Carbon sulfide may refer to Carbon disulfide Carbon monosulfide Carbon subsulfide disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Carbon respiration is a phrase used in combination with Carbon capture and storage carbon storage to calculate the amount of carbon as carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub flux occurring in the atmosphere through the various processes that add and subtract Carbon dioxide in the Earth s atmosphere atmospheric carbon . The result of this calculation is known as the carbon flux ratio. Basic Process Carbon is added to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from the atmosphere occurs through carbon dissolution into the oceans, Photosynthesis , and the consequent storing of carbon in various forms such as peat bog s, Petroleum oil accumulation, and formation of mineral s such as coal and copper . Carbon Flux Ratio The calculation of the annual net difference between carbon respiration and carbon storage constitutes the annual global atmospheric carbon accumulation rate. Using this method, the annual carbon flux ratio has been calculated to be approaching zero. This means the carbon respiration rate and carbon storage rate are in balance when generating a global estimate of this figure. ref cite web url http www.eia.doe.gov oiaf 1605 gg97rpt chap7.html title Land Use Issues publisher accessdate 2006 09 09 ref Annual net carbon flux has been grossly calculated to be close to zero, implying the respiration rate respiration and Carbon capture and storage storage rates are roughly in balance worldwide. This finding is contradicted by measuring the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, an important indication that the balance is tipped toward emissions. ref cite web url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Vostok ice core petit.png title Graph of CO2, temperature, and dust concentration measured from the Vostok, Antarctica ice core as reported by Petit et al., 1999. publisher accessdate 2006 ... 100 years and are currently higher than ever in human history. Suggesting more carbon is being ... more details
Green economics sidebar A carbon diet refers to reducing the impact on climate change by reducing greenhouse gas principally carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub production. Individuals and businesses produce carbon .... To reduce the effects of climate change, we could reduce our carbon output by going on a carbon diet. There are references to the use of the term carbon diet in several publications. The term carbon diet is used in the book Gore A Political Life ref name one Cite book author Zelnick, Robert ... than trying to avoid the problem through a crash carbon diet. blockquote Deborah Jones from http www.theglobeandmail.com The Globe & Mail newspaper writes It s week two of my family s carbon ... s carbon diet focuses on transportation, The Globe and Mail, March 30, 2007 ref This differs from a low carbon diet which refers to making choices about eating that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key components of a carbon diet A carbon diet is similar to a food diet. It starts with assessing weight measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide and then determining where the ideal weight should be. The following outlines the steps of a carbon diet Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions Measure the carbon footprint against peers e.g., similar company size or for individuals, a national average Determine the ideal carbon footprint Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions ref Data and studies on CO sub 2 sub emissions from common goods and services are at http co2.homestead.com files carbon.htm CO2List.org ref Reduce carbon dioxide ... Carbon footprint Going green Individual and political action on climate change Low carbon diet Sustainability Sustainable living References Reflist External links http www.carbondiet.ca Carbon Diet resources, CarbonDiet.ca http ngm.typepad.com carbon diet J P Miller, The Carbon Diet, National Geographic http www.slate.com id 2151739 Meghan O Neil, Your Eight Week Carbon Diet, Slate http www.pbs.org ... more details
Carbon pricing is the generic term for placing a price on carbon through either subsidy subsidies , a carbon tax , or an emissions trading cap and trade system. Release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere ... such as from increasing extreme weather , carbon pricing may incentivize a reduction of carbon ... greenhouse warming.com carbon price.html title Carbon Price publisher Global Greenhouse Warming.com ... of energy subsidies from fossil fuel to renewable, and a price on carbon reflecting its cost for flood ... power. Taxes Carbon taxes have been discussed in Australia , Climate change in New Zealand Carbon tax policy New Zealand , various European countries, Canada, and the United States, and Carbon tax Implementation implemented in some of these locations. In general, Germany does not have a carbon tax ... link between tax rate and carbon content. Brown coal and hard coal, which are very high in carbon .... ref cite web url http climateanswers.info 2010 07 carbon and energy taxes in europe title Carbon ... entity to over comply in early periods, in anticipation of higher carbon prices in subsequent ... carbon