker middle and Scientific control control DNA right are included. DNA laddering is a phenomenon seen in laboratory tests it is a sensitive indicator of programmed cell death , specifically of apoptosis . It was first described in 1980 by Andrew Wyllie at the University of Edinburgh Medical School . ref cite journal author Wyllie AH date 1980 04 10 title Glucocorticoid induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation journal Nature journal Nature volume 284 issue 5756 pages 555 556 issn 0028 0836 doi 10.1038 284555a0 pmid 6245367 url http www.nature.com nature journal v284 n5756 abs 284555a0.html ref Endonuclease activation is a characteristic feature of apoptosis. This degrades genomic DNA at internucleosomal linker regions and produces 180 to 185 base pair DNA fragments. On Agarose gel electrophoresis , these give a characteristic laddered appearance. The dying cell s Morphology biology morphological changes are short lived and difficult to detect. DNA laddering has therefore become a sensitive method to distinguish apoptosis from Ischemia ischemic or necrosis toxic cell death . ref cite journal author Iwata M, Myerson D, Torok Storb B, Zager RA. year 1994 month December title An evaluation of renal tubular DNA laddering in response to oxygen deprivation and oxidant injury journal Journal of the American Society of Nephrology volume 5 issue 6 pages 1307 1313 issn 1046 6673 doi pmid 7893995 url http jasn.asnjournals.org cgi content abstract 5 6 1307 ref References reflist www.chemeurope.com See also Apoptotic DNA fragmentation Caspase activated DNase Nicoletti assay TUNEL assay Category Apoptosis Category Biological techniques and tools Category Cell biology Category Elec ... more details
Merge DFFB discuss Talk DFFB Merger with Caspase activated DNase date February 2012 Caspase activated DNase CAD is an endonuclease found in the extrinsic apoptosis apoptotic pathway of cells. In the absence of apoptotic signals, CAD is inhibited by ICAD protein ICAD I nhibitor of C aspase A ctivated D Nase . During apoptosis, however, caspase 3 cleaves ICAD, ref cite journal last1 Sakahira first1 Hideki last2 Enari first2 Masato last3 Nagata first3 Shigekazu authorlink3 Shigekazu Nagata year 1998 month January title Cleavage of CAD inhibitor in CAD activation and DNA degradation during apoptosis journal Nature journal Nature volume 391 issue 6662 pages 96 99 doi 10.1038 34214 pmid 9422513 url http www.nature.com nature journal v391 n6662 full 391043a0.html ref thereby freeing CAD to cleave the DNA at random sections of linker DNA between individual nucleosomes . These sections are the only parts of the DNA that are fully exposed when the DNA is condensed to chromatin , the standard form of DNA in vivo . Cleavage by CAD results in DNA fragments with lengths that are multiples of 180 Base pair bp , an effect known as apoptotic DNA fragmentation . References reflist Further Information cite video year 2009 title Induction of Apoptosis url http www.youtube.com watch?v LCEVqrkPKlA medium Video publisher Garland Science YouTube From Janeway s Immunobiology , 7th Edition, ISBN 978 0 8153 4123 9. protein stub Category Apoptosis Category EC 3.1 Category Nucleases Category Human proteins ... more details
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