permits for approximately 15.30 euro s per metric tonne. The EU hopes to lead the way in green products and energy resources by increasing the carbon price and forcing more green jobs. ref cite news last Carr first Matthew title EU Carbon Pauses After This Month s Surge in Prices and Volume url http www.businessweek.com news 2010 04 27 eu carbon pauses after this month s surge in prices ... to get paid to eliminate them. ref cite web last Szabo first Michael title Firms abusing Kyoto carbon ... carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub emissions trading system for the period 2000 2003 that was adopted ... usa electric carmakers focus on incentives not carbon prices 40965.htm ref It is possible that government mandated carbon taxes could be used to improve technology and make cars like the Volt more affordable to consumers. Unfortunately, current bills suggest carbon prices would only add a few cents ... more details
Image Impact test.jpg thumb right 240px Pieces of reinforced carboncarbon taken from the right leading ... launch. Carbon fibre reinforced carbon aka carboncarbon , abbreviated C C is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber carbon fibre reinforcement in a matrix of graphite . It was developed ... brake systems of Formula One racing cars since 1976 carboncarbon disc brake brake disc s and pads are a standard component of Formula One brake systems. Carboncarbon is well suited to structural ... is made from carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide The material is made in three stages First, material is laid up in its intended final shape, with carbon filament and or cloth surrounded by an organic ... coke or some other fine carbon aggregate composite aggregate is added to the binder mixture. Second, the lay up is heated, so that pyrolysis transforms the binder to relatively pure carbon. The binder ... not eliminate it. Third, the voids are gradually filled by forcing a carbon forming gas such as acetylene ... heat treatment process also allows the carbon to form into larger graphite crystals, and is the major ... properties The strength of carboncarbon with unidirectional reinforcement fibres is up to 700 MPa. Carboncarbon materials retain their properties above 2000 C. ref http www.composites by design.com carbon carbon.htm Carboncarbon composites Bot generated title ref This temperature may be exceeded ... CarbonCarbon Material Properties Data Carboncarbon ref Similar products Carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide C SiC is a development of pure carboncarbon, and can be used in automotive industry ... cars, namely the brake disc and brake pads. C SiC utilises silicon carbide with carbon fiber carbon fibre , and this compound is thought to be more durable than pure carboncarbon. Applications initially ... RS6 RS6 , and the Audi R8 road car R8 . Carbon brakes became widely available for commercial airplanes ... Boeing Operational Advantages of Carbon Brakes ref See also Bugatti Veyron Bentley Brooklands ... more details
, which came to be known as the zinc carbonbattery dry cell because it did not have a free liquid electrolyte ... Chemical Society Last accessed on Jan 9, 2007 ref The zinc carbonbattery as it came to be known is still ... Alkaline battery Until the late 1950s the zinc carbonbattery continued to be a popular primary cell ... battery Image VoltaBattery.JPG right thumb A voltaic pile, the first chemical battery The history ..., they were the main source of electricity. Successive improvements in battery technology permitted ... electronics. Image Leidse flessen Museum Boerhave december 2003 2.jpg right thumb A battery of linked glass capacitor s Leyden jar s In 1749, Benjamin Franklin first used the term battery to describe ... them together in a battery gave a stronger discharge. The Baghdad Battery of antiquity Image ... mysteries.com gallery images 1854 baghdad battery title Paranormal Image Gallery Ancient Mysteries ... Battery , sometimes referred to as the Parthian Battery, is the common name for a number ... debated , and dubbed them the Baghdad Battery Baghdad Batteries . It is believed a common food acid ... currents, lending credence to this hypothesis. If the collection was indeed a battery, it could ... History of the Battery to engage students and explore the importance of evidence , Virginia ... the results in 1791. In 1800, Volta invented the first true battery, which came to be known as the Voltaic ... when a higher current was drawn. This suggested that the corrosion was actually integral to the battery ... trough battery.jpg left thumb The trough battery, which was in essence a Voltaic Pile laid down ... battery . ref name Trough Battery cite web author Institute and Museum of the History of Science title Trough Battery work url http brunelleschi.imss.fi.it museum esim.asp?c 100497 accessdate ... ref though it didn t prove as popular. Another problem with Volta s batteries was short battery ..., which steadily increased the internal resistance of the battery This effect, called polarization ... more details
Carbon trading may refer to Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Emissions trading Disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Platinum on carbon sometimes abbreviated as Pt C is a material comprising metallic platinum dispersed on finely divided particles of carbon , used as a catalyst in chemical reaction s. Chemistry stub DEFAULTSORT Platinum On Carbon Category Catalysts Category Platinum nl Platina op koolstof ... more details
Infobox company name Carbon Clear Limited logo caption type Privately held company Private genre fate predecessor successor foundation 2005 founder defunct location city London location country United Kingdom locations Madrid , Austin, Texas , Istanbul , Ankara , Paris area served Worldwide key people industry Environmental organization Environmental products carbon offsets Carbon management consultancy ... parent divisions subsid homepage http www.carbon clear.com www.carbon clear.com footnotes intl yes Carbon Clear is a carbon management consultancy specialising in helping organisations to reduce their carbon impact. Carbon Clear is a founding member of ICROA the International Carbon Reduction and Offset ... Mark Chadwick set up Carbon Clear to help organisations and individuals to manage the challenges presented by climate change . Since then the market for carbon management services has grown in line ... Tejas title The ENDS Guide to Carbon Offsets journal Environmental Data Services year 2008 ref Services Carbon Clear offers organisational carbon footprint services to ISO 14064 Standard and PAS 2050 standards. It develops its own carbon offset projects, and sources Voluntary Carbon Standard or CDM Gold Standard Gold Standard offset credits from projects around the world. Carbon Clear was on the steering committee of the BSI s BSI PAS 2060 PAS 2060 standard for carbon neutrality , ref http www.bsigroup.com ... service for organisations wishing to achieve net zero carbon emissions by offsetting the carbon emissions not reduced by a carbon management plan. The company also offers consultancy services for organisations ... Agency ref See also ICROA ICROA International Carbon Reduction and Offset Alliance Carbon neutrality Climate change Carbon offsets Carbon footprint References references External links http www.carbon clear.com Carbon Clear official website DEFAULTSORT Carbon Clear Company Category Companies of the United Kingdom Category Climate change organizations Category Carbon finance Category International ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Carbon accounting refers generally to processes undertaken to Measurement measure amounts of carbon dioxide equivalent s emitted by an entity. It is used inter alia by nation ... upon forms of carbon accounting can be found in Greenhouse gas inventory national inventories , environmental reports corporate environmental report s or carbon footprint calculators. Likening sustainability measurement , as an instance of ecological modernisation discourse s and policy , carbon accounting is hoped to provide a fact ual ground for carbon related decision making . However, social sciences ... debate in environmental accounting The cases of carbon and cost benefit. Accounting, Organizations ... character of carbon conversion factor s ref D. MacKenzie. http 10.1016 j.aos.2008.02.004 Making things the same Gases, emission rights and the politics of carbon markets . Accounting, Organizations ... computationalculture.net article extended carbon cognition Extended carbon cognition as a machine. Computational ... and measure carbon , for organisations it is usually easier to employ forms of carbon accounting to represent carbon. ref I. Lippert. Carbon dioxide. In C. A. Zimring, editor, Encyclopedia of Consumption ... of accounts of carbon emissions can easily be contested. Thus, how well carbon accounting represents carbon is difficult to exactly know. Science and Technology Studies scholar Donna Haraway s pluralised ... produced by carbon accounting carbon accounting produced a version of understanding of carbon emissions. Other carbon accountants would produce other results. Carbon accounting in corporations Carbon accounting can be used as part of sustainability accounting by for profit organisations. Carbon accounting of avoided emissions A special case of carbon accounting is the accounting process undertaken to measure the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent s that will not be released into the atmosphere ... energy projects and biomass , forage and tree plantation s. Carbon accounting software A number of programs ... more details
File Lantern battery comparison 1.jpg thumb 6 volt & 4.5 volt lantern batteries A lantern battery is a rectangular, alkaline battery alkaline or Zinc carbonbattery zinc carbon primary battery used primarily in flashlight s or lantern s. Lantern batteries are physically larger and consequently offer higher capacity than the more common torch batteries. Lantern batteries comprise multiple cells inside a housing. The most common variant in the US is the 6 volt square base battery with spring terminals. In Europe the most common is the 4.5 volt flat pack types. Common variants 6 Volt The 6 volt variety typically has spring or screw terminals. Different types have different internal construction the same package size may be made up with D battery D size or F size cells, giving different capacity ..., 6 volt lantern batteries accounted for 0.4 of primary battery sales. ref http www.inobat.ch fileadmin ... and Russia, this is a smaller, flat pack battery mostly used in flashlights. It uses two metal strips as terminals. The shorter strip is the terminal. This size of battery is sometimes found in disposable ... accounted for 1 of primary battery sales. ref http www.inobat.ch fileadmin user upload pdf 09 Absatz .... clear Specifications and designations main List of battery sizes class wikitable border 1 Name ..., the lower number refers to zinc carbon batteries, the higher to alkaline. ref Dimensions mm 4.5 Volt ... 62 22 6 Volt, Spring fitting ref cite web title EVR 1209 Engineering Data author Eveready Battery Company ... 68.2 6 volt, Screw fitting ref cite web title EVR 528 Engineering Data author Eveready Battery Company ... Eveready Battery Company url http www.batteryspecialist.com Merchant2 energizer 521.pdf accessdate ... ref cite web title EVR 715 Engineering Data author Eveready Battery Company url http www.batteryspecialist.com ... 97 184.2 103.2 12 Volt ref cite web title EVR 732 Engineering Data author Eveready Battery Company url ..., PC926 7.5 125.4 136.5 73 References reflist 2 Battery sizes Category Battery shapes de Flachbatterie ... more details
Carbon Retirement Ltd is a social enterprise which provides Carbon offset carbon offsetting services by the method of carbon retirement . The company sells offset credits which are approved by the Carbon offset Quality Assurance Schemes UK Government s Quality Assurance Scheme for Carbon Offsetting . Corporate background Carbon Retirement Ltd was founded in 2008, by Jane Burston and Dan Lewer. The company is based in Battersea, London, UK. The organization publishes research and commentary on matters relating to carbon markets and climate change policy. Research reports have covered the use of voluntary carbon offsetting by FTSE 100 companies, ref cite web author Sarah Butler url http www.thesundaytimes.co.uk sto business energy and environment article605891.ece title Carbon cowboys ride again publisher The Sunday Times date 2011 04 17 accessdate 2011 05 13 ref ref cite web url http www.businessgreen.com bg news 2044317 report ftse 100 offsets 01 cent carbon emissions title Report FTSE 100 offsets just 0.1 per cent of carbon emissions 18 Apr 2011 News from publisher BusinessGreen date 2011 04 18 accessdate 2011 05 13 ref the effectiveness of the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme Carbon Reduction Commitment , ref cite web last Kahya first Damian url http www.bbc.co.uk news business 12649143 title BBC News Carbon tax may not reduce CO2 publisher BBC News date 2011 03 07 accessdate 2011 05 13 ref profits derived from auctions of European Union Emission Trading Scheme EU Emissions Allowances , ref cite web author Fiona Harvey url http www.guardian.co.uk environment 2011 feb 10 uk 1bn carbon permit auctions title UK nets 1bn in carbon permit auctions & 124 Environment & 124 guardian.co.uk publisher Guardian date accessdate 2011 05 13 ref and alleged inefficiencies in the Clean Development Mechanism . ref cite web last Kahya first Damian url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi business 8399740.stm title 30 of carbon offsets spent on reducing emissions publisher BBC News date 2009 12 07 accessdate ... more details
The term Carbon Thumprint has been coined to refer to the carbon dioxide CO sup 2 sup e impact of an individual product, service, or discrete action while a carbon footprint is a measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide . Methodologies for labelling the carbon thumprint of specific products have been developed by organisations such as the Carbon Trust UK and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan , and there are moves by the International Standards Organisation to release an international standard to calculate the whole of life Carbon Thumprint of discrete products and services. CobaltBlu and CommunityCarbon have employed this phrase in in Australia as part of education and communication messages intended to ensure consumers understand the carbon cost of their actions and purchases. External links http www.cobaltblu.com.au CobaltBlu http www.communitycarbon.com.au CommunityCarbon Category Environmental issues with energy ... more details
Infobox journal title Carbon cover File Carbon journal .gif discipline Materials science publisher Elsevier editor Peter Thrower Peter A. Thrower country frequency 15 year impact 4.893 impact year 2010 history 1964 present website http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 00086223 ISSN 0008 6223 OCLC 1926664 LCCN 65008336 Carbon is a scientific journal published by Elsevier . According to the journal s website, Carbon publishes papers that deal with original research on carbonaceous solids with an emphasis on graphene based materials. These materials include, but are not limited to, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and filaments, graphites, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass like carbons, carbon blacks, and chars. The current editor in chief is Peter Thrower Peter A. Thrower . External links Official 1 http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 258 description description Category Elsevier academic journals Category Chemistry journals Category Materials science journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1964 fr Carbon journal ... more details
Amorphous carbon or free, reactive carbon, is an Allotropes of carbon allotrope of carbon that does not have ... can be observed. Amorphous carbon is often abbreviated to aC for general amorphous carbon, aC H or HAC for hydrogenated amorphous carbon , or to ta C for tetrahedral amorphous carbon also called diamond like carbon . In mineralogy, amorphous carbon is the name used for coal , soot and other impure forms of the element, carbon that are neither graphite nor diamond. In a crystallographic sense ... of graphite or diamond within an amorphous carbon matrix. In mineralogy Historically, the term amorphous carbon was used to describe carbonaceous materials found in soot and coal that could not be categorized ... May accessdate 2006 06 28 format PDF ref or diamond ref cite book chapter diamond like carbon films ... polycrystalline or nanocrystalline materials. Commercial carbon also usually contains significant ... called amorphous carbon. However, both are products of pyrolysis , which does not produce true amorphous carbon under normal conditions. The coal industry divides coal up into various grades depending on the amount of carbon present in the sample compared to the amount of impurities. The highest grade, Anthracite coal anthracite , is about 90 percent carbon and 10 other elements. Bituminous coal is about 75 90 percent carbon, and lignite is the name for coal that is around 55 percent carbon ... beam deposition cathodic arc deposition , it became possible to fabricate truly amorphous carbon materials. In technical terms, true amorphous carbon has localized electrons as opposed to the Aromaticity ... with any other allotropy allotrope allotropes of carbon of carbon . It also contains a high ... carbon chapterurl http iupac.org goldbook A00294.pdf title IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology ... 2006 06 28 ref The properties of amorphous carbon films vary depending on the parameters used during deposition. One of the most common ways to characterize amorphous carbon is through the ratio of sp ... more details
Infobox Company company name Carbon Trust company logo Image CarbonTrustLogo min.gif company type Not for Dividend ... the move to a low carbon economy foundation 2001 location city London location country United Kingdom key people Tom Delay CEO br James Smith Chairman industry Carbon Management and Reduction parent homepage http www.carbontrust.com www.carbontrust.com The Carbon Trust is a not for dividend company limited by guarantee formed in 2001 to help organisations reduce their carbon emissions, through improved energy efficiency, carbon management, and developing commercial low carbon technology. Its stated mission is to accelerate the move to a low carbon economy . It reinvests profits from its commercial activities into its mission. The Carbon Trust s helps companies and organisations reduce carbon emissions through providing specialist help, support and advice. As of August 2011 the Carbon ... , South Africa and Brazil . Funds and financing The Carbon Trust also supports the development and deployment of low carbon technologies and is actively engaged in the fuel cell , wave energy , wind ... companies The Carbon Trust has created a number of subsidiary companies such as Partnership for Renewables which develops renewable energy on public land public sector land and Low Carbon Workplace which funds and develops the low carbon refurbishment of buildings Solar Press and Eight19 working ... The Carbon Trust looks at current and future sustainability challenges and works with the public ... The Carbon Trust provides procurement and finance support to help businesses achieve carbon and cost ... to customers. Carbon Footprinting, Verification and Carbon Trust Standard The Carbon Trust provides voluntary carbon certification services and carbon labelling schemes it verifies organisation and product carbon footprint data and provides marks of quality to organisations to demonstrate standards have been met. Developing Clean Technology The Carbon Trust works with governments, innovators and corporates ... more details
Carbon films are a type of fossil, or preservation. They are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon , which include Plasma polymerization plasma polymer films , amorphous carbon films diamond like carbon , DLC , CVD diamond films as well as graphite films. The tissue of organisms are made of compounds that contain carbon. Sometime fossils contain only carbon. Fossils usually form when sediments bury a dead organism. As sediment piles up, the organism s remains are subjected to pressure and heat. These conditions force gases and liquids from the body. A thin film of carbon residue is left, forming a silhouette of the original organism called a carbon film. . References http www.vdi.de vdi english vrp richtliniendetails eng 11186 index.php?ID 9656068&en true VDI Guideline 2840 2005 11 Carbon films Basic knowledge, coating types and properties , Ed. by The Association of German Engineers VDI.asdo made with sap, ice, and ash http smhlmfao.org 90250 carbon External links http www.carbonfilms.info carbonfilms.info Category Carbon forms Category Thin films paleo stub de Kohlenstoffschicht ht Fim kab n ... more details
An asymmetric carbon atom is a carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atom or four different groups of atoms. ref Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen ref ref IUPAC definition http goldbook.iupac.org A00479.html ref Knowing the number of asymmetric carbon atoms, one can calculate the maximum possible number of stereoisomers for any given molecule as follows If n is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms then the maximum number of isomers 2 sup n sup As an example, malic acid has 4 carbon atoms but just one of them is asymmetric File Malic acid2.png 200px example of an asymmetric carbon A tetrose with 2 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 sup 2 sup 4 stereoisomers File Tetrose.svg 200px 4 asymmetric carbon atoms in an aldohexose An aldopentose with 3 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 sup 3 sup 8 stereoisomers File Aldopentose.svg 200px 4 asymmetric carbon atoms in an aldohexose An aldohexose with 4 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 sup 4 sup 16 stereoisomers File Aldolhexose.svg 250px 4 asymmetric carbon atoms in an aldohexose The four groups of atoms attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so called left handed and right handed lort versions of the same molecule. Molecules that cannot be superimposed on their own mirror image are said to be Chirality chemistry chiral . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Asymmetric Carbon Category Stereochemistry de Asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom es Carbono asim trico fr Carbone asym trique gl Carbono asim trico nl Asymmetrisch koolstofatoom ... more details
cleanup date July 2008 orphan date July 2008 Carbon Shredder refers to any group or individual who collectively tracks and reduces their Carbon dioxide Carbon co2 Carbon footprint footprint through reduction of energy use . The un trademarked term began with a group of activists who created a website and http www.carbonshredders.org online tool to allow any group or individual to measure, reduce and track their personal Carbon footprint. This original group was brought together by Gregor Barnum from Seventh Generation Inc. , Jasna Brown from Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Bob Ferris from http www.yestermorrow.org Yestermorrow Design Build School with the intent of launching a national effort to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The Mad River Valley Carbon Shredders gained some notoriety in http www.timesargus.com apps pbcs.dll article?AID 20080305 NEWS02 803050364&reason 0 local and http www.boston.com news local vermont articles 2008 03 05 three mad river valley pledge to reduce energy use national media after they successfully petitioned several local towns to approve resolutions, referred to as the Carbon Shredders 10 by 10 initiative, to reduce residential co2 emissions by 10 over 2008 levels by 2010. An expanding list of carbon shredder groups involving thousands of individuals and groups is now spreading across the United States via the internet. This is to many people a movement about environmentalism and re localization. Yet for many others, being a carbon shredder is simply a new twist on old fashioned thriftiness applied to energy costs. Carbon shredding is similar to the low carbon diet concept pioneered by author http www.amazon.com Low Carbon Diet Pounds Be Solution dp 0963032720 David Gershon , which walks people through a recipe for reducing co2 emissions, combined with web 2.0 online group collaboration concepts. References http www.carbonshredders.org ... pledge to reduce energy use boston.com http www.amazon.com Low Carbon Diet Pounds Be Solution dp ... more details
Plastic Alkali Carbon C Acids Water Other Alkaline battery Alkaline 24.8 22.3 0.5 14.9 1.3 1 2.2 5.4 3.7 10.1 14 Zinc carbonbattery Zinc carbon 16.8 15 19.4 0.1 0.8 0.7 4 6 9.2 12.3 15.2 Lithium battery Lithium 50 19 1 2 7 2 19 Mercury battery Mercury oxide 37 1 1 14 31 2 3 1 3 7 Zinc air battery Zinc ...Recycling Battery recycling is a recycling activity that aims to reduce the number of battery electricity ... 0378 7753 doi 10.1016 j.jpowsour.2003.12.026 ref Battery recycling by type Most types of batteries can be recycled. However, some batteries are recycled more readily than others, such as lead acid battery lead acid automotive batteries nearly 90 are recycled ref name US EPA Citation title Battery recycling ... battery alkaline and rechargeable battery rechargeable , can also be recycled. Lead acid batteries These batteries include but are not limited to Car battery car batteries , golf cart batteries, Uninterruptible ... batteries. These can be regular Lead acid battery lead acid , sealed lead acid, gel type ... of applications, including new batteries. File Recycling lead in a lead acid battery recovery facility.jpg thumb right Recycling the lead from batteries. The lead of lead acid battery can be battery ... collected by an auto parts retailer for recycling. Many cities offer battery recycling services ... for recycling. ref Citation title Battery Recycling publisher Battery Council International ... not in exchange for a new battery . Most battery shops and recycling centres will pay for scrap batteries ... batteries can be recycled to recover the mercury. Battery composition by type Italics designates button ... coauthors Erika Wall n, Pieter Paul Laenen and Michael Collins publication date 18 Oct 2006 title Battery ... battery Silver oxide 42 2 2 9 0.4 31 4 2 1 0.5 2 4 Nickel cadmium battery Nickel cadmium 35 22 15 10 2 5 11 Nickel metal hydride battery NiMH 20 1 35 1 4 10 9 4 8 8 Lithium ion battery Li ion 22 3 18 5 11 13 28 Lead acid battery Lead acid 65 4 10 16 5 Battery recycling by location File Batteries comparison ... more details
Essay like date May 2010 Globalize Australia date May 2010 Soil carbon is the generic name for carbon held within the soil , primarily in association with its Organic compound organic content. Soil carbon is the largest terrestrial pool of carbon. Humans have, and will likely continue to have, significantly impacted on the size of this pool. Soil carbon plays a key role in the carbon cycle and thus ... with new discoveries, over 2700 Gigaton Gt of carbon is stored in soils worldwide, which is well above the combined total of atmosphere 780 Gt or biomass 575 Gt , most of which is wood. Carbon is taken ... in global carbon pools last Lal first Rattan journal Energy and Environmental Science volume 1 issue 1 pages 86 100 year 2008 ref Soil carbon is the last major pool of the carbon cycle . The carbon that is fixed ... as carbon dioxide or methane depending on the availability of oxygen in the soil. Soil carbon can also be Oxidation oxidized by combustion and returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Soil carbon is primarily composed of biomass and non biomass carbon sources. Biomass carbon primarily includes various bacteria and fungi. Non biomass carbon sources or substrates reflect the chemical ... organic carbon compounds. Some of the substrate carbon will bind to the mineral soil becoming encapsulated .... The biomass feeds off of the substrate carbon compounds at different rates. Some of the carbon ... for the biomass to digest and have very long residence times. Soil carbon and soil health Soil carbon improves the physical properties of soil. It increases the cation exchange capacity CEC and water ... 0 522 84464 2.html ref Soil organic matter , of which carbon is a major part, holds a great proportion ... and soil carbon increasing soil carbon, crop productivity and farm profitability year 2007 url http www.amazingcarbon.com Leu 20 20Organics 20and 20soil 20carbon.pdf ref It is widely accepted that the carbon content of soil is a major factor in its overall health. Losses of soil carbon Although ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Carbon filtering is a method of filtering that uses a piece of activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities, utilizing chemical adsorption . Each piece of carbon is designed ... exposure to the filter media. One pound 450 g of activated carbon contains a surface area of approximately 100 acres 40 Hectares This carbon is generally activated with a positive charge and is designed to attract negatively charged water contaminants. Carbon filtering is commonly used for water purification , but is also used in air purifier s. Carbon filters are most effective at removing chlorine ... minerals , salts , and dissolved inorganic compounds. Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon ... description. The efficacy of a carbon filter is also based upon the flow rate regulation. When ... media for a longer amount of time. Types of carbon filters File Water Filtration Systems.png thumb 210px right Carbon filtering is usually used in water filtration systems. In this illustration, the activated carbon is in the fourth level counted from bottom . There are two predominant types of carbon filters used in the filtration industry powdered block filters and granular activated filters. In general, carbon block filters are more effective at removing a larger number of contaminants, based upon the increased surface area of carbon. Many carbon filters also use secondary media, such as silver or KDF 55 , to prevent bacteria growth within the filter. History of carbon filters Carbon ... purification. Historians have shown evidence that carbon filtration may have been used in ancient ... Samhita by Francis Evelyn Place . Citation needed date September 2008 The first modern use of a carbon filter to purify potable water occurred in 1862. Citation needed date September 2008 Carbon filtration ... a porous carbon block for drinking water use. Citation needed date September 2008 Currently, carbon filters are used in individual homes as point of use water filters , groundwater remediation ... more details
orphan date June 2009 Carbon shifting is the tendency for an individual to increase carbon dioxide emissions in one area of their lifestyle as a result of reducing emissions elsewhere. Carbon shifting might more accurately be termed domestic carbon shifting to distinguish it from carbon leakage which has occasionally also been called carbon shifting. ref http www.aph.gov.au house committee JSCT kyoto sub126 1.pdf REGA Supplementary Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties Inquiry into the Kyoto Protocol ref Many attempts to encourage people to change aspects of their lifestyle and so reduce their carbon dioxide emissions make a virtue of the financial savings. In the United Kingdom the Energy Saving Trust lists various ways of saving energy, e.g. Energy saving light bulbs last up to 12 times longer than ordinary lightbulbs and can save you 9 per year in electricity and 38 kilograms of CO2 or 100 over the bulbs lifetime. ref http www.energysavingtrust.org.uk energy saving products ... ref However, whether or not carbon dioxide emissions are ultimately reduced will depend on how that saved ... city break involving air travel the net emissions may well increase. The problem of carbon shifting may undermine many voluntary piecemeal attempts at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon shifting is not inherently negative. If a person can be persuaded to avoid activities that produce ... lower emissions for that same amount of money. Positive carbon shifting might be encouraged through the use of a carbon tax or the implementation of a Personal carbon trading scheme. The phenomenon of carbon shifting also suggests that for some comparative purposes the most appropriate measure ... the same total amount of carbon dioxide. However, if one of them paid a lower fare then, by this measure, they would be deemed to be damaging the environment more. See also portal Energy Carbon leakage Carbon offset Carbon credit Greenwash Low carbon economy Rebound effect conservation Notes references ... more details
Primary sources date March 2009 About loose or woven carbon filament the rigid composite material made from carbon fiber used in aerospace and other applications Carbon fiber reinforced plastic File Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg thumb right Fabric made of woven carbon filaments Please do not change the spelling ... reverted. Please see the discussion page if you want to comment. Carbon fiber , alternatively graphite fiber , carbon graphite or CF , is a material consisting of fibers about 5 10 m in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more ... high strength to volume ratio makes it strong for its size . Several thousand carbon fibers are bundled ... of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance .... Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite material composite . When combined with a Plastic plastic resin and wound or molded it forms carbon fiber reinforced plastic often referred to as carbon fiber which has a very high strength to weight ratio , and is extremely rigid although somewhat brittle. However, carbon fibers are also composed with other materials, such as with graphite to form carboncarbon composites, which have a very high heat tolerance. History of carbon fiber Ref improve section date November 2009 In 1958, Roger Bacon created high performance carbon fibers at the Union Carbide Parma Technical Center, now GrafTech International Holdings, Inc., located outside of Cleveland , Ohio . ref http acswebcontent.acs.org landmarks landmarks carbon ... only about 20 carbon and had low strength and stiffness properties. In the early 1960s, a process .... This had produced a carbon fiber that contained about 55 carbon. The high potential strength of carbon fiber was realized in 1963 in a process developed by W. Watt, L. N. Phillips, and W. Johnson ... carbon fiber, Morganite and Courtaulds . They were able to establish industrial carbon fiber production ... more details
voltages from 1.5 V to about 3.7 V, over twice the voltage of an ordinary zinc carbonbattery or alkaline battery . ref cite web url http www.protomatic.com markets alternative energy batteries title Lithium Battery Production publisher Protomatic.com date accessdate 2011 01 19 ref Lithium batteries ... Lithium carbon monofluoride Li CFx a new pacemaker battery journal Pacing Clin Electrophysiol volume ... 1.5 V 2.4 V colspan 6 Can operate up to 150 C. Developed as a replacement of zinc carbonbattery zinc carbon and alkaline battery alkaline batteries. Voltage up problem, high difference between open ... 3.7 V colspan 6 Rechargeable. See lithium ion polymer battery . rowspan 2 Li air porous carbon organic ...About disposable primary batteries rechargeable batteries Lithium ion battery Image Battery lithium cr2032.jpg thumb right 150px CR2032 lithium button cell battery Image Lithium batteries 9v AA AAA.jpeg thumb right Lithium PP3 battery 9 volt , AA battery AA , & AAA battery AAA sizes Lithium batteries are disposable primary cell primary Battery electricity batteries that have lithium metal or lithium ... account for 28 of all primary battery sales in Japan but only 1 of all battery sales in Switzerland. In the UK and EU only 0.5 of all battery sales including secondary types are lithium primaries. ref http www.baj.or.jp e statistics 02.php Monthly battery sales statistics MoETI March 2011 ref .... ref ref http www.epbaeurope.net 090607 2006 Oct.pdf Battery Waste Management 2006 DEFRA ref ref http www.epbaeurope.net statistics.html EPBA statistics 2000 ref Description The term lithium battery ... disassembled.jpg thumb right alt Inside pieces of a coin battery, refer to caption Disassembled CR2032 battery From left negative cup from inner side with layer of lithium oxidized in air , separator ... and cathode respectively. A porous carbon material serves as a cathode current collector ... consumer grade battery, about 80 of the lithium battery market. Uses inexpensive materials. Suitable ... more details
